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Chapter Number Lexical and Onomasiological CHAPTER NUMBER LEXICAL AND ONOMASIOLOGICAL CONCORDANCES ΑMONG GREEK DIALECTS OF MAGNA GRECIA, IONIAN ISLANDS, EPIRUS AND SOUTH ALBANIA DORIS K. KYRIAZIS Abstract Taking into account that Balkan Sprachbund was probably formed during the medieval period, the history of the contacts of the two Ionian shores may be divided in its pre-Balkan and Balkan periods. Consequently, in order to approach these two periods, we must have this methodological issue in mind. The examination of the linguistic material of the Greek (and occasionally supplemental of the Albanian) language in these areas indicates that there is a diachronic continuum with pockets of partial discontinuity/diversification, resulting from the network of contacts of the west and east coasts of the Ionian Sea. 0. Introduction The objective of this paper is to reveal information, unknown to the present date, that reinforce the idea that the provinces of South Italy, Ionian Islands, the coastline of Epirus and South Albania are part of a language continuum with separate lexical, onomasiological and grammatical isoglosses. By language continuum we understand a broad geographical area characterized by a language tissue, however, this does not exclude the presence of various elements (continuum in the non- continuum). Having in mind that Balkan Sprachbund was probably formed during the medieval period, the history of the contacts of the two Ionian shores may be divided in its pre-Balkan and Balkan periods. Consequently, in 2 Chapter Number order to approach these two periods, we must have this methodological issue in mind. The examination of the linguistic material of the Greek (and occasionally supplemental of the Albanian) language in these areas indicates that there is a diachronic continuum1 with pockets of partial discontinuity/diversification, resulting from the network of contacts of the west and east coasts of the Ionian Sea. Besides the common and barely traceable ‘Mediterranean’ substratum (see the place names Maja e Karosit in the Qeparó region of Chimara (Sotiri 2001: 269), which survives as a common noun in Southern Italy: κάρρος “cerro” (attested by 1056), see also καρρός· φυτόν found in Hesychius as well as the noun kárru “cerro” in Bova, that Caracausi 1990: 1982 considers as “termine del sostrato”), there is also a shared Doric substratum. Although we have a more complete view of said substratum regarding Magna Grecia (Rohlfs, Καραναστάση et al.), related data on the coastline of contemporary Southern Albania has neither been exhaustively collected, nor systematically studied. 1. Lexical and/or onomasiological concordances Before we go on with the presentation of the material, it is necessary to clarify that, as we shall see, it is hard to distinguish between common nouns and place names, since in one area they be saved as common names and in another as place names. For instance, the word βράχλο (< βλάχρον, Hesychius) is found either as a common noun or as a place name in Southern Italy: to láhri, Lahríto (Rohlfs 1964: 87, w. βλάχριον, and *λάχριον 291, Rohlfs 1972: 96); in Arta-Avlona: βράχους ο∙ in the village of Chimara: βράγχνα η (Μπόγκας 1966: Β΄ 82); in Corfu: το βράχλο, η βλάχλα, η βράχλα∙ in the islands of Paxi: ο βράχλος (Andriotis 1974: 177, w. βλάχνον); in Othoni and Ereikoussa (near Corfu): βράχλο and βραχλαριά / βραχλιά / αβραχλιά (Λουκάτου 2012: 170, 393, 396); in Politsiani, Pogoni and Douviani, Dropoli: Βράχλα (Κουλίδας 2005: 73, 168); in Droviani: Βλαχούρια (Κουλίδας 2005: 264); in Divri: Βλάχουρας (Κίτσιος 2006: 186); in Kakodiki, Delvino: βλάχαρος (Shiko 2006: 116). 1 “Wenn wir mit Genauigkeit die Geschichte der griechischen sprachlichen Präsenz in Unteritalien beschreiben wollen, dürfen wir nicht einfach von einer Kontinuität sprechen, sondern von einer ‘dynamischen Kontinuität’”. (Tzitzilis 2004: 481). 2 See also κάρ-ρο ο (*κάρρος) “type of large oak”. (Καραναστάση 1988: 85). Chapter Title 3 The word κνύζα is also traced to the particular area in types that originate in the Doric κνῦζα “Flöhkraut” (Rohlfs 1964: 257, w. κόνυζα), such as kliza, kriza, klisa (Southern Italy, Rohlfs ibidem), γρούζο, γρούζα in Epirus and κρούζα in Corfu (Tzitzilis 1997: 204). It is also found in Albanian-speaking villages close to Chimara as grúzë, krúzë (Qeparό) as well as onogrúzë (< *ονόγρουζα < *ονόκνυζα, Κυριαζής 2007: 208). See also the place name Kriza in Shalës, Konispol (Rrapaj 1995: 124). In this way, two characteristic plant names indicate to us one of the future research directions regarding the idioms under examination. Additionally, the existence of words that might possibly retain the digamma in the village of Chimara and in Arta-Avlona: βρόζος “ρόζος/knot” and βράγα “ρώγα σταφυλιού/grape”, that are also found respectively in Macedonia3 and Southern Italy4, suggest the archaic character of these idioms. In general, in the case of the place names of the specific region, G. Rohlfs’s observation on the material of Southern Italy (Salento) which states that place names accented on the last syllable derive from the existing Greek linguistic substratum5, usually applies. See for instance, the name Παγά (a Doric form of πηγή “spring”, Alb. Pagá) which is found in three different points along the coastline of Chimara (Bajrami 2004: 262) and in the isle of Kefalonia (Μηλιαράκη 1890: 19). At Qeparó village of Chimara, apart from the name itself with the suffix –ηρός, there is a plethora of oxyton place names such as: Argilé < αγριλιά < αγριελαία, Cparté < σπαρτιά < σπαρτέα, Goné < γωνιά < γωνέα, Kakoná < Κακωνάς, Kastrí < καστρί, Litharé < λιθαριά < λιθαρέα, Lizikó < ριζικό, Ngallatá < γαλατάς, Orotó < αροτός etc. (Sotiri 2001: 250, 255, 258, 259, 261, 267, 268, 272, 272 respectively). The place name Strakëná, which is heard in folk Albanian songs of Chimara and refers to the islands of Ereikoussa and Othoní, is also found in Kallarat: Vafsh në Strakëna! and in Drymades: Να πας σ(τ)α Σ(τ)ραχνά! (Go to hell/ Go to the place where there is no coming back!). Τhe attested type Aστακονήσι, which is another name for the isle Othoni, allows us to 3 See Tzitzilis 2008: 234, where based on the word βρόζος of the idiom of mountainous Pieria, the issue of retaining the digamma is discussed. 4 Rohlfs 1964: 435, w. ῥάξ (ῥάγα), notes the words vráva, vrá, grá “chicco di uva” (Otranto), relating them with anc. Gr. *βράγα (vielleicht aus ϝράγα ?). See also Rohlfs 1972: 99. 5 “Fra gli elementi più sicuri che parlano in favore di un sostrato greco nella toponomastica del Salento si possono citare i toponimi con accentuazione ossitona.” (Rohlfs 1972: 41). 4 Chapter Number reconstruct a Doric type *Οστ(ρ)ακονάσιον6, from which the Strakëná (< *Strakoná) might derive, as in the case of place name Karavastá < Καραβοστάσιον (SW Albania). Another etymological approach of this name is based on the plural of the adjective οστρακινόν / οστρακινά, which most probably expresses one of the qualities of these islands. The plural form confirms indirectly that “… the small islands Othoni and Ereikoussa … in the area of Chimara are known under the names of Dymal [two mountains] and Strakëna.”7. Τhe place names Hostón (“the eastern part of the coast, where the rocky part emerges”) < χωστός, -ή, -όν “made by earth thrown up”8, Orotó “a place with vines in the past and olive grove today” < αροτός, -ή, -όν “arable”9 in Qeparó, Petastó “mountain located between Krórëzα /Ακρόρριζα and Kakomé/Κουκαμιά” (< *πεταστός < πετάζω), Plakotó “flat” (< πλακωτός) in Hundecovë, and many other oxytones (Hamalló, a mountain in Ag. Saranda, < ομαλός “smooth”, Soroné10, Greek Σορωνιά, Σορωνέα “a place full of oaks close to Ag. Saranda”, etc) confirm the presence of the Greek language in these regions. The place name Σορωνιά is also found in Corfu (Χρυσικόπουλου 2009: 28111), probably in Crete (Sagrogna, dated by 1590, Αρακαδάκη 2000: 116) and in Rhodes (Σορωνή, η) meaning “holm oaks forest” (Παπαχριστοδούλου 1951: 66), and is linked to the ancient σορωνίς, ἡ, and σαρωνίς, -ίδος “old holm oak with a hollow”, see Hesychius σαρωνίδες∙ πέτραι. ἣ αἱ διὰ παλαιότητα κεχυνυῖαι δρύες, σορωνίς∙ ἐλάτη παλαιά, as well as with the ancient place name Σόρων, -ωνος, ὁ “oak forest in Arkadia” (Συμεωνίδης 2010: Β΄ 1292-93, making reference to Pape – Benseler 1911). The place name Σορωνιά (Soroniá) in Douviani, Dropolis is remarkable given that the village name Δούβιανη (Douviani) refers to the Slavic *Dǫbjane “residents of an area with holm oaks” < Old Slavic dǫbъ “holm oak”, see econyme Δουβιανά (Douviana) in Nikopolis and Parga 6 “Τα λέγανε [τους Οθωνούς] φιδόνησα και αστακόνησα.” (Λουκάτου 2012: 284). 7 “… ishujt e vegjël grekë Erikusa e Othonus (që në krahinën e Himarës njihen me emrat Dymal e Strakëna), përkatësisht 18 e 20 milje larg brigjeve tona të Jonit.” (Andoni 2001: 147). 8 Liddell & Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford 1968. 9 Liddell & Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford 1968. 10 See Albanian popular verses Vetëtin në Sorone, / merre brucin, mos e le. / Vetëtin në Amallo, / merr qetë, ec e puno. (Rrapaj 1991: 64). 11 In a document of 1557, from Corfu, we read that “έδωσεν ένα κομμάτι τόπον άγριον και λογκώδη … εις την περιοχήν χωρίου Σπαρτερού εις τόπον λεγάμενον εις το Σορωνιά…” (Χρυσικόπουλου 2009: 280). Chapter Title 5 (Συμεωνίδης 2010: Α΄ 487). It should be added that the village name Φράστανη (Frastani) next to Douviani goes back to the Slavic *chvrastino “with holm oaks” (Συμεωνίδης 1992: 47). The west feet of the mount Μπουρέτο (Buréto) is the natural East border between Dropolis and Pogoni and there can be found the place name Οψέλλα12 “name of the second mineral water spring and of the place around it, north of the village’ (Glina 5713), whereas on the East side of Bureto there used to be a village rich in waters, Οψάδα (Sopikí). These place names referring to springs or places with waters is most probably related to the names of other springs in the broader area: Κάκοψος (Theologos, Ag.
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