Methods for Estimating the Poverty Lines: Four Country Case Studies

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Methods for Estimating the Poverty Lines: Four Country Case Studies This publication was prepared and released with partial fi nancial support of the project «From the Crisis towards Decent and Safe Jobs», in the framework of Agreement between the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and the ILO. ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Offi ce for Eastern Europe and Central Asia International Labour Organization Methods for estimating the poverty lines: Four country case studies ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Offi ce for Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2012 Copyright © International Labour Organization, 2012 First published, 2012 Publications of the International Labour Offi ce enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Offi ce, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Offi ce welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to fi nd the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Methods for estimating the poverty lines: four country case studies / ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country offi ce for Eastern Europe and Central Asia ; International Labour Organization. – Moscow: ILO, 2012 82 p. ISBN 9789221268864 (print); 9789221268871 (web pdf) ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Offi ce for Eastern Europe and Central Asia poverty / low income / income distribution / basic needs / measurement / methodology / Bulgaria / Canada / Finland / Russian Federation 03.03.6 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presenta- tion of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Offi ce concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their au- thors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Offi ce of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of fi rms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the Interna- tional Labour Offi ce, and any failure to mention a particular fi rm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disap- proval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offi ces in many coun- tries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Offi ce, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Russia Table of Contents Foreword Chapter 1. Poverty Lines in Bulgaria Bogdan Bogdanov 1. A Brief History of the National Poverty Line 7 2. Estimation of National Poverty Line 10 3. National Poverty Line and Social Security 14 4. Analysis and comparison of the estimates from poverty surveys conducted in Bulgaria 19 5. References 27 6. Appendices 28 Chapter 2. Poverty Lines in Canada Kentaro Nakajima 1. Introduction 33 2. The Low Income Cutoffs (LICOs) 33 3. The Low Income Measure (LIM) 33 4. The Market Basket Method (MBM) 33 5. Conclusion 44 6. References 44 Chapter 3. Poverty Lines in Finland Susan Kuivalainen, Pasi Moisio 1. A Brief History on the estimation of the National Poverty Line in Finland 46 2. Minimum income protection 49 3. Conclusion 60 4. References 61 5. Appendix 62 Methods for estimating the poverty lines: Four country case studies 3 Chapter 4. Poverty Lines in Russia Yuka Takeda 1. Introduction 65 2. Minimum consumption basket in the Soviet period 65 3. Introduction of the measurement methodology of subsistence minimum in Russia: The 1992 Methodology 66 4. Revisions of the measurement methodology of subsistence minimum in Russia: The 2000 Methodology 68 5. Consumption basket in Russia based on the 2000 methodology and its regional peculiarities 70 6. Subsistence minimum as a social indicator 74 7. Conclusion 75 8. References 76 9. List of regulations related to subsistence minimum in Russia 76 10. Appendixes 77 4 Methods for estimating the poverty lines: Four country case studies Foreword Supporting productive employment and social protection of women and men is one of the three priorities of the Decent Work Country Programme (DWCP) of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-2012, which was developed by the Government, the social partners and the ILO. The ILO technical assistance on assessing and improving the methodologies of the subsistence minimum calculation in Kazakhstan was envisaged under this priority. Following the offi cial request made by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (MOLSP), the fi nal report was prepared covering the analysis and assessment of subsistence minimum calculation meth- odologies. The fi nal report consists of two volumes, which serve different purposes. The fi rst volume focused on the subsistence minimum calculation methodology and determination was printed as a separate publication. This publication is a second volume of the fi nal report and it intends to provide some international examples of poverty line estimations and to serve as a reference for further policy formulation in Kazakhstan. In the course of preparing the fi nal report, tripartite consultations with the Kazakh partners have been organised in order to refl ect their priorities and interests. As a result, the following four countries were selected: Bulgaria, Canada, Finland and Russia. The second volume of the fi nal report was prepared by the following authors: Bogdan Bogdanov, Head of the Household Incomes and Expenditures Statistics Department, The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria: the Bulgarian case; Kentaro Nakajima, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku Univer- sity, Japan: the Canadian case; Susan Kuivalainen, Research Professor, Minimum Income Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland and . Pasi Moisio, Head of Minimum Income Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland: the Finnish case; Yuka Takeda, Assistant Professor, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Japan: the Rus- sian case. All country cases cover the historical development of the national poverty lines and present a system for estimating the poverty line (or something equivalent). Each country applies different poverty indicators, such as the absolute poverty line/the subsistence minimum, the relative poverty line or other types of poverty measurements and these indicators serve different purposes depending on national needs. This report was completed under the supervision of Mariko Ouchi, Senior Social Security Specialist of the ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Offi ce for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ILO DWT/CO-Moscow). The technical comments provided by Hiroshi Yamabana, Senior Actuary of the Social Security Department at the ILO Headquarters have been refl ected in the fi nal version of the report. Talgat Umirzhanov, ILO National Coordinator for Kazakhstan and Eleonora Salykbayeva, ILO Project Assistant in Methods for estimating the poverty lines: Four country case studies 5 Kazakhstan for Finland’s funded Technical Cooperation Project “From the Crisis towards Decent and Safe Jobs”, provided valuable guidance and assistance throughout the preparation of this report. We trust that this report will be a useful reference for those concerned with the development of a better pov- erty measurement system in Kazakhstan as well as in other countries. Moscow, August 2012 Shurenchimeg Zokhiolt Mariko Ouchi Deputy Director Senior Social Security Specialist ILO DWT/CO for ILO DWT/CO for Eastern Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia 6 Methods for estimating the poverty lines: Four country case studies CHAPTER 1 Poverty Lines in Bulgaria Bogdan BOGDANOV 1. A Brief History of the National Poverty Line 1.1. Introduction to the National Poverty Line According to a defi nition by the EU from 1984, impoverished people, families and groups of people are those whose material, cultural and social resources are limited in a way that excludes them from the minimum acceptable way of living in the community to which they belong. The investigation of poverty in Bulgaria began in a more focused and systematic way after the political changes at the end of 1989. In principle, the ‘poverty’ phenomenon did exist before those changes (under the conditions of totalitarian society), similar to any other society, but it was covered under the term ‘low income population’. During the transition to a market economy, over approximately 20 years, poverty acquired a new appearance and dimensions. Property was privatized and new distribution and re-distribution processes were adopted, but in general, the change was not a positive one for the development of the state. The new democratic so- ciety was constructed in parallel with a number of negative infl uences including criminality, corruption, and the abuse of political infl uence.
Recommended publications
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Disability: a Survey of the Literature Public Disclosure Authorized Ann Elwan
    SP DISCUSSION PAPER NO.9932 21315 Public Disclosure Authorized Poverty and Disability: A Survey of the Literature Public Disclosure Authorized Ann Elwan December1999 Public Disclosure Authorized FILECOPY Public Disclosure Authorized Prot ttion LABOR MARKETS,PENSIONS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE T H E W O R L D B A N K POVERTY AND DISABILITY A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE December 18, 1999 Ann Elwan This paper was prepared as a background paper for WDR 2000/20001 and as part of the Social Protection Unit's research on the economic consequences of disability. The supervisors were Louise Fox and Christian Grootaert. The author would like to acknowledge the helpful comments received from Ms. G. Habibi at UNICEF; Ms. E. Sandborg at WHO; Mr. G Jung at ILO; Mr. D. Henderson at Rehabilitation International; and C. Hansen on the anthropological aspects of disability; as well as from others World Bank staff and seminar participants. Comments can be sent to aelwanp.worldbank.org or [email protected]. ABSTRACT This review summarizes the literature on disability and its relationship to poverty, including education, employment, income, and access to basic social services. Despite the dearth of formal analysis, it is clear that in developing countries, as in more developed areas, disabled people (and their families) are more likely than the rest of the population to live in poverty. It is a two-way relationship -- disability adds to the risk of poverty, and conditions of poverty increase the risk of disability. Disability in developing countries stems largely from preventable impairments associated with communicable, maternal and perinatal disease and injuries, and prevention has to remain a primary focus.
    [Show full text]
  • BULGARIA New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
    2007 NATIONAL REPORT (2006 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point BULGARIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX 1 TABLES OF CONTENTS Summary..........................................................................................................................3 Part A: New Trends and Developments 1. National Policies and Context ......................................................................................8 2. Drug use in the General Population and Specific Sub-groups ...................................21 3. Prevention ..................................................................................................................29 4. Problem Drug Use......................................................................................................39 5. Drug-Related Treatment.............................................................................................47 6. Health Correlates and Consequences........................................................................51 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences.................................................65 8. Social correlates and consequences..........................................................................72 9. Response to social correlates and consequences .....................................................82 10. Drug Markets............................................................................................................88 Part B: Selected issues 12. Vulnerable Groups of
    [Show full text]
  • The Poverty Mapping Exercise in Bulgaria
    10412-05_Ch05.qxd 8/16/07 2:55 PM Page 90 5 The Poverty Mapping Exercise in Bulgaria BORYANA GOTCHEVA ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BIHS Bulgaria Integrated Household Survey EU European Union Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities IDF Institutional Development Fund Lev lev (plural leva), the Bulgarian currency MLSP Ministry of Labor and Social Policy MTHS multitopic household survey NSI National Statistical Institute OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SIF Social Investment Fund ulgaria is a well-performing middle-income country that joined the European BUnion (EU) on January 1, 2007. After a difficult transition from central planning that culminated in a severe crisis in 1996–97, the country has made impressive progress toward long-term stability and sustained growth. Macroeconomic stability has been reestablished and maintained through prudent fiscal policies and strict discipline in income policy anchored on the currency board arrangement adopted in 1997. A broad structural reform agenda has contributed to solid economic performance. Continued growth since the 1996–97 crisis has led to poverty reduction and improvements in living standards generally, although deep pockets of poverty persist. Per capita income increased from US$1,200 in 1997 to US$2,740 in 2004 (gross national income, Atlas method). Nonetheless, per capita gross domestic product, at the purchasing power stan- dard in 2003, was only 30 percent of the EU average, so that continued growth and the 90 10412-05_Ch05.qxd 8/16/07 2:55 PM Page 91 THE POVERTY MAPPING EXERCISE IN BULGARIA 91 convergence of living conditions toward EU standards remain a core policy goal.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Morbidity in the Accession Countries: Country Report
    European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes HEALTH AND MORBITIDY IN THE ACCESSION COUNTRIES COUNTRY REPORT – BULGARIA ROSSITSA RANGELOVA ENEPRI RESEARCH REPORT NO. 26 AHEAD WP2 NOVEMBER 2006 ENEPRI Research Reports publish the original research results of projects undertaken in the context of an ENEPRI project. This paper was prepared as part of the AHEAD project – Ageing, Health Status and the Determinants of Health Expenditure – which has received financing from the European Commission under the 6th Research Framework Programme (contract no. SP21-CT-2003-502641). The views expressed are attributable only to the author and not to any institution with which she is associated. ISBN 92-9079-643-X AVAILABLE FOR FREE DOWNLOADING FROM THE ENEPRI WEBSITE (HTTP://WWW.ENEPRI.ORG) OR THE CEPS WEBSITE (WWW.CEPS.BE) © COPYRIGHT 2006, ROSSITSA RANGELOVA Health and Morbidity in the Accession Countries Country Report – Bulgaria ENEPRI Research Report No. 26/November 2006 Rossitsa Rangelova* Abstract Not unlike other countries in Europe, Bulgaria has been subject to the steady process of population ageing, partly owing to the well-established downward trend in birth rates over the last several decades. In the past 15 years, this trend has been accompanied by the consequences of rising emigration, which has primarily involved young and active persons. As a result of the continual process of depopulation and an increase in population ageing, Bulgaria has one of the larger shares of older persons in Europe. The worsening demographic situation and health status of the Bulgarian people, exacerbated by the conditions of economic and social crisis during the transition period to a market economy may be the most alarming phenomena in Bulgaria.
    [Show full text]
  • References and Index
    41447 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ©2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound- aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorse- ment or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruc- tion and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: http://www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Inclusiones Issn 0719-4706 Volumen 7 – Número Especial – Octubre/Diciembre 2020
    CUERPO DIRECTIVO Mg. Amelia Herrera Lavanchy Universidad de La Serena, Chile Director Dr. Juan Guillermo Mansilla Sepúlveda Mg. Cecilia Jofré Muñoz Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile Universidad San Sebastián, Chile Editor Mg. Mario Lagomarsino Montoya OBU - CHILE Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chile Editor Científico Dr. Claudio Llanos Reyes Dr. Luiz Alberto David Araujo Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Pontificia Universidade Católica de Sao Paulo, Brasil Dr. Werner Mackenbach Editor Europa del Este Universidad de Potsdam, Alemania Dr. Aleksandar Ivanov Katrandzhiev Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Universidad Suroeste "Neofit Rilski", Bulgaria Mg. Rocío del Pilar Martínez Marín Cuerpo Asistente Universidad de Santander, Colombia Traductora: Inglés Ph. D. Natalia Milanesio Lic. Pauline Corthorn Escudero Universidad de Houston, Estados Unidos Editorial Cuadernos de Sofía, Chile Dra. Patricia Virginia Moggia Münchmeyer Portada Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Lic. Graciela Pantigoso de Los Santos Editorial Cuadernos de Sofía, Chile Ph. D. Maritza Montero Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela COMITÉ EDITORIAL Dra. Eleonora Pencheva Dra. Carolina Aroca Toloza Universidad Suroeste Neofit Rilski, Bulgaria Universidad de Chile, Chile Dra. Rosa María Regueiro Ferreira Dr. Jaime Bassa Mercado Universidad de La Coruña, España Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile Mg. David Ruete Zúñiga Dra. Heloísa Bellotto Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Chile Universidad de Sao Paulo, Brasil Dr. Andrés Saavedra Barahona Dra. Nidia Burgos Universidad San Clemente de Ojrid de Sofía, Bulgaria Universidad Nacional del Sur, Argentina Dr. Efraín Sánchez Cabra Mg. María Eugenia Campos Academia Colombiana de Historia, Colombia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Dra. Mirka Seitz Dr. Francisco José Francisco Carrera Universidad del Salvador, Argentina Universidad de Valladolid, España Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Areas
    POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS FINAL STUDY REPORT European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit E2 Manuscript completed in August 2008 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. European Commission 1 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Section I: Describing and understanding rural poverty............................................................................................................................4 Chapter I. Identification of rural areas: problems and methodology.........................................................................................................4 Chapter 2. Main and specific problems of rural areas...............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 3. Poverty and social exclusion in rural areas............................................................................................................................14 Section II: Policies for social inclusion in rural areas............................................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY •• Vikings & Kyivan Rus 35
    © Lonely Planet Publications 34 www.lonelyplanet.com HISTORY •• Vikings & Kyivan Rus 35 The Slavs’ conversion to Christianity in the 9th and 10th centuries was accompanied by the introduction of an alphabet devised by Cyril, History a Greek missionary (later St Cyril), which was simplified a few decades later by a fellow missionary, Methodius. The forerunner of Cyrillic, it was Epic is the only word for Russia’s history, which within the last century based on the Greek alphabet, with a dozen or so additional characters. alone has packed in an indecent amount of world-shaking events and The Bible was translated into the Southern Slav dialect, which became spawned larger-than-life characters from Rasputin to Boris Yeltsin. Even known as Church Slavonic and is the language of the Russian Orthodox now, over a decade since the end of the Soviet Union, the official record Church’s liturgy to this day. is still in flux as long-secret documents come to light and then, just as Until 30 January 1918 the mysteriously, become classified again. What is clear is that from its very VIKINGS & KYIVAN RUS Russian calendar was beginnings Russia has been a multiethnic country, its inhabitants a col- The first Russian state developed out of the trade on river routes across 12 days behind that used ourful and exhausting list of native peoples and invaders, the descendants Eastern Slavic areas – between the Baltic and Black Seas and, to a lesser in the West in the of whom are still around today. extent, between the Baltic Sea and the Volga River.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    31105 Public Disclosure Authorized 'v -,-nv-,- --_and the World Bank Progress in Fiscal 1999 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized A WB Public Disclosure Authorized (S) HE WORLD BANK Poverty Reduction and the World Bank Progress in Fiscal 1999 The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 2000 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 2000 1 23404030201 00 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use, is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A., telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria: Social Inclusion Project (PPAR)
    BULGARIA Social Inclusion Project Report No. 124861 JUNE 26, 2018 © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction This work is a product of the staff of The World RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS and Development / The World Bank Bank with external contributions. The findings, The material in this work is subject to copyright. 1818 H Street NW interpretations, and conclusions expressed in Because The World Bank encourages Washington DC 20433 this work do not necessarily reflect the views of dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be Telephone: 202-473-1000 The World Bank, its Board of Executive reproduced, in whole or in part, for Internet: www.worldbank.org Directors, or the governments they represent. noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: The World Bank does not guarantee the World Bank. 2018. Bulgaria—Social Inclusion accuracy of the data included in this work. The Any queries on rights and licenses, including Project. Independent Evaluation Group, Project boundaries, colors, denominations, and other subsidiary rights, should be addressed to Performance Assessment Report 124861 information shown on any map in this work do World Bank Publications, The World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank. not imply any judgment on the part of The Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC World Bank concerning the legal status of any 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: territory or the endorsement or acceptance of [email protected]. such boundaries. Report No.: 124861 PROJECT
    [Show full text]
  • The Adaptation Challenge: Key Issues for Crop Production and Agricultural
    OXFAM RESEARCH REPORTS OCTOBER 2012 THE ADAPTATION CHALLENGE Key issues for crop production and agricultural livelihoods under climate change in the Russian Federation Worker with combine harvester, Rubtsovsk, Altay Krai, 2011. Photo: Anna Moiseenko Climate change has serious implications for global food production and food security. Part One of this report uses scientific data on current changes and future scenarios to examine possible impacts on crop production in the Russian Federation. It considers what measures Russia might need to implement to achieve its desired aim of playing a leading role in ensuring global food security. Part Two uses interviews with farmers to highlight ways in which they are adapting to new climatic conditions, but also the problems those conditions are posing, particularly to smallholders. It considers what more should be done to support their efforts to boost their resilience and contribute to national food security. Oxfam Research Reports are written to share research results, to contribute to public debate and to invite feedback on development and humanitarian policy and practice. They do not nec- essarily reflect Oxfam policy positions. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Oxfam. www.oxfam.org CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................... 3 Main findings of the report ....................................................................................................... 3 Recommended measures to increase the resilience
    [Show full text]