The Effect of Eilis Lacey's Major

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THE EFFECT OF EILIS LACEY’S MAJOR CONFLICTS TO HER DECISION SEEN IN COLM TÓIBÍN’S BROOKLYN: A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By STEVANUS KUSTANTO Student Number: 144214134

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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THE EFFECT OF EILIS LACEY’S MAJOR CONFLICTS TO HER DECISION SEEN IN COLM TÓIBÍN’S BROOKLYN: A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By STEVANUS KUSTANTO Student Number: 144214134

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2018

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE EFFECT OF ElLIS LACEY'S MAJOR CONFLICTS TO HER DECISION SEEN IN COLM TOmlN'S BROOKLYN: A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY

By STEVANUSKUSTANTO Stlldent Number: 144214134

Approved by (

Drs. Hinnawan Wijanarka. M. Hum. May 17,2018 Advisor

Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. May 17,2018 Co-Advisor

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE EFFECT OF ElliS LACEY'S MAJOR CONFliCTS TO HER DECISION SEEN IN COLM TomiN'S BROOKLYN: A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY

By STEVANUSKUSTANTO Student Number: 144214134

Defended before the Board ofExaminers on June 7, 2018 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Chairperson : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. Secretary : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. Member 1 : Ni LOO Putu Rosiandani, M. Hum. Member 2 : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. Member 3 : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I verify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award ofany other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text ofthe undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, May 15,2018

Stevanus Kustanto

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Stevanus Kustanto Nomor Mahasiswa : 144214134

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

THE EFFECT OF ElLIS LACEY'S MAJOR CONFLICTS TO HER DECISION SEEN IN COLM TOIBIN'S BROOKLYN: A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 15 Mei 2018

Yang menyatakan,

Stevanus Kustanto

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If at first you don’t succeed, laugh until you do. (Emilia Clarke)

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FOR MY AWESOME FAMILY AND ALL THE DREAMERS

EVERYWHERE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It takes a village to do certain things in life, and this one is included. I would like to express my biggest gratitude to God for His guidance throughout the whole process until the very end.

I am also very grateful for Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. as my thesis advisor and Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum. as my thesis co-advisor for their guidance and support from the minute I started my thesis until the moment I finished. It is with their support, critiques, and encouragement that I get to improve and continue to push for the better.

I send my greatest thanks to both my parents, Very Kustanto and Metty

Tjhoe for supporting me every step of the way. All the good things I have done in life I did it for them. They are my biggest reason for me to finish my study. I also give a bunch of thanks for my two siblings, Renold Kustanto and Trisna Oktavia

Kustanto, for the laughter and joy all these years. This is for all of you.

I would also like to give my huge gratitude to my friends at SWIRRAM:

Aci, Melur, Rani, Riska, and Wika. All of you girls give me the laughter and support when I needed it the most. I want to thank you all for sharing these last few years together. My gratitude also goes to my friends back home, Felia, Angel,

Gina, and Suwandy. Even though we are apart and did not have a lot of time together, your endless support keeps me going to reach the highest star up there. I thank you all for that.

STEVANUS KUSTANTO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 11 1. Theory of Conflicts ...... 11 2. Theory of Decision Making ...... 12 3. Theory of Psychoanalysis ...... 13 4. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature ...... 18 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 19

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 22 A. Object of the Study ...... 22 B. Approach of the Study ...... 23 C. Method of the Study ...... 24

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 27 A. Major Conflicts Faced by Eilis Lacey ...... 28 1. Man versus Man: Eilis Lacey and Mammy ...... 28 2. Man versus Man: Eilis Lacey and Jim Farrell ...... 30 3. Man versus Society: Eilis Lacey and Her Neighbors in Enniscorthy ...... 31 4. Man versus Self: Doubting Everything ...... 33 5. Man versus Self: Uncertainty ...... 35 6. Man versus Self: Fear of Hurting Anyone ...... 37 B. Steps of Decision Making Process by Eilis Lacey ...... 39 C. The Effects of Conflicts to Eilis Lacey’s Decision ...... 45

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 53

REFERENCES ...... 56 APPENDICES ...... 58 Appendix 1: Summary of Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn ...... 58 Appendix 2: Colm Tóibín’s Biography ...... 60

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ABSTRACT

KUSTANTO, STEVANUS. (2018). The Effect of Eilis Lacey’s Major Conflicts to Her Decision seen in Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn: A Psychoanalytic Study. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

This undergraduate thesis discusses a novel written by Colm Tóibín entitled Brooklyn through psychoanalytic study. The novel was published in 2015 by Scribner. The novel talks about an Irish girl named Eilis Lacey, who got a chance to work in Brooklyn, New York. There, she met an Italian-American named Tony Fiorello whom she fell in love with. Her life fell apart when she heard news from home that her sister died. She went back and met a local man named Jim Farrell who had a crush on her. This situation put her in a dilemma, whether she should stay or go back to Brooklyn. The story, inspires the researcher to analyze the main character’s conflicts and the effect on her decision along with the process.

The researcher formulates three problems for this study. The objectives which are drawn from the problem formulations are, (1) to point out the major problems faced by Eilis Lacey, (2) to reveal the steps that are taken by Eilis Lacey in making her decision, and (3) to show the relation between the conflicts and the decision, using psychoanalytic theory, which explains the way the conflicts affect her final decision.

This undergraduate thesis applied the library research method. There were several steps done by the researcher to do the analysis. First, the researcher read the novel to get deeper understanding about the story. Secondly, the researcher conducted a library research in order to support the information related to the novel and also the story. The third step, the researcher formulated the problems and explored the appropriate theory for this thesis. The next step is answering the problem formulations. The final step of this thesis is composing conclusion.

The analysis produces some results. The first result is that the conflicts that the main character faced come from another character, society, and also self. The second result is that there are several steps taken by the main character in making the decision, which are represented through her actions in novel. The third result is that psychoanalysis has a role in affecting main characters’ decision, which is represented by the family, repression, defenses, and core issues. The decision is also shown through Id, Ego, and Super-Ego.

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ABSTRAK

KUSTANTO, STEVANUS. (2018). The Effect of Eilis Lacey’s Major Conflicts to Her Decision seen in Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn: A Psychoanalytic Study. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Colm Tóibín berjudul Brooklyn menggunakan studi psikoanalitik. Novel ini diterbitkan pada tahun 2015 oleh Scribner. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang gadis Irlandia bernama Eilis Lacey, yang mendapat kesempatan untuk bekerja di Brooklyn, New York. Di sana, dia bertemu dan jatuh cinta kepada seorang pria keturunan Italia-Amerika bernama Tony Fiorello. Hidupnya berbalik ketika dia mengetahui bahwa saudara perempuannya meninggal. Dia pun kembali ke rumah dan bertemu seorang pria bernama Jim Farrell yang jatuh cinta padanya. Situasi ini pun membuatnya harus memilih antara tetap tinggal atau kembali ke Brooklyn. Cerita ini menginspirasi penulis untuk menganalisis konflik karakter utama dan efeknya pada keputusannya beserta prosesnya.

Penulis merumuskan tiga masalah di skripsi ini. Tujuan studi yang diambil dari rumusan masalah ini adalah, (1) menunjukkan masalah-masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh Eilis Lacey, (2) mengungkapkan langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh Eilis Lacey dalam membuat keputusannya, dan (3) menunjukkan hubungan antara konflik tersebut dan keputusan yang diambil, menggunakan teori psikoanalitik, yang akan menjelaskan cara konflik mempengaruhi keputusan akhir dari Eilis Lacey.

Skripsi ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Ada beberapa langkah yang dilakukan oleh penulis untuk melakukan analisis. Pertama, penulis membaca kembali novel untuk mendapatkan pemahaman lebih. Kedua, penulis melakukan riset terkait dengan novel dan juga topik yang dibahas. Ketiga, penulis merumuskan masalah dan teori yang sesuai. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menjawab rumusan masalah. Langkah terakhir dari tesis ini adalah menyusun kesimpulan.

Analisis yang disusun menghasilkan beberapa hasil. Hasil pertama adalah bahwa konflik yang dihadapi karakter utama berasal dari karakter lain, masyarakat, dan juga diri sendiri. Hasil kedua adalah bahwa ada beberapa langkah yang diambil oleh karakter utama dalam membuat keputusan, yang ditampilkan oleh tindakan yang dilakukan oleh karakter utama di dalam novel. Hasil ketiga adalah bahwa psikoanalisis memiliki peran dalam mempengaruhi keputusan karakter utama, yang ditandai dengan keluarga, penekanan, pertahanan, dan masalah inti. Ini juga ditunjukkan melalui Id, Ego, dan Super-Ego.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Conflicts are the inevitable part of human life. Every human being always faces conflicts at some points of his/her life. The conflicts can come from every aspects of life. It can come from the society, a certain condition, and even from the humans themselves. It does not recognize time or place. These conflicts, that people face every day, may or may not affect their lives, especially when it comes to make decisions.

Conflicts do not always involve a large number of people. It is possible for conflicts to appear inside people’s minds. According to Morton Deutsch, a conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur; one party is interfering, disrupting, obstructing, or in some other way making another party’s actions less effective (Deutsch, 1973, p. 156). Conflicts can come from personal experiences or experiences with other people. These conflicts can also appear because of changes in someone’s life, which is shown through the novel Brooklyn by Colm

Tóibín.

Colm Tóibín, born May 30th 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland, is an Irish author who has written 11 novels since 1990. He is also a journalist for

‘In Dublin’, ‘Hibernia’ and ‘The Sunday Tribune’, becoming features editor of ‘In

Dublin’ in 1981 and editor of Magill, Ireland’s current affairs magazine, in 1982

(Tóibín, 2017, para. 1). His writings are mostly the depiction of Irish society,

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living abroad, and the preservation of a personal identity, including a personal identity when confronted with loss. The novel Brooklyn, which was first released in 2009, is one of his novels which reflects the condition of the Irish society living abroad from their hometown. This novel also takes place in Enniscorthy, Tóibín’s hometown.

The novel, which was set in 1950s, revolves around an Irish girl named Eilis

Lacey who got a chance to visit and work in Brooklyn, New York. During her journey there, she met an Italian man named Tony Fiorello and then married him few months later. However, the news from her hometown forced her to come back. There, she then met another man named Jim Farrell who had a crush on her.

This situation caused a dilemma for Eilis, as she had to choose between either going back to her husband, or staying in her hometown. This conflict also affects the way she made her decision.

The way she makes her decision can be analyzed from the perspective of psychoanalysis. This theory was first developed by Sigmund Freud, and has developed further ever since. Psychoanalysis is an approach which explains the growth, development, and structure of the human personality (Dobie, 2012, p. 54).

The way a person makes a decision can also be analyzed from the conflicts he/she faces in his/her life, which is related to psychoanalysis.

This thesis identifies the idea of someone’s decision making based on the conflicts faced by the person. To reveal that, the researcher tries to reveal the major conflicts that the character Eilis Lacey faced during her time to make a decision to go back to her husband in Brooklyn, or stay with her family and the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

man she met in her hometown. The researcher choose the character from the novel because her struggle and conflicts have a strong relation to reveal the decision making process of the character in this thesis.

This thesis reveals the major conflicts that Eilis faced in order to make her decision seen in the novel Brooklyn by Colm Tóibín, as well as the steps taken by her in making the decision. This thesis also points out the way the conflicts affect her final decision. In order to do so, the psychoanalytic approach is employed to have a better understanding of the object. Psychoanalytic approach is chosen because it helps the researcher to show which part of the character’s life gives the influences to her decision, as it deals with how the character develops throughout the story until the part where she made her final decision.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher proposes three formulations:

1. What are the major conflicts faced by Eilis Lacey seen in Colm Tóibín’s

Brooklyn?

2. What are the steps taken by Eilis Lacey in making her decision?

3. How do these conflicts affect her decisions seen from psychoanalytic

perspectives?

C. Objectives of the Study

This part of the thesis aims to answer the questions on the problem formulation. Based on the problem formulation, there are three objectives of this PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

thesis. The first objective is to point out the major problems faced by the main character, Eilis Lacey, during her decision making process. Another objective of this thesis is to reveal the steps that are taken by Eilis Lacey in making her decision. The third objective of this thesis is to show the relation between the conflicts and the decision, using psychoanalytic theory, which explains the way the conflicts affecting her final decision.

D. Definition of Terms

Definition of some terms in this thesis is written in this part in order to guide the readers in understanding this thesis. The researcher clarifies the meaning of some terms which appear the most in this thesis, where most of the meanings are taken from library research.

The first term is conflicts. Conflicts have become an inevitable part of human life. It is something that people face every day. A conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur; one party is interfering, disrupting, obstructing, or in some other way making another party’s actions less effective (Deutsch, 1973, p.

156). The researcher uses the term to emphasize the major conflicts or problem faced the character, Eilis Lacey, through the story, especially in deciding to either stay at her hometown or go back to Brooklyn where her husband is waiting.

The second term is decision making. Decision making can be referred as the mental processes resulting in the selection of a matter of action among several alternatives. The output of every decision making process is an action or an opinion of choices (Kahneman, 2000, p. 18). This process has a relation with the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

psychological state of human being. The researcher uses this term to point out the second point in the problem formulation, which is related to the way Eilis Lacey made her decision as well as the relation between her conflicts and her final decision.

The third term is psychoanalytic study. Psychoanalytic study is the academic discipline which is concerned with teaching and research about psychoanalytic theory and practice (Young, 2005, para. 1). As psychoanalytic theory tells us, we all encounter life-events, as we grow up, that shape our psychological development, and these early experiences tend to play out in our adult lives

(Tyson, 2011, p. 81). Psychological state of human has become a major aspect in human being’s development. The researcher uses the term in order to explain how the psychological aspects affect the character’s decision based on her problems she faced throughout the story. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter contains some theories and studies related to this thesis. There are three parts in this chapter: Review of Related Studies, Review of Related

Theories, and Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Studies covers the studies and articles related to this study. Review of Related Theories covers the theories used in this thesis, such as theories of conflicts, decision making process, and psychoanalysis. The third part, Theoretical Framework covers the way each theory contributes its important point toward the analysis to solve the problem formulated in the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The related studies which is related to this thesis deal with the decision making process done by the character, as well as the condition or reason that cause the character to make the decision. The first research is written by Chindy

Christine in 2017, entitled “Mia Hall’s Decision Making Process in Her Comatose

State in Gayle Forman’s If I Stay: A Psychoanalytic Study.”

This research focuses on the decision making process done by the main character, Mia Hall, while she was in the comatose state after getting an accident with her family. The researcher analyzed the process based on the story itself, by describing the plot development of the story. The analysis of this research finds out that the decision making process in the novel is a descriptive method, which is

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influenced by unconsciousness, emotions, and personal identities (Christine, 2017, p. 41).

Another research related to the decision making process is a research from

Prastika Wigatining Pangestuti, written in 2013, entitled “The Effects of Charley’s

Dream Toward His Decision Making in Life in Mitch Albom’s For One More

Day. This research focuses on the main character named Charley Benneto who wanted to commit suicide but failed and got a car accident instead. During his unconscious state, he had a dream where he met his mother who passed away nine years earlier. This research analyzed the effects of that dream towards his decision making process, based on the character development in the story, an also the way his dream is revealed in the story. This research found out that Charlie’s dream functions as premonition of his life. The research also found that his dream affects his personality development (Pangestuti, 2013, p. 55). Another function of

Charlie’s dream is as a savior in Charlie’s life. The dream and its content make

Charlie making a good decision (p. 57).

As Chindy Christine and Prastika Wigatining Pangestuti showed that decision making process can be influenced by many things, such as dreams and also comatose state. These things have an influence into the characters’ decisions and life in general, as the decisions made by the characters affect their lives. This thesis explores the other part of the main character’s life, which in this case are the conflicts. The researcher explains the major conflicts faced by the main character in making her decision, and also state the way the conflicts affect her decision. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

By comparing to both studies, the researhcer also focuses on the decision making process done by the main character. However, this research has a different perspective on explaining the decision making process. The differences between this thesis and the two related studies are first, the decision making process happen in this thesis is not influenced by either dreams, as Prastika mentioned in her research, or the characteristics of the main character during the main character’s comatose state, as Chindy mentioned in her research. This thesis reveals the decision making process based on the influences from the main character’s conflicts. Second, the two related studies only explain the decision making process of the main character without explaining the relation between the decision making process and the aspects which cause the decision making process.

There are also some articles related to analysis on Colm Tóibín’s work, including Brooklyn. The first article is written by Edward A. Hagan in 2012, entitled “Colm Tóibín's "As Though" Reality in "Mothers and Sons", "Brooklyn", and "The Empty Family"”. This article explains the language features “As

Though” seen in three different novels by Colm Tóibín, which are Mothers and

Sons, The Empty Family, and also the novel discussed by this thesis, Brooklyn.

Although there is no relation between this thesis and also article, they share the same object of the study, which is the novel Brooklyn by Colm Tóibín.

Based on the article, it is discovered that the use of “as though” in Colm

Tóibín’s works is quite often, as it also occurs in key sentences in Tóibín’s work.

(Hagan, 2012, p. 32). This article also found out: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

When applied to persons, the phrase “as though” represent a faked state of mind or countenance. It represents a pose or mask that might be self-protective as in the case of acting politely to one's masters when anger simmers beneath the surface. In Brooklyn, for example, Eilis moves toward her brother Jack "as though to hug him". The show of hugging is required, even though Jack is uncomfortable with what '"People will think”. It suggests that Jack and Eilis inhabit two worlds at the same time—a private life and a public presence that requires the hiding of the private life, specifically, the affection they share for one another (Hagan, 2012, pp. 33-34).

The article explains that the use of a phrase may also represent the faked state of mind created by someone, as the person may try to hide his/her private life.

This finding may also be related to psychoanalysis since one person will tend to hide his/her feelings as a requirement to inhabit two worlds at the same time, a private life and a public presence. The theory of psychoanalysis will be explained further in the next part.

The second article discussed by this thesis is written by Kathleen P. Costello-

Sullivan in 2009, entitled “Absence and Presence: Mothers in Colm Tóibín's The

Heather Blazing”. This article explains the role of Mother in the novel. The novel itself traces the life story of Eamon Redmond, a high-court judge who was raised by his widowed father and who hails from a line of nationalist rebels. The father of two children, Eamon is unable to connect emotionally either with them or with his wife Carmel, who dies in the course of the novel. His failure to establish emotional bonds is partly explained through scenes from Eamon's painful and repressed childhood. As he seeks to acclimate to the death of his wife and to reconcile his investment in a conservative political and cultural past with an evolving and more liberal present, Eamon learns to negotiate the contradictory PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

demands of his job and his family, of his past and his present (Costello-Sullivan,

2009, p. 109).

Based on the article, it is discovered that:

In The Heather Blazing mothers are not so much lost as made present through the aching absence of their representation, or alternatively, by the aching representation of their absence. Eamon's loss of his mother is more than personal in this bildungsroman. Tóibín suggests that the entirety of a nation's experience cannot be understood through a partial representation of the past. Eamon's personal struggle to reconcile with the absence of his mother necessarily parallels the country's struggle to engage the figure of Irish foremothers who have been written out of the national narrative. Only in the embrace of change, as in Eamon's embrace of his grandson and all the metaphorical values he carries, can Eamon, like Ireland, move forward into a more hopeful and inclusive future (Costello-Sullivan, 2009, p. 123).

The character of mother throughout the story is very important to the character’s experience on his loss. The character in the story also faced a kind of decision making process, between embracing the change and loss or being stuck in the past. Since this thesis also talks about decision making process, the researcher finds this article to be helpful for this thesis.

By comparing the two articles and also the purpose of this thesis, the researcher discovers that they share the same object of study, which is Colm

Tóibín’s novel. The first article also shares the same novel from Colm Tóibín, which is the novel Brooklyn. However, they also share some differences, which distinguish the articles and also this thesis. The first difference is related to the objectives of the study. The first article analyses the novel using linguistic approach, and the objective is to find out the use of a phrase in three different novels by Colm Tóibín. Meanwhile, the second article’s objective is to find out the role of mother through the characters development seen in one of Colm PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Tóibín’s novel. This thesis analyzes the decision making process of the main character. This thesis also explains the relation between the major conflicts faced by the main character and the decision making process, as well as the way the conflicts affect the main character’s decision.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Conflicts

Conflicts have become the inevitable part of human life. It is something that people face every day. It does not recognize time or place, and that it is possible that the conflicts come from anywhere. It can come from the society, the family, or even within themselves. According to Morton Deutsch (1973), a conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur; one party is interfering, disrupting, obstructing, or in some other way making another party’s actions less effective (p.

156).

Based on that, it can be said that conflicts exist every time when there are some errors or problems occur in a situation. Conflicts, in this situation as a party, affect another party and make their activities to run in an unusual way. This comes with the consequences that the affected party might have a problem in the future because of the interference from another party.

There are 5 types of conflict in literature. The first one is man versus self, which is the internal battle within the characters themselves. The second one is man versus society, which is the battle between the character and the society, as in the form of norms or social discrimination. The third type is man versus man, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

which is the most common conflict in a work of literature. This is the battle between the character and another character. The fourth type is man versus nature, a battle between the character and the natural condition, like typhoon or tsunami.

The last type of conflicts in literature is man versus supernatural, which is a battle between the character and some law of nature which is beyond scientific understanding (Shanbhogue-Arvind, 2017, para. 2).

This thesis focuses on the major conflicts exist in the novel Brooklyn when the main character, Eilis Lacey, made her final decision between going back to

Brooklyn and staying in her hometown. The types of conflicts in literature mentioned above, as well as the theory of conflicts itself are used to help the researcher to explore the conflicts in the story.

2. Theory of Decision Making

Decision making process is a process that people do every single day, even when they do not notice it. The study of decision making process consists of two parts, which are normative and descriptive models. “The normative analysis is concerned with the nature of rationality and the logic of decision making, while the descriptive analysis is concerned with people’s belief and preferences as they are, not as they should be” (Kahneman & Tversky, 2000, p. 1).

When it comes to a personal decision making, there is always a certain step that people may have before one decision is really made. According to Beyth-

Marom, Fischhoff, Jacobs, and Furby (1989), decision making process can be summarized into five steps. The first step is identifying a set of alternative courses PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

of action. The second step is identifying appropriate criteria for comparing the alternatives. The next step is evaluating alternatives based on the criteria. Then, as the next step, people summarize or assess the information about these alternatives.

The final step is self evaluation regarding the decision making process (p. 27).

3. Theory of Psychoanalysis

Life offers so many ups and downs, as they all affect people’s personal growth at some point. As psychoanalytic theory mentions, we all encounter life-events, as we grow up, that shape our psychological development, and these early experiences tend to play out in our adult lives. Psychoanalytic theory would suggest that these individuals were playing out psychological problems that they probably do not know they had, problems that were, nevertheless, the key to understanding their dysfunctional behavior (Tyson, 2011, pp. 81-82).

There should be a psychological aspect that influence the way someone act or do things. This explanation appears as a way to help people in order to interpret and analyze literary works. a. Basic Concepts in Psychoanalytic Theory

In order to interpret a work of literature, there are some basic concepts to understand which can help in interpreting a work of literature. In psychoanalytic theory, according to Lois Tyson (2011), there are 5 basic concepts which may support the interpretation.

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i. The Family

The adult personality is the result of the emotional experiences people had while growing up. People have psychological problems of some sort because everyone had some harmful emotional experiences growing up, and having psychological problems is part of being human. The family is the most important source of the early emotional experiences, both those that affirm people and those that harm them psychologically. In the family, the sense of self and the way of relating to others are first established. Psychoanalytic theory is interested in understanding the origin of psychological problems rather than the origin of psychological strengths (p. 83). ii. Repression and the Unconscious

People tend to push out of sight the experiences which they think they cannot handle. The most common sign that an emotional problem is being repressed is the repetition of a self-destructive behavior, such as choosing unhealthy friends or romantic partners, displaying inappropriate social behavior, and also engaging in unwarranted violent behavior, as well as substance abuse. In a way people relate to others, psychoanalytic theory holds our psychological problems with other people (p. 83). iii. The Defenses

It has always been a common idea or movement for people to defend themselves every time something goes wrong in their way. The defenses in psychoanalytic theory are the way people keep themselves from becoming conscious of the experience we have repressed. People keep the repressed PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

experience buried in their unconscious through the use of the defenses. It is also the way to protect their personal feelings emotionally. There are 4 most common defenses, which are.

Denial: This kind of defense happens when people believe that an emotionally painful situation does not exist or never occurred.

Avoidance: It is the belief that people think staying away from other people, society, places, or situations might stir up the memory of repressed experiences.

Displacement: People are doing this action when they take out the negative feelings about one person on someone else so that they can relieve the pain or anger without becoming aware of the real cause of their repressed feelings.

Projection: The projection exists when people believe someone else feels the same way they feel, especially that someone else has the problem they, themselves, have. After projecting it onto someone else, they can attack that person for having the problem in order to prove to themselves that they do not have it (pp. 83-84). iv. Core Issues

A core issue is a psychological problem that is the underlying cause of some sort of recurring self-destructive behavior. It is also based on people’s live experiences since they are young. If these experiences, which are buried in their unconscious, affect them powerfully enough, it becomes a core issue, which is a fundamental part of their personality that determines many of their feelings and a good deal of the behavior. There are some type of core issues which commonly occur to people. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Low self-esteem: It is the unwarranted belief that people think they are less worthy than other human beings and, therefore, do not deserve attention, love, or any other form of life’s rewards. They even believe that they deserve to be punished by life in some way.

Insecurity or Unstable Sense of Self: Insecurity is the most common feeling happen to people, as people always worry about something wrong might happen in their life, and that it might prevent them to achieve their purpose or goal. This core issue makes people very vulnerable to the influence, good or bad, of other people, and they may have a tendency to repeatedly change the way their look

(their clothing, hairstyle, and appearance in front of other people) or behave as they become involved with different individuals or groups.

Fear of Abandonment: It is the unwarranted belief from the people that their friends and loved ones are going to desert them (physical abandonment) or stop caring about them (emotional abandonment).

Fear of Intimacy: It is the unwarranted but unshakeable and overpowering feeling that emotional closeness can damage or destroy them, and because of that trying to protect themselves by remaining at an emotional distance from others. It keeps people from enjoying the kind of friendship and love that comes with the ability to trust their own, and other people’s feeling.

Oedipal Fixation: An oedipal fixation (or complex), usually called Oedipus complex, is a dysfunctional bond with a parent of the opposite sex that people do not outgrow and that does not permit us to mature into adult relationship with others (pp. 84-85). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

v. Dream Symbolism

Psychoanalytic theory has its own system of symbols which can be used in order to interpret a literary work as if it were a dream. For psychoanalytic theory, certain objects tend to have symbolic meaning for most human beings, even when people are not aware of this, and these symbols often show up in dreams. Some of the most common symbols which appear in people’s dreams are water, buildings, basements, attics, and also male or female imagery (p. 85).

b. Id, Ego, and Super-Ego

Three major components of personality were included in Freud's massive, overall theory. These components include the Id, the Ego and the Super ego. The

Id contains our primitive drives and operates largely according to the pleasure principle, whereby its two main goals are the seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain (Freud, 1962, p. 55). Freud goes on to say that it has no real perception of reality and seeks to satisfy its needs through what he called the primary processes that dominate the existence of infants, including hunger and self-protection.

Unlike the Id, the Ego is aware of reality and operates using the reality principle. The reality principle implies that the Ego recognizes what is real and understands that behaviors have consequences. This includes the effects of social rules that are necessary in order to live and socialize with other people. It uses secondary processes such as perception, recognition, judgment and memory that are developed during childhood. The dilemma of the Ego is that it has to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

somehow balance the demands of the Id and Super ego with the constraints of reality (Freud, 1962, p. 56). The Ego controls higher mental processes such as reasoning and problem-solving, which it uses to solve the Id-Super ego dilemma, creatively finding ways to safely satisfy the Id's basic urges within the constraints of the Super ego.

The Super ego contains our values and social morals, which often come from the rules of right and wrong that we learned in childhood from our parents and are contained in the conscience. The Super ego has a model of an ego ideal which it uses as a prototype against which to compare the ego and towards which it encourages the ego to move. The Super ego is a counterbalance to the Id, and seeks to inhibit the Id's pleasure-seeking demands, particularly those for sex and aggression (p. 57).

4. The Relation between Psychology and Literature

There is always a close relation between literature and psychology, as the researcher acknowledges that every work of literature is always written based on a certain state of human being. It is possible to see the psychological aspects of someone’s work of literature based on the character on the work.

Psychology, according to Wellek and Warren (1962), is one way to improve and develop characterization in the works of literature. In other way, through literature, people can learn about psychological values or conditions of human even better than through psychology itself (Wellek and Warren, 1962, pp. 91-93). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Psychoanalytic theory takes the discipline of psychology beyond a mere description of behavior, as they both encompass conceptual practices that circulate around and attempt to comprehend individual subjectivity. The relationship between psychoanalysis and psychology is marked by differences over conceptual focus and methodological grounding, over ontological and epistemological claims

(Parker, 2015, pp. 10-11). Psychoanalytic theory develops the theory of the way people behave and act in daily life from psychology as the new perspective of description of behavior and of individuals as the product of particular cultural and institutional conditions.

Based on the theory above, it is possible to say that the analysis of a literary work may be seen through the psychological aspects. This thesis discusses two of the psychological aspects, which are conflicts and also decision making process.

C. Theoretical Framework

The title of this thesis is “The Effect of Eilis Lacey’s Major Conflicts to Her

Decision seen in Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn: A Psychoanalytic Study”. The focus of this thesis is formulated into three objectives. The first one is to reveal the major conflicts faced by the main character, Eilis Lacey, in the novel. The second objective is to reveal the step taken by Eilis in making her decision. The third objective is to find out how the conflicts affect her decision seen through psychoanalysis.

In order to answer those three problems, there are four different theories which are applied in this thesis. Those theories are the theory of conflicts, theory of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

decision making, theory of psychoanalysis, and theory of the relationship between psychology and literature.

The first theory is the theory of conflicts. This theory is used in order to reveal what the conflicts that are faced by Eilis Lacey in the novel. The definition of conflict used in this thesis comes from Morton Deustch. The theory of conflicts in literature applied in thesis comes from Lavanya Shanbhogue-Arvind. There are five kinds of conflict in literature which help the researcher to identify every conflicts which exist in the novel.

The second theory is the theory of decision making. This theory is used to point out what kind of decision making process Eilis Lacey does, along with the process of making it. The main theory used in this thesis comes from Daniel

Kahneman about two ways of decision making process. This theory is also used to complete the first theory, in order to show the relation between the conflicts and also the decision making process.

The third theory, the theory of psychoanalysis is used in order to reveal the way psychoanalysis affect the decision making process of Eilis Lacey. The researcher used the theory from Sigmund Freud related to Id, Ego, and Super-Ego, and also Lois Tyson’s basic concepts of psychoanalysis. This theory is applied after the decision making process is revealed.

The last theory is the theory of relationship between psychology and literature.

The explanation used for this theory comes from Wellek and Warren. This theory is applied to support all the theories above since this thesis’s concern is as a literary study. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Before applying the theories, the researcher found out several conflicts that exist in the novel, as well as the way the main character makes her decision. Then, after applying all the theories, the researcher is able to develop all points related to the major conflicts faced by the main character, how the conflicts affect the main character’s decision, and also the way psychoanalysis affect the decision making process of the main character. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This thesis uses the novel Brooklyn by Colm Tóibín as the object of the study.

It was first published in 2009 by Scribner. The edition that the researcher used as the object of the study was the paperback edition, released in September 2015 with 262 pages. This novel was chosen as the winner of The Costa Book Award and shortlisted for The Man Booker Prize. This novel has also been adapted into a movie adaptation released in 2015 starring Saoirse Ronan, and Emory Cohen as

Eilis Lacey and Tony Fiorello respectively. The movie later received 3 Academy

Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, and also

Best Actress for Saoirse Ronan.

Colm Tóibín, born May 30th 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland, is an Irish author who has written 11 novels since 1990. He is also a journalist for

‘In Dublin’, ‘Hibernia’ and ‘The Sunday Tribune’, becoming features editor of ‘In

Dublin’ in 1981 and editor of Magill, Ireland’s current affairs magazine, in 1982

(Tóibín, 2017, para. 1). His writings are mostly the depiction of Irish society, living abroad, and the preservation of a personal identity, including a personal identity when confronted with loss. The novel Brooklyn, which was first released in 2009, is one of his novels which reflect the condition of the Irish society living abroad from their hometown. This novel also takes place in Enniscorthy, Tóibín’s hometown.

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This novel revolves around an Irish girl named Eilis Lacey who migrated to the United States with the help of Father Flood and her sister, Rose. During her journey there, she met an Italian man named Tony Fiorello and then married him few months later. However, the news from her hometown forced her to come back. There, she then met another man named Jim Farrell who had a crush on her.

This situation caused a dilemma for Eilis, as she had to choose between either going back to her husband, or staying in her hometown.

The novel becomes the object of the study because it explains the struggle faced Eilis Lacey in order to decide one thing that affects not only her life, but also someone else’s life. The conflicts and the way it affects her decision become the focus of this thesis.

B. Approach of the Study

Based on this thesis, the psychoanalytic criticism is the most appropriate way to help the researcher answer the problems. According to Peter Barry, psychoanalytic criticism is

Psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to sure mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind (Barry, 2009, p. 92).

As mentioned earlier, the psychoanalytic criticism is chosen because it is the most appropriate theory to help the researcher answering the problem. In order to understand a work of literature using psychoanalytic theory, there are several questions related to the work of literature which can be asked: Does the character PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

exhibit what might be considered dysfunctional behavior, and if so, what are the psychological motives behind it (Tyson, 2011, p. 82). This question helps the researcher to reveal the third question related to the way the conflicts affect her final decision. The analysis of this research is based on how the conflicts are presented in the story and the way they affect Eilis’ decision at the end of the story. Therefore, psychoanalytic criticism is used in order to reveal the relations.

C. Method of the Study

This thesis uses the library research method. First, the researcher read the novel Brooklyn in order to get deeper understanding about the story. Secondly, the researcher conducted a library research in order to support the information related to the novel and also the story. The researcher also gathered information from several websites on the internet. The primary source of this thesis is Colm

Tóibín’s Brooklyn. Beside the primary source, the researcher also uses some secondary sources, which are Morton Deustch’s The Resolution of Conflict:

Constructive and Destructive Processes, Lois Tyson’s Using Critical Theory, Ann

B. Dobie’s Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism, Sigmund

Freud’s The Ego and The Id, Peter Barry’s Beginning Theory, Rene Wellek and

Austin Warren’s Theory of Literature, and Daniel Kahneman’s Choices, Values, and Frames,

The third step, after gathering information related to the novel and the topic discussed, the researcher formulated the problems and explored the appropriate theory for this thesis. The next step is answering the problem formulations. There PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

are three problem formulations developed in this thesis. The first one is related to the major conflicts which exist in the novel. The second one is the steps taken in making the decision. The third one is the way the conflicts affecting the main character’s decision. Based on the formulation, it is found that psychoanalytic theory is the most appropriate theory to be applied in this thesis.

The next step was the analysis. This chapter discussed all the main idea in this thesis, answering the problem formulations. First, the researcher answered the first question related to the major conflicts faced by the main character. The researcher read the novel to find the major conflicts faced by the main character. In answering the first question, the researcher used the types of conflict in literature according to Lavanya Shanbhogue-Arvind. Second, after answering the first question, the researcher answered the second question related to the steps taken by the main character in order to make the decision. In answering the second question, the researchers used the decision making steps by Beyth-Marom,

Fischhoff, Jacobs, and Furby.

After answering the first two questions, the researchers answered the last question related to the way the conflicts affecting the main character’s decision.

The last question could only be answered after the first and second question were answered. The researcher used the theory of psychoanalysis from Lois Tyson and also Sigmund Freud’s theory related to Id, Ego, and Super-Ego. The purpose of second question was to explain how the conflicts, which were presented in the first question, affect the main character’s decision. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The final step of this thesis was drawing conclusion. This part reviewed all the discussions from previous chapters, as well as the analysis of the study. In this chapter, the researcher concluded the discussion from the first chapter up to the analysis. This chapter also gave the explanation related to the topic discussed and the result of the analysis done by the researcher. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

As the main character, Eilis Lacey faces most conflicts in her life compared to other characters in the novel Brooklyn. These conflicts eventually put her in the place to make a decision regarding her life and also everyone around her, as they affect the decision she would make as her next step. In the novel, Eilis is described as a person that is supposed to follow her sister’s steps. She spends her life becoming Rose’s shadow, which makes everyone to not consider her in anything. However, after she goes back to her hometown in Enniscorthy, she starts to feel the guilt of leaving her mother alone. This also happens along with the change of perception of her because she has lived in United States. The pressure people put on her shoulder both before and after Rose died causes some internal problems on Eilis, which are having low self-esteem, having a hard time to be independent, and being insecure. These internal problems are explored further in the next point.

Her conflicts and the way they affect her decision to go back to her husband in United States are the main points of this research. In order to reveal these points, the researcher first reveals all the major conflicts faced by Eilis Lacey.

Then, after revealing the major conflicts, the researcher discusses the way the conflicts affect the main character’s decision through psychoanalysis.

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A. Major Conflicts Faced by Eilis Lacey

Based on the five types of conflicts in literature, it is found that the conflicts faced by Eilis Lacey in the novel Brooklyn is influenced by some aspects on her life. According to the types of conflicts in literature, there are three of them that appear in the novel.

1. Man versus Man: Eilis Lacey and Mammy

The first conflict comes from another character, Eilis’ mom. It is a part of the type of conflicts, which is man versus man. The death of her sister, Rose, forces her to come back to her hometown in Enniscorthy, Ireland. Before going back to her hometown, Eilis had a call from her mammy back home, telling her about the house. None of them knows that Rose is sick, as she hides it very well. Then, on the phone she told Eilis about her anxiety of being alone in the house.

“The neighbours are all there and your uncle Michael and they came down from Clonegal, all the Doyles, and they’re here too. And I said when your daddy died that I shouldn’t cry too much because I had you and Rose and the boys and when the boys left I said the same and when you left I had Rose, but I have no one at all now, Eily, I have no one” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 181).

Eilis has her very first breakdown after this, because she knows that she is not there when Rose died. She is also not there for taking care of her mother because of the distance between them. There is no intention from her mother to tear Eilis apart. She just delivers the news to her, and also expresses her feeling about Rose, something that is not arranged or prepared. The same thing happens with Eilis, as she is also not prepared with the news. However, this is still included as a conflict because the news from her mother interferes Eilis’ life in Brooklyn, the life that she has built by her own. The reason she has this kind of feeling is because she PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

feels guilty of not being there when her mother needs her. Her guilt is also caused by the fear she has of disappointing people around her, as she tries to impress as many people as possible. This feeling of guilt then become one of her core problems, the core issued that later influences her decision at the end.

As the story continues, there is also a moment where Eilis finally told her mother that she already got married with Tony in Brooklyn before she went back to her hometown in Enniscorthy. There is a sign that Eilis’ mom tries to hide her shock over the news. It is stated in the novel, “Her mother sighed and put her hand out holding the table as though she needed support. She nodded her head slowly”

(Tóibín, 2015, p. 258). Her mother shows us the gesture as if she tries to control her feeling towards the news. It is understandable since the news comes without any notice before.

This gesture is also noticed by Eilis as she saw her mother reacting to the news, as stated in the novel, “Her mother’s voice was soft and low and reassuring, but Eilis could see from the look of her eyes how much effort she was putting into saying as little as possible of what she felt” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 258). Eilis knows that her mother tries very hard to understand this sudden news, and give her best support to her child. Her mother supports her child’s marriage, as she believes that

Eilis does it because she is in love with Tony and not because she has to.

However, she realized that her mother is not ready with the news, and instead of getting angry or dissapointed, she only gives a subtle response. It is also stated in the novel, “Her response had made Eilis feel that the very last thing in the world she wanted to do now was spend the evening alone packing her suitcass in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

silence with her mother listening from her bedroom” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 259). Eilis knows that the response would make her feel like leaving her mother would be a hard thing to do, as she said in the novel, “It’s very hard leaving my mother on her own” (Tóibín, 2015, p.242). This situation makes her disappointed because she is not entirely sure about her mother’s feelings or opinions.

2. Man versus Man: Eilis Lacey and Jim Farrell

Besides her relationship with her husband Tony Fiorello, back in her hometown, Eilis also has a relationship with a local man from the rugby club named Jim Farrell. She first met Jim in a dance hall before she went to United

States. However, Jim did not seem impressed by her back then. He seemed to be very rude and ignorant to her and her friend. When he looked to Eilis and stepped forward as he was about to ask Eilis to dance, he seemed to have change of mind and stepped back and almost imperiously glanced around the hall, ignoring her

(Tóibín, 2015, p. 20).

However, once she returned from United States, there is a different treatment from her neighbors to her. Jim, similar with other people in Enniscorthy, seemed to have a different opinion about her. Eilis believes that it is because back then she came from a family that did not own anything in the town. Now, after coming back from United States, she thinks that she carried something with her, something close to glamour, making all the difference to her (Tóibín, 2015, p.236). While they still see her as the same person, this time they see her in a different light than before. This change of character from Jim, as well as other PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

characters in the novel, put Eilis in different situation that she actually starts to enjoy her homecoming. This point is discussed further in the next part.

3. Man versus Society: Eilis Lacey and Her Neighbors in Enniscorthy

The conflicts also come from her society, which is similar to the second type of conflicts in literature, man versus society. The society in the story is represented through her neighborhood, her family, and also her husband back in

Brooklyn. One of them comes from Mr. Brown. He is the manager of

Bookkepping Company where Rose worked before she passed away. He asked

Eilis to help him finish some work left by Rose in the bookkeeping company.

After she finished, he asked her to stay with them and work at the company, especially since he believed that Eilis can fill Rose’s place in the company with her abilities and certificate in bookkeeping.

“Until the busy season is over,” Mr. Brown went on, “it will be hard for us to know how we are fixed in the office, but we may certainly need a bookkeeper and someone familiar with how the wages are paid in the long term. But we would like you to continue with the wages on a part-time basis and then we can speak to you in a while.” “I will be going back to the United States,” Eilis said. “Well, yes, of course,” Mr. Brown said. “But you and I will speak again before you make any firm decisions” (Tóibín, 2015, pp. 238-239).

The fact that no one knew that she was already married to a man in the United

States put her in a pressure, since people in her hometown still expected her to stay home rather than go back to Brooklyn. This is caused mainly by herself, when she decided to not tell anyone about the marriage because she believed that people know her to be working at the United States. However, at the same time, she did not know how to tell people that she was married since she did not want to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

shock people, especially her mother, with the news. This point shows the way the society reacts to changes in their community. At some degree, the society in

Enniscorthy is still conservative. It can be seen from the way they see Eilis as a person, when they expect her to be like Rose instead of herself. They are also seen to be very quick to change when there is a shift in their community, as seen through the way they treat Eilis before and after she goes to United States. This fact adds the conflicts for Eilis in making her decision.

Rose’s death not only forces her to come back home from her already settled life in United States, but also somehow puts everyone’s attention to Eilis after

Rose died. They think that it is Eilis’ time to take Rose’s place. It has been stated in the novel that Eilis only appears as Rose’s shadow when she was alive and after he died everyone starts to pay attention to Eilis. The novel also shows how Eilis thinks that she was Rose’s ghost and not herself. The novel mentioned,

In the morning it was hard not to think that she was Rose’s ghost, being fed and spoken to in the same way at the same time by her mother, having her clothes admired using the same words as were used with Rose, and then setting out briskly for work. As she took the same route Eilis had to stop herself walking with Rose’s elegant, determined walk, and move more slowly (Tóibín, 2015,p. 227).

At this point, Eilis starts to feel that she is there to somehow replace Rose that she started to act like Rose. This explains everyone’s expectation towards her, that she can stay in her hometown to continue Rose’s work. It also happens because of the fact that she just came back from United States, the place that is seen as a big country at the time. It causes everyone to think highly of her, as she is considered as someone who have acquired a lot of experiences from a big country. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The changes are also seen in the way Mr. Brown sees Eilis. Eilis knows that back then Rose once asked him about any job possibility for Eilis. It is stated in the novel, “Two years ago,” she said, “he wouldn’t even see me. I know that Rose asked him if there was any possibility for a job for me and he just said not. Just no” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 239). It is proved by Eilis’ friend, Nancy, who said that thing have changed and that Eilis has also changed (Tóibín, 2015, p. 239). The fact that Mr. Brown personally asked her to stay in the office and take Rose’s position shows that Eilis is now seen as a replacement for her older sister. This happens because of how people in Enniscorthy, in general, sees Eilis as someone different as she used to be before she went to United States. There is a change of perspective of her, as she is no longer seen in a similar way as before.

4. Man versus Self: Doubting Everything

Eilis faces a lot of conflicts and problem during her time in Brooklyn and also her hometown. It comes from many aspects as well, and compared to the other conflicts, she actually had conflicts with herself. She has been living under Rose’s shadow for a very long time, as she was always compared to Rose all the time.

Everyone expects her to be just like Rose. Then, she had the chance to do so by taking an opportunity from Father Flood and also her sister to work in Brooklyn,

New York.

However, once she had settled in her new place, news from home tears her apart. Rose was found dead in their house, and there was no one else but her mother back then. She then showed her regrets of coming to Brooklyn in the first PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

place. She feels guilty of coming to the United States and leaving her mother and sister back home, even though it is her sister’s wish for her to have a better life.

“Why did I ever come here?” she asked, but she knew that he could not understand her because she was sobbing so much. She took the handkerchief from him and blew her nose. “Why did I ever come over here?” she asked again. “Rose wanted a better life for you,” he replied. “She only did what was good.” “I won’t ever see her again now.” (Tóibín, 2015, pp. 179–180).

She feels this way because even though she agreed to do this in the first place, she does not expect for this event to occur as she has no idea of Rose’ sickness.

This is the reason why she feels so guilty after she found out about Rose’s death, because if she does not go to United States then her mother would still have someone beside her at the moment. This is one of the turning points of her life in

Brooklyn, where she started to doubt every choices and decisions she had made during her life in the United States. The loss of her sister affects her the most, since she did not know anything about her sister being sick and get a chance to talk to Rose.

The situation around her hometown also affects Eilis in a certain way. People start to see and put attention on her. It is unlike the time before she went to United

States and Rose died. When Rose was alive, not a lot of people put attention on

Eilis. She seemed invisible when Rose was around. The fact that she recently came back from United States also changes everyone’s perspective towards her. It is stated in the novel that everyone saw her differently because she has changed since her arrival from United States.

“You have changed,” Nancy said. “You look different. Everything about you is different, not for those who know you, but for people in town who only know you to see.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

“What’s changed?” “You seem more grown up and serious. And in your American clothes you look different. You have an air about you. Jim can’t stop trying to get us to find more excuses to go out together.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 239).

The whole thing about everyone’s perspective matters because it clearly show the before-after situation in terms of the way people see Eilis at her hometown. The dialogue shows that people in her hometown have a different opinion about Eilis as they believe that America brings a new perspective on someone. It is understandable because back then in the 1950s, United States is still seen as a superpower country and that it is a place for people wanting to be successful.

5. Man versus Self: Uncertainty

Eilis also faces conflicts because of her uncertainty. Right before she went back to her hometown, she promised Tony, her husband, that she will be back right after the funeral. She even accepted Tony’s proposal to marry her, as a sign that she will come back to him. However, once she got there, she started to forget about Brooklyn, as she quite enjoyed herself at her hometown with her friends and also Jim Farrell. Brooklyn starts to become another ordinary place for her, a reminder that only comes once in a while.

Sometimes it came as sharp reminder, but much of the time it did not come at all. She had to make an effort now to remember that she really was married to Tony, that she would face into the sweltering heat of Brooklyn and the daily boredom of the shop floor at Bartocci’s and her room at Mrs. Kehoe’s. She tried to think of Tony now as a loving and comforting presence, but she saw instead someone she was allied with whether she liked it or not, someone who was, she thought, unlikely to allow her to forget the nature of the alliance and his need for her to return (Tóibín, 2015, p. 241).

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At this point of her life, she started to have a dilemma about where she should stay. She still wants to come back to Brooklyn, to her husband. She tries to think of how nice has Tony been to her, but he only appears as another person whom she liked or not. Tony appears to her as a man who wants her to return, not as a man she knows as a loving and caring person. However, it is only her way of thinking, the moment where she thinks about her life had she took other choices or directions.

It is as stated in the novel, that it takes an effort for her to remember that she was Tony’s wife. The fact that Tony is waiting for her starts to feel like an obligation for Eilis, as she believes that she should come back to United States and not because she wants to. She does this way of thinking many times, as she is someone who is likely to think within themselves. While this thought is never done in reality, it represents what she feels at the time.

Eilis also faces this situation when it comes about whether she should tell people about her marriage or not. The fact that no one in her hometown knows about her marriage confuses Eilis. This happens because she feels like she has a different life in Enniscorthy and also Brooklyn. These two different lives that she walks through seems strange to her as she starts to feel like she is two different people.

She wished that she had not married him, not because did not love him and intend to return to him, but because not telling her mother or her friends made every day she had spent in America a sort of fantasy, something she could not match with the time she was spending at home. It made her feel strangely as though she were two people, one who had battled against two cold winters and many hard days in Brooklyn and fallen in love there, and the other who was her mother’s daughter, the Eilis whom everyone knew, or thought they knew (Tóibín, 2015, p. 226). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The statement above shows a sign that Eilis is confused about what happens in her life at the moment, but this is not an actual plan that she would ask Tony for divorce. Instead, she feels that telling people that she already get married to someone in United States is going to cause any shock among her society, whether it is her mother or her friends and neighbors. This also happens because her family is still mourning Rose’s death, and telling people about her marriage right away could possibly sound like bragging. In her thought, telling people that will probably change everything at her home and she does not expect that to happen.

For Eilis, a chance to be at home like this would be unlikely to come her way again ever (Tóibín, 2015, pp. 226-227). She does not want to leave her hometown with something that can change her whole life there. There is a fear of her that everyone would hate her right away because they think she made a wrong decision and that she fails to follow Rose’s footsteps. This also explains the kind change that might happen when at some point, she decided to tell people about her marriage.

6. Man versus Self: Fear of Hurting Anyone

When it comes to relationship with other people, a person has a tendency to make sure he/she does not hurt anyone. However, there is always a problem or conflict that will cause someone to get hurt. In the novel, Eilis is shown as a nice girl who does not want to hurt anybody. It shows through her activities in both before and after she went to Brooklyn. She never says no to anybody, as she always try to please them all. Part of the reason this happens is because she does PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

not want to be rude to people. This attitude has become her personality even before she went to United States, as shown in the novel. There is a statement in the novel where Miss Kelly offers Eilis a job while she is still in Enniscorthy, her hometown, and she was not sure whether she should take it or not. While she tried to think of saying something to Miss Kelly without being rude, she remained silent (Tóibín, 2015, p. 6). There is also the moment in the novel, while Eilis already lives in Brooklyn for some time and she does not want to go to the dance anymore with her friends, Miss McAdam and Sheila Heffernan. It is stated in the novel,

On Friday night after work she came to supper with a handkerchief in her hand, warning the others not to come too close in case they caught the chill from her. She blew her nose loudly and sniffled as best she could several times throughout the meal. She did not care whether they believed her or not, but having a cold, she thought, would be the best excuse for her not to go to the dance (Tóibín, 2015, p. 121).

Based on the statement, it is obvious that Eilis is a person who deos not want to make other people upset or dissappointed. It is the reason why instead of telling them, she just pretended to be sick. She never finds the courage to tell people “no” in their face, and instead will find a way to indirectly tell people “no”, which can be ambiguous at times.

This attitude that Eilis has all her life also affect her relationship with her husband and family. One of them is when she got back to Enniscorthy and she met Jim Farrell, who had a crush on her. She does not seem to reject him even though she knows that her husband is waiting her in the United States. It happens because she does not want to shock everybody about her marriage. She is afraid PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

that people at her hometown cannot accept the fact that she is already a married woman. This action then causes her another dilemma, as stated in the novel,

She pictured Tony and Jim opposite each other, or meeting each other, each of them smiling, warm, friendly, easygoing, Jim less eager than Tony, less funny, less curious, but more self-contained and more sure of his own place in the world. And she thought of her mother now beside her in the church, the devastation and shock of Rose’s death having been softened somewhat by Eilis’s return. And she saw all three of them—Tony, Jim, her mother—as figures whom she could only damage, as innocent people surrounded by light and clarity, and circling around them was herself, dark, uncertain (Tóibín, 2015, p. 246).

Eilis has an expectation that she will be able to please them, but she also knows that whatever decision she chooses, there is always someone getting hurt over the decision. Even though she already knows this, she does not seem totally ready with the consequences. The way she finally makes her decision at the very end is going to be answered in the next point below, related to the second problem formulation.

B. Steps of Decision Making Process by Eilis Lacey

Decision is something people should do every day. It starts from the simplest thing up to the most important one. Decision comes from many aspects of life, including conflicts. When people face a problem or conflict, they have to make a choice based on what they have done. It also happens to the main character, Eilis

Lacey, in the novel Brooklyn.

According to Kahneman and Trevsky, there are two types of decision making: normative and descriptive. Based on the story, it is found that Eilis made her decision based on descriptive analysis. She believes that her decision should be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

made by herself and not by anyone else. She realized that the only place where she can make decisions by her own is in Brooklyn. It starts when Miss Kelly, the owner of a shop where Eilis worked before she went to Brooklyn, asked her about the marriage. Miss Kelly tried to push Eilis on the news, because no one else but her knows about it. At that moment, Eilis defends herself for the first time, and stops other people controlling her life. It is stated in the novel,

In her tone, Eilis tried to equal Miss Kelly’s air of disdain. “Oh, don’t try and fool me!” Miss Kelly said. “You can fool most people, but you can’t fool me.” “I am sure I would not like to fool anyone,” Eilis said. “Is that right, Miss Lacey? If that’s what your name is now.” “What do you mean?” “She told me the whole thing. The world, as the man says, is a very small place.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 255).

Eilis believes that she can no longer live in her hometown with everyone trying to control her life and asking her to be someone she is not. She has been taking a lot of suggestions from her friends, family, neighbors about how she should behave or what she should do, as she is not able to do it all by herself. This moment becomes another turning point for Eilis to finally choose to go back to

Brooklyn with her husband and her life. It is stated at the very end of the novel,

“…when these words would come to mean less and less to the man who heard them and would come to mean more and more to herself.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 262).

The statement shows that she wants to settle in Brooklyn, even though it may hurt some people who know nothing about her life there. This decision also shows that she makes her own choice based on what she believes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In making any decision, there are few steps that can help people make their decision. In analyzing the decision process made by Eilis Lacey in the novel, these steps help the researcher identify each step and moment that affects her decision at the end.

The first step is identifying a set of alternative courses of action. In the novel, this step is shown when Eilis came back to her hometown after Rose’s death. The situation happens is that no one in Enniscorthy knows that she is a married woman in United States. This situation is triggered by the idea that she does not want to appear to brag about her incredible life in Brooklyn as her family was still mourning. She is still also not used to be alone with her mother as Rose used to be the bridge between her and their mother.

Eilis faces two possible choices regarding the truth about her marriage. She could either tell the truth or let her marriage unknown to her neighbors. However, some possibilities also appear along with the two choices. The first one is that her mother has not asked her about Brooklyn or United States, and that telling her right away about the marriage may come as a shock especially when they were still mourning. It is stated in the novel,

Eilis wondered if her mother had always had this way of speaking that seemed to welcome no reply, and suddenly realized that she had seldom been alone with her before, she had always had Rose to stand between her and her mother, Rose who would have plenty to say to both of them, questions to ask, comments to make and opinions to offer. It must be hard for her mother too, she thought, and it would be best to wait a few days and see if her mother might become interested in her life in America, enough for her slowly to introduce the subject of Tony, enough for her to tell her mother that she was going to marry him when she went back (Tóibín, 2015, pp. 213-214).

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Eilis has always been the quiet one when it comes to speak with her mother.

As mentioned earlier, Rose was always the one who connects them both with her stories, questions, and comments. Rose’s death affects the way Eilis and her mother talk to each other as they are not used to be together with no one else around. It is the reason that speaking about Tony and her marriage is a hard thing to do. Another possibility is shown in the novel,

She knew that she could not trust herself to begin to confide in either of her friends, especially when they were together like this, without letting them know too much. And if she told them, she would soon find that one of their mothers would mention to her mother that Eilis had a boyfriend in New York. It was best, she thought, to say nothing, to talk instead about clothes and her studies and tell them about the other lodgers and Mrs. Kehoe (Tóibín, 2015, p. 219).

As she has a hard time to tell people about her story, it is also hard for Eilis to tell her friends about her marriage. One of the reasons is that she is afraid that they will tell their mother about the marriage and the news will reach her mother without her knowing it. These two possibilities come as considerations about her final decision later.

The second step is identifying appropriate criteria for comparing the alternatives. This step is related to the causes that make the two choices exist in the first place. Beside the two possibilities mentioned earlier, there are also causes of the two choices which come into consideration. One of them is that Eilis has always thought that she would never leave her hometown, and that when she got a chance to go to United States, she is not completely ready for sudden change in her life. It is stated in the novel,

Until now, Eilis had always presumed that she would live in the town all her life, as her mother had done, knowing everyone, having the same friends and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

neighbours, the same routines in the same streets. She had expected that she would find a job in the town, and then marry someone and give up the job and have children. Now, she felt that she was being singled out for something for which she was not in any way prepared, and this, despite the fear it carried with it, gave her a feeling, or more a set of feelings, she thought she might experience in the days before her wedding, days in which everyone looked at her in the rush of arrangements with light in their eyes, days in which she herself was fizzy with excitement but careful not to think too precisely about what the next few weeks would be like in case she lost her nerve (Tóibín, 2015, p. 29).

Before this, Eilis believes that she is the girl that is destined to stay at her hometown. She believes that Rose is the one who deserves the chance to go outside their hometown, similar with their brothers. It is the reason why Eilis still finds a hard time to make choices, as she is still not used to sudden change around her.

The third step on the process is evaluating alternatives based on the criteria. In this part of the process, Eilis is prepared to make the decision after looking at all the possibilities. As mentioned earlier, there are reasons why she should choose to tell or not tell people about her marriage. However, the decision she makes is necessary for her future. In the novel, it shows that Eilis is confused while making the decision because it made her feel strange, as though she were two different people (Tóibín, 2015, p. 226). Eilis also faces a problem in telling people about her life, as she is not used to explain herself to other people. It is stated in the novel,

She understood that she should not have let things move so quickly, that she should have told Nancy after their first outing that her duty lay in being at home with her mother, or accompanying her mother on outings, and that she could not go out again with Nancy and George and Jim Farrell. She thought for a second of confiding in Nancy, not telling her the whole truth but telling her that she would soon be engaged when she returned to Brooklyn. But she PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

realized that it was best to do nothing. She would, in any case, be going back soon (Tóibín, 2015, p. 234).

She always has the intention to speak and let people know about her marriage.

She knows that she has someone waiting for her in Brooklyn, and that she should not be having someone to change the fact. However, she does not have the courage to tell the truth, as she always has this kind of struggle since the beginning.

The fourth step in the process is summarizing or assessing the information about the alternatives. Based on the novel, it is clear that Eilis has two options regarding the truth about her marriage. She can either tell people the truth or let her marriage unknown to the people at her hometown. There are several reasons and possibilities which become major factors for Eilis before she makes her final decision. Those reasons and possibilities are the fact that Jim is in love with her without knowing that she is married, and the wrong impression about her and her marriage which can cause a scandal in her hometown.

After going through several steps of decision making process, the final step is conducting self-evaluation regarding the whole process. Based on the novel, Eilis eventually chose to comeback to Brooklyn. She reached the decision after a confrontation with Miss Kelly, a local shop owner in Enniscorthy. In that moment, Miss Kelly, who admits herself as the relative of Miss Kehoe, Eilis’ landlady in Brooklyn, puts Eilis in pressure by threatening her. Miss Kelly wanted to tell people, especially Eilis’ mother about her marriage with Tony.

After the confrontation with Miss Kelly, Eilis also decided to tell the truth about her marriage before Miss Kelly spoiled it to other people. She talked to her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

mother about it, even though she finds it very hard to do so. Eilis made this decision as she believes that her mother should hear the news from her instead of someone else. Eilis said to her mother, “Mammy, there’s something I should have told you when I came back first but I have to tell you now. I got married in

Brooklyn before I came home. I am married. I should have told you the minute I got back.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 257).

This action shows that she starts to take control of her own life as opposed of letting someone else does it. She also refuses to look back at her past, like she used to do all the time. This is shown in the novel, “… she had left her umbrella in the post office but did not go back to collect it (Tóibín, 2015, p. 257). This moment, which happens after the confrontation with Miss Kelly, gives the sign that Eilis has done with her past and decided to move on with her life choices.

C. The Effects of Conflicts to Eilis Lacey’s Decision

When people make their decision, they always consider so many aspects before making their choice. Beside all those aspects, their psychological state also affects the decision they make. The researcher states the effects of all the conflicts to Eilis Lacey’s decision seen through psychoanalysis. It is stated by Lois Tyson that there are some basic concepts in psychoanalysis that may affect a character in a work of literature. In this case, some of the basic concepts help the researcher to determine how psychoanalysis affect Eilis’ decision.

As mentioned earlier, there are several problem faced by Eilis Lacey throughout the novel. These conflicts affect her in a certain way which is related PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

to psychoanalysis. The first one is between Eilis and her mother. When Rose died, there is a gap left by her that used to connect the family. While Rose is someone

Eilis looked up to when she was alive, Eilis has always been seen as someone who could be like her older sister, Rose, one day. Eilis is always considered as a shadow compared to Rose. It causes her to never make her own choices, or have one. Everyone just expects her to do whatever Rose does.

However, Rose herself provided her the chance to work at the United States, as she believes that Eilis has a better chance to have a much better life than her. It is also stated in the novel, when Father Flood told Eilis about the reason they sent her to United States. Father Flood said, “Rose wanted a better life for you,” he replied. “She only did what was good.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 180). It shows Rose’s belief on Eilis, something that no else shows. This shows one basic aspect in psychoanalysis, which is family. In psychoanalysis, a distressing event or situation that occurs in the youth is repressed into our unconscious because people do not feel that they can face it consciously (Tyson, 2011, p. 86).

In the novel, it is stated that she felt like she was two different people. This happens because she has a hard time to decide whether she should tell people about her marriage or not. She is not sure about how people will react to the story and how prepared she is to the response, which then causes a dilemma for a while.

The psychological aspect can be related in her conflict because she is not ready to tell people her marriage, which is why she puts the idea away as she does not feel that she could face the response or reaction at that time. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

She also faced the conflict with Jim Farrell, who had a crush on her. When Jim asked her out, she did not reject or tell him anything about her marriage. This situation left Jim clueless about the news similar to everyone in her hometown.

This shows another aspect in psychoanalysis, related to her own repression and unconsciousness, which also affect her at some point. Repression is a situation where people push away the experiences they do not want to remember. This situation is represented in Eilis’ relationship with Jim Farrell.

It is mentioned in the novel that during her stay in her hometown for Rose’s funeral, she did not directly tell anyone about her marriage. She shows one main point of repression, which is her decision to ignore the fact that she has already married and let her marriage to be unknown by anyone in her hometown. She pushes the experience related to her marriage because she did not think she can handle her neighbors’ reactions, especially her mother.

The sign of repression is also shown through her conflict with her neighbors in

Enniscorthy. In the novel, it is mentioned that everyone treats her same as though she never leaves their hometown. It is shown through her conversation with Mr.

Brown about taking over Rose’s job (Tóibín, 2015, p. 239). However, this situation happens because she tries to hide the truth about her marriage to everyone.

Some of the problems Eilis faced throughout the novel are somehow connected by the fact that she could not tell the truth about her marriage, as she thinks that everyone would not be ready to hear about it. This is also followed by the situation, where her mother and she were still mourning over Rose’s dead. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

conflicts that she faced with her mother, Jim, and also her neighbors are also related to other particular aspects of psychoanalysis, which are avoidance and denial. Avoidance and denial are parts of defenses and in psychoanalysis. These defenses are created by human beings in order to attract people away from the true issues and make them believe that the issues do not exist.

In the novel, Eilis also shows the sign defense in making her decision. Based on the statements in the novel, this happens because there is a situation that she could not face at the beginning, related to her marriage. She did not know how to tell people about her marriage because she was afraid that she would shock her mother and family with the news. Another reason is that she tries to make sure that no one gets hurt by her telling the truth. In the novel, it is stated that Eilis tried to think about Tony, Jim, and her mother at the same time, hoping that she could find a way to please them all.

However, it is impossible to do because at the end, she realized that nothing she could do would be right. This is also shown in the novel, “And she saw all three of them—Tony, Jim, her mother—as figures whom she could only damage, as innocent people surrounded by light and clarity, and circling around them was herself, dark, uncertain” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 246). The statement implies the impossibility of hurting no one, because any decision she made would somehow hurt one of them.

In the novel, Eilis does not only face conflicts with other people. There are also moments where she has conflict within herself. There are at least three different moments where she struggles alone, which also affect the way she makes PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

her decision. One of reasons she struggles a lot is because of her own insecurity.

Insecurity is a part of core issues, as another aspect of psychoanalysis. Insecurity is a sign when people worry that something wrong would happen if they do something. This situation can affect their behavior, mainly because they become unsure about which step they should take or what they should do.

In the novel, the sign of insecurity is shown through her life before and after

Rose’s death. When Rose was still alive, she has always been Rose’s shadow as she grew up, and when she finally got a chance to decide her own faith, she was afraid that she would make wrong choices. It happens during her first time at

Brooklyn, and also her life in Enniscorthy before she went there. She seems to overcome this problem, until Rose’s death came and tear her apart. She once again shows uncertainty about her own life because everyone at her hometown expects her to stay and take Rose’s place, and she also starts to feel distant with her life in

Brooklyn. It is shown in the novel, right after she heard about Rose’s death, where she said, “Why did I ever come here?” as well as “I wish I had never come over here” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 180).

It is also stated in the novel where she tried to remember Brooklyn, along with

Tony and her work at Bartocci’s, but she could not. It is stated, “Sometimes it came as sharp reminder, but much of the time it did not come at all. She had to make an effort now to remember that she really was married to Tony, that she would face into the sweltering heat of Brooklyn and the daily boredom of the shop floor at Bartocci’s and her room at Mrs. Kehoe’s.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 241). It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

shows that Eilis starts to lose track of her life in Brooklyn because of the uncertainty she has inside her.

Another similarity between these conflicts is that all of them come from similar root, which is insecurity. The reason why she has a hard time with everyone around her after she came back is because of her own insecurity. She worried that telling people about her marriage, while her family was still mourning, is not the right thing to do. She is afraid that someone would get hurt over her news, especially her mother. This insecurity about fear of hurting anyone becomes a major problem that Eilis faced in making the decision.

After all the conflicts she faced and the confrontation with Miss Kelly, Eilis chose to come back to Brooklyn. She finally realizes that she should make her decision by herself and that she cannot get everyone to agree with the decision.

Each conflict affects her decision psychologically and each one of them has a psychoanalytic representation that explains the way she makes her decision to come back to Brooklyn. As the way to further see the way each conflict affect her decision, Sigmund Freud’s theory about major components of personality; Id,

Ego, and also Super-Ego some to use in Eilis’ decision making process.

In Freud’s theory, each component of personality has different functions. The

Id consists of people’s drives and minds, something that satisfies them and gives them pleasure. In contrary, the Ego consists of the reality as it recognizes which one is real and understands that anything has consequences. There is also the

Super Ego, which consists of people’s values and social morals (Freud, 1962, pp.

55–56). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Eilis faces a lot of problems within herself, and each problem affects her decision in a similar way. When Rose died, she starts doubting herself again like she used to. She believed that Rose deserved the chance more than her and that she should not left her hometown in the first place. She also faces problem with

Jim Farrell, who had a crush on her because he does not know that she has already got married. Meanwhile, at the same time, Tony is waiting for her to come back.

In the novel, Eilis is shown to have a dilemma about where she should stay, which happens because of her fear of hurting anyone. This becomes one of the major problems that she faced. It is stated in the novel, “…she saw all three of them—Tony, Jim, her mother—as figures whom she could only damage, as innocent people surrounded by light and clarity, and circling around them was herself, dark, uncertain.” (Tóibín, 2015, p. 246). She has this uncertainty around them that she believes someone is going to get hurt over her decision. It is something that Eilis tries to avoid from the beginning. This point shows how Id affects Eilis’ decision making process in the beginning, as she shows an avoidance of pain. It gives her the comfort because she did not have to worry about it.

In Freud’s theory, ego has a control of reasoning and problem solving, as well as reality principles. Eilis Lacey, in the novel, she shows the moment where she finally decided to order a trip back to Brooklyn right after she met Miss Kelly. It is shown in the novel where she left her umbrella in the post office but decided not go back to collect it (Tóibín, 2015, p. 257). It shows that Eilis does not want to look back any longer and only wants to look ahead. This is related to her decision because Miss Kelly has a plan to spread the word first before, and it could become PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

a scandal for her family. This is also the moment where she realizes that she could not be herself if she stays, and her reality now is in Brooklyn along with her career and husband.

The sign of Ego is also shown through her conflicts with Jim and her mother.

When she decided to finally tell the truth about her marriage, the Ego takes control over Eilis’ decision. She finally realizes that having a relationship with

Jim is impossible, something that is not real. She realizes that her reality now lies in Brooklyn, when she decided to take the chance to work and live there and to finally marry Tony. At the same time, she understand that any decision she makes would hurt someone and that is the consequence she needs to face.

Besides Id and Ego, major components of personality also include Super-Ego.

Super-Ego takes control of values and social morals. In the novel, the Super-Ego has the effect on how Eilis finally told her mother about her marriage. She does so in order to prevent Miss Kelly from spreading the news to anyone else and causing shock among the society. She decided to tell her mother because she knows that it is the right thing to do, as people who should be honest about themselves. She does not want to make the wrong impression by letting Miss

Kelly tell everyone about the marriage, and knows that truth is always important.

Therefore, it can be stated that psychoanalysis along with Id, Ego, and Super Ego have an important role in Eilis Lacey’s decision making process. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter is the conclusion of the study. This chapter discusses all the previous chapters. This research has three problems. As stated in the objectives of the study, the analysis finds out what are the major conflicts faced by Eilis Lacey, the main character, in the novel. Then, this research explains the steps taken by her in making the decision. After that, this research explains how these major conflicts affect her decision seen from psychoanalytic perspectives along with the process of making the decision. Thus, this conclusion is developed from the answers from problem formulation.

The first question is related to the major conflicts faced by Eilis Lacey. Based on the discussion from the analysis, it is found that the conflicts faced by Eilis

Lacey come from three aspects. The first one comes from another character, which is her mom, who was alone after Rose’s death and caused Eilis to regret her own decision to come to Brooklyn at the first place. The second aspect comes from the society, particularly her neighborhood, where the fact of her marriage being unknown to everyone in her hometown put her in a confusion to make the decision between going back to Brooklyn or staying in her hometown. She did not want to make everyone shock with her news, which affects herself in making her decision. The third aspect comes from her ownself, where the death of her sister put her in guilt of leaving her mother and sister in the first place.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The second question asks about the steps taken by Eilis Lacey in making her decision. It is also found that Eilis made her decision using descriptive model of decision making, based on the types of decision making process from Daniel

Kahneman. She made her decision to go back to Brooklyn because she refused to let anyone else controlling her life, as people at her hometown always try to do.

Before making this decision, there are several steps taken that is represented in the novel. Those steps are identifying a set of alternative courses of action, identifying appropriate criteria for comparing the alternatives, evaluating alternatives based on the criteria, summarizing or assessing the information about these alternatives, and conducting self-evaluation regarding the decision making process.

The last question is related to the effects of conflicts to her decision seen from psychoanalytic perspective. It is found that some psychological aspects also affect her in order to make decision. Those psychological aspects include family, repression and unconscious, the defenses, and also core issues. Each aspect represents the conflicts, as a sign of each conflict. The conflicts between Eilis and her mother shows that the family can influence someone’s decision. Meanwhile, her relationship with Jim Farrell shows the sign of repression, where the fact that no one in her hometown including Jim knows about the marriage put her in a situation where she decided to ignore the fact. There is also a problem she faced with her neighbors, where it shows us the sign of insecurity. It can be summarized that psychoanalysis has affected Eilis Lacey’s decision through her conflicts.

At the end, Eilis decided to go back to Brooklyn, as she believed that it is the part of her future. The way she made the decision can be seen through Sigmund PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Freud’s theory. According to Freud’s theory, it is also found that Id, Ego, and

Super-Ego also affect Eilis’ process of making her decision. As the effects of conflicts to her decision, she finally realizes that keeping secret about her marriage does not seem right and that it is the right thing to do. This is the part where Super-Ego takes control, along with Id and Ego.

There are times, however, when she is not sure about what to do because she has a doubt and fear inside herself that someone can get hurt by her marriage. This is the part when Id has the control. However, in the end, she knows that her relationship with Jim Farrell is not real and is impossible. This also happened along with her confrontation with Miss Kelly, where she thinks that her life in

Brooklyn is her reality now. Her Ego takes the control in this moment, as a sign that she know anything that is real and that anything has consequences. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

REFERENCES

Barry, Peter. (2009). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Beyth-Marom, Ruth, Baruch Fischhoff, Marilyn Jacobs, & Lita Furby. (1989). Teaching Decision Making to Adolescents: A Critical Review. Washington D. C: Carnegie Corporation of New York. Costello-Sullivan, Kathleen P. (2009). Absence and Presence: Mothers in Colm Tóibín's The Heather Blazing. New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua, 13(3), 108-123. Christine, Chindy. (2017). Mia Hall’s Decision Making Process in Her Comatose State in Gayle Forman’s If I Stay: A Psychoanalytic Study (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Deutsch, Morton. (1973). The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dobie, Ann. B. (2012). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Freud, Sigmund. (1962). The Ego and The Id (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Hagan, Edward A. (2012). Colm Tóibín's "As Though" Reality in "Mothers and Sons", "Brooklyn", and "The Empty Family". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua, 16(1), 31-47. Kahneman, Daniel, & Amos Tversky. (2000). Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press. Parker, Ian. (2015). Psychology After Psychoanalysis: Psychosocial Studies and Beyond. New York: Routledge.

Pangestuti, Prastika Wigatining. (2013). The Effects of Charley’s Dream Toward His Decision Making in Life in Mitch Albom’s For One More Day (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta. Shanbhogue-Arvind, Lavanya. (2017). Booksoarus: Improve Your Writing Skills. Retrieved from http://www.booksoarus.com/types-of-conflict-literature- examples/ Shmoop. (2018). Brooklyn: A Novel Summary Retrieved from (https://www.shmoop.com/brooklyn-a- novel/summary.html)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Tóibín, Colm. (2015). Brooklyn. New York: Scribner. Tóibín, Colm. (2017). Biography. Retrieved from http://www.colmtoibin.com/content/biography Tyson, Lois. (2011). Using Critical Theory. Oxford: Routledge. Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. (1962). Theory of Literature, 3rd Edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc. Young, R. M., & Pitchford, I. (2005, May 28). What is Psychoanalytic Studies? Retrieved October 17, 2017, from The Human Nature Review: http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap114h.ht PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Summary of Colm Tóibín’s Brooklyn

Eilis Lacey lives in a small town in Ireland with her mother and older sister Rose. She lives a pretty boring existence, hanging at home and going to school to become a bookkeeper.

Everything changes when Rose introduces her to Father Flood, a priest who wants to help Eilis immigrate to America to find work. Eilis is hesitant— naturally—but she doesn't really have a choice in the matter. Fast-forward a few weeks and suddenly our young heroine is on an ocean liner heading straight towards big city Brooklyn.

There she moves into a boardinghouse run by an Irishwoman named Mrs.

Kehoe and gets a job at Bartocci's Department Store. Everything is pretty cool and exciting, but Eilis gets slammed by intense feelings of homesickness after receiving her first letters from the fam. Luckily, Father Flood saves the day by inviting Eilis to serve Christmas dinner at his parish, which makes Eilis feel connected to her Irish roots.

Of course, it also helps that she meets a fella named Tony. Tony is an

Italian-American charmer, and he and Eilis quickly spark a romance. Although

Eilis digs him, she's not moving anywhere near as fast as he is: he tells her that he loves her immediately and frequently alludes to them getting married.

That's when Eilis gets devastating news: Rose died in her sleep. This sends

Eilis into a whirlwind of emotions, leading her to sleep with Tony for the first time, and then deciding to go back to Ireland for a month to take care of her mom.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

When Tony hears about this, he begs her to marry him before she goes and— shocker—she agrees. They tie the knot in a courtroom.

Ireland is weird. Eilis' mom keeps on treating her like Rose, dressing her in her older sister's clothes and even getting her a temp job at her old office. Eilis still hasn't revealed her marriage, however. This ends up complicating things a great deal, as Eilis sparks a romance with Jim Farrell, a kid she had met before moving to Brooklyn. This relationship gets pretty serious too: Jim asks her to get engaged so she doesn't return to Brooklyn.

Eilis is torn, but the decision is taken out of her hands when Miss Kelly— her former boss in Ireland—reveals that she knows Mrs. Kehoe, and that Mrs.

Kehoe told her about Eilis' marriage. Knowing that this would cause a massive scandal, Eilis comes clean to her mom, writes an apology letter to Jim, and hops on a train that will take her to a Brooklyn-bound boat.

Adapted from:

Shmoop. Brooklyn: A Novel Summary. (https://www.shmoop.com/brooklyn-a-

novel/summary.html). May 6, 2018.

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Appendix 2: Colm Tóibín’s Biography

Colm Toibin was born in Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford in 1955. He studied at

University College Dublin and lived in Barcelona between 1975 and 1978. Out of his experience in Barcelona be produced two books, the novel ‘The South’

(shortlisted for the Whitbread First Novel Award and winner of the Irish Times/

Aer Lingus First Fiction Award) and ‘Homage to Barcelona’, both published in

1990. When he returned to Ireland in 1978 he worked as a journalist for ‘In

Dublin’, ‘Hibernia’ and ‘The Sunday Tribune’, becoming features editor of ‘In

Dublin’ in 1981 and editor of Magill, Ireland’s current affairs magazine, in 1982.

He left Magill in 1985 and travelled in Africa and South America.

His other novels are: ‘The Heather Blazing (1992, winner of the Encore

Award); ‘The Story of the Night’ (1996, winner of the Ferro-Grumley Prize); ‘The

Blackwater Lightship’ (1999, shortlisted for the IMPAC Dublin Prize and the

Booker Prize and made into a film starring Angela Lansbury); ‘The Master’

(2004, winner of the Dublin IMPAC Prize; the Prix du Meilleur Livre; the LA

Times Novel of the Year; and shortlisted for the Booker Prize); ‘Brooklyn’ (2009, winner of the Costa Novel of the Year). His short story collections are ‘Mothers and Sons’ (2006, winner of the Edge Hill Prize) and ‘The Empty Family (2010).

His play ‘Beauty in a Broken Place’ was performed at the Peacock Theatre in

Dublin in 2004. His other books include: ‘The Modern Library: the 200 Best

Novels Since 1950’ (with Carmen Callil); ‘Lady Gregory’s Toothbrush’ (2002);

‘Love in a Dark Time: Gay Lives from Wilde to Almodovar’ (2002) and ‘All a

Novelist Needs: Essays on Henry James’ (2010). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

His second collection of stories ‘The Empty Family’, published in 2010, was shortlisted for the Frank O’Connor Prize. His book of essays on Henry James

‘All a Novelist Needs’, appeared also in 2010. In 2011, his play ‘Testament’, directed by Garry Hynes, was performed at the Dublin Theatre Festival with

Marie Mullen in the lead role. Also in 2011, his memoir, ‘A Guest at the Feast’ was published by Penguin UK as a Kindle original. In 2012, ‘New Ways to Kill

Your Mother: Writers & Their Families’ was published, as was his edition for

Penguin Classics of ‘De Profundis and Other Writings’ by Oscar Wilde. Also, in

2012, his novel ‘The Testament of Mary’ was published and short-listed for the

Man Booker Prize. In April 2013, ‘The Testament of Mary’ opened on Broadway, with Fiona Shaw, and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play. In 2013 it was released as an audiobook with Meryl Streep. Colm Toibin’s novel ‘Nora

Webster’, published in 2014, won the Hawthornden Prize, and his ‘On Elizabeth

Bishop’, published in 2015, was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle

Award for Criticism. His ninth novel ‘House of Names’ appeared in 2017. In May

2017, he co-curated ‘Henry James and American Painting’ at the Morgan

Library’.

Adapted from:

Tóibín, Colm. Biography. (http://www.colmtoibin.com/content/biography). April

15, 2018.