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Syria in Crusader Times Conflict and Coexistence THESYRIA PRESS IN IN THE MIDDLECRUSADER EAST AND NORTHTIMES AFRICA, Conflict and Coexistence Edited by CAROLE HILLENBRAND Edited by ANTHONY GORMAN and DIDIER MONCIAUD Syria in Crusader Times Conflict and Coexistence Edited by Carole Hillenbrand Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial mater and organisation Carole Hillenbrand, 2020 © the chapters their several authors, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Adobe Garamond by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 2970 2 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 2972 6 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 2973 3 (epub) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Published with the support of the University of Edinburgh Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund. Contents List of Illustrations vi List of Contributors viii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Part 1 Sources 1 Hamdan al-Atharibi’s History of the Franks Revisited, Again 3 Paul M. Cobb 2 Legitimate Authority in the Kitab al-Jihad of ‘Ali b. Tahir al-Sulami 21 Kenneth A. Goudie 3 Politics, Religion and the Occult in the Works of Kamal al-Din Ibn Talha, a Vizier, ‘Alim and Author in Thirteenth- century Syria 34 A. C. S. Peacock Part 2 Christians 4 Adapting to Muslim Rule: the Syrian Orthodox Community in Twelfth-century Northern Syria and the Jazira 63 R. Stephen Humphreys 5 The Afterlife of Edessa: Remembering Frankish Rule, 1144 and After 86 Christopher MacEvitt iv | syria in crusader times Part 3 Convivencia 6 Diplomatic Relations and Coinage among the Turcomans, the Ayyubids and the Crusaders: Pragmatism and Change of Identity 105 Taef El-Azhari 7 Symbolic Conflict and Cooperation in the Neglected Chronicle of a Syrian Prince 125 Luke Yarbrough 8 A Critique of the Scholarly Outlook of the Crusades: the Case for Tolerance and Coexistence 144 Suleiman A. Mourad Part 4 War and Peace 9 The Portrayal of Violence in Walter the Chancellor’s Bella Antiochena 163 Thomas Asbridge 10 Infernalising the Enemy: Images of Hell in Muslim Descriptions of the Franks during the Crusading Period 184 Alex Mallett Part 5 Cities 11 Sunnites et Chiites à Alep sous le règne d’al-Salih Isma‘il (569–77/1174–81): entre conflits et réconciliations 197 Anne-Marie Eddé 12 The War of Towers: Venice and Genoa at War in Crusader Syria, 1256–8 211 Thomas F. Madden 13 Gaza in the Frankish and Ayyubid Periods: the Run-up to 1260 CE 225 Reuven Amitai Part 6 Saladin’s Men 14 Picture-poems for Saladin: ‘Abd al-Mun‘im al-Jilyani’s Mudabbajat 247 Julia Bray contents | v 15 Ayyubid Realpolitik and Political–Military Vicissitudes versus Counter-crusading Ideology in the Memoirist–Chronicler al-Katib al-Isfahani 265 Lutz Richter-Bernburg 16 Assessing the Evidence for a Turning Point in Ayyubid– Frankish Relations in a Letter by al-Qadi al-Fadil 285 Bogdan C. Smarandache Part 7 Key Personalities 17 Saladin, Generosity and Gift-giving 307 Jonathan Phillips 18 Hülegü: the New Constantine? 321 Angus Stewart Glossary 336 Bibliography 339 Index of Names 372 Index of Places 380 Index of Terms/Concepts 382 Illustrations Figures 6.1 Bronze follaro of King William II of Sicily in Arabic – late twelfth century 119 6.2 Bronze follaro of King Tancred of Sicily in Arabic and Latin – late twelfth century 119 6.3 Crusader’s imitation of an Ayyubid dirham. Jerusalem mint – CE 1237 120 6.4 Armenian dirham of the thirteenth century with bilingual Armenian–Arabic writings 121 16.1 Letter by al-Qadi al-Fadil 300 18.1 Constantine and Helena with the True Cross (Vatican) 323 18.2 Constantine and Helena with the True Cross (British Library Board) 326 Plates Between pages 48 and 49 3.1 Ibn Talha’s da’ira, or circle of letters, in al-Durr al-muntazam 3.2 Ibn Talha’s Matalib al-su’ul fi manaqib Al al-Rasul 3.3 Ibn Talha’s al-‘Iqd al-farid li’l-Malik al-Sa‘id 3.4 Final folio of Ibn Talha’s Nafa’is al-‘anasir, showing the mysterious letters 3.5 Table for calculating days of the months from al-‘Iqd al-farid illustrations | vii Between pages 232 and 233 13.1 Detail from ‘Frankish Palestine, South’ 13.2 Further detail from ‘Frankish Palestine, South’ 13.3 Rural Palestine in the Frankish Period 13.4 The ‘Oxford Map of Matthew Paris’ Between pages 248 and 249 14.1 Al-Jilyani, Diwan al-tadbij, Manchester John Rylands MS Ar. 690, ff. 57b–58a: tree finial of Manadih al-mamadih 14.2 Transcription of reading of al-Jilyani, tree finial of Manadih al-mamadih 14.3 Al-Jilyani, Diwan al-Tadbij, Manchester John Rylands MS Ar. 690, f. 79a: the extemporised ‘Seal’ 14.4 Ibn al-Hajj, al-Diwan al-‘amm (Fez, 1995), 550: tree-shaped poem Contributors Reuven Amitai is Eliyahu Elath Professor for Muslim History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His areas of research include the Mamluk Sultanate, the Mongols in the Middle East, processes of Islamisation, and medieval Palestine. From 2010 to 2014, he was Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the Hebrew University, and from 2014 to 2016, he was a Senior Fellow at the Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg in Bonn. His recent publications include: Holy War and Rapprochement: Studies in the Relations between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate (1260–1335) (2013); co-edited with Michal Biran, Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: the Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors (2015); co-edited with Christoph Cluse, Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th to 15th Centuries (2017); and co-edited with Stephan Conermann, The Mamluk Sultanate from the Perspective of Regional and World History: Economic, Social and Cultural Developments in an Era of Increasing International Interaction and Competition (2019). In 2018, he received the degree of doctor honoris causa from the National University of Mongolia. Thomas Asbridge is Reader in Medieval History at Queen Mary, University of London. He specialises in the study in the study of the Crusades, knight- hood and chivalry, and medieval violence. His major publications include The Greatest Knight (2015), The Crusades – the War for the Holy Land (2010) and The First Crusade: a New History (2004). Julia Bray has taught Arabic language and medieval literature at the uni- versities of Manchester, Edinburgh, St Andrews and Paris 8-Vincennes – Saint Denis. She is currently Abdulaziz Saud AlBabtain Laudian Professor contributors | ix of Arabic Literature at the University of Oxford. She works on medieval to Early Modern literature, life writing and society, and on the Arabic history of emotions and has published Stories of Piety and Prayer (2019), the first part of an edition and translation of the tenth-century al-Tanukhi’s Deliverance Follows Adversity, in the Library of Arabic Literature. Paul M. Cobb is Professor of Islamic History and Chair of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, USA. He is the author of numerous books and articles dealing with the history of the medieval Levant including, most recently, The Race for Paradise: an Islamic History of the Crusades (2014). He is also the translator of Usama b. Munqidh’s Book of Contemplation for Penguin Classics. Anne-Marie Eddé is Emerita Professor in Medieval Islamic History at Panthéon-Sorbonne University in Paris. Her research interests include medieval Arabic sources and the history of Syria from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. She is the author of La principauté ayyoubide d’Alep (579/1183–658/1260), Freiburger Islamstudien, XXI, Stuttgart, 1999, and Saladin, Paris, Flammarion, 2008, repr. 2012 (English translation, by Jane Mary Todd, 2011). Taef El-Azhari is Professor of Islamic and Middle Eastern History at the University of Helwan, Egypt. He received his doctorate in Middle Eastern history from the University of Manchester. His interests, both in research and teaching, focus principally on Turcoman–Kurdish social–political his- tory and the Crusades. His most recent books include Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History (Edinburgh University Press, 2019) and Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades (2016). Kenneth A. Goudie received his PhD in 2016 from the University of St Andrews for a thesis entitled ‘The Reinvention of Jihad in Twelfth-century al-Sham’. He is now a postdoctoral research fellow at Ghent University. His current research focuses on the historical writings of the fifteenth-century Qur’an exegete and historian, Burhan al-Din al-Biqa‘i. x | syria in crusader times R. Stephen Humphreys is Professor Emeritus in History and Islamic Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Before coming to Santa Barbara, he taught at the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is the author of From Saladin to the Mongols: the Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (1977), Islamic History: a Framework for Inquiry (1991) and Mu’awiya ibn Abi Sufyan: from Arabia to Empire (2006), in addition to other books and articles. He has been a visiting member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.
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