DOCSLIB.ORG

ARPA-E Impacts: a Sampling of Project Outcomes, Volume II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARPA-E Impacts: a Sampling of Project Outcomes, Volume II ARPA-E Impacts: A Sampling of Project Outcomes, Volume II Dear Colleagues, The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) is demonstrating that a collaborative model has the power to deliver real value. The Agency’s first compilation booklet of impact sheets, published in 2016, began to tell the story of how ARPA-E has already made an impact in just seven years—funding a diverse and sophisticated research portfolio on advanced energy technologies that enable the United States to tackle our most pressing energy challenges. One year later our research investments continue to pay off, with a number of current and alumni project teams successfully commercializing their technologies and advancing the state of the art in transformative areas of energy science and engineering. There is no single measure that can fully illustrate ARPA-E’s success to date, but several statistics viewed collectively begin to reveal the Agency’s impact. Since 2009, ARPA-E has provided more than $1.5 billion in funding for 36 focused programs and three open funding solicitations, totaling over 580 projects. Of those, 263 are now alumni projects. Many teams have successfully leveraged ARPA-E’s investment: 56 have formed new companies, 68 have partnered with other government agencies to continue their technology development, and 74 teams have together raised more than $1.8 billion in reported funding from the private sector to bring their technologies to market. However, even when viewed together, those measures do not capture ARPA-E’s full impact. To best understand the Agency’s success, the specific scientific and engineering challenges that ARPA-E project teams have overcome must be understood. This booklet provides concrete examples of those successes, ranging from innovations that will bear fruit in the future to ones that are beginning to penetrate the market as products today. Importantly, half of the projects highlighted in this volume stem from OPEN solicitations, which the agency has run in 2009, 2012, and 2015. ARPA-E’s OPEN programs are an extraordinary opportunity for the R&D community to challenge ARPA-E in areas of technology not covered by the agency’s focused technology programs. Please share this report with your colleagues—we hope to encourage innovative scientists and engineers to continue to engage us with their ideas and consider joining our team as a Program Director, Fellow, or Tech-to-Market Advisor. Sincerely, Eric Rohlfing Acting Director of ARPA-E February 10, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS DESCRIPTIONS OF ARPA-E’S PROGRAMS .................................................................................. 3 TRANSPORTATION FUELS ............................................................................................................ 7 North Carolina State University and University of Massachusetts (PETRO) – Engineering the Optimized Biofuel Crop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 University of Illinois (PETRO) – Oilcane: An Ideal Bioenergy Feedstock ............................................................................... 12 Agrivida (OPEN 2009) – Engineering the Optimized Biofuel Crop ......................................................................................... 15 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Electrofuels) – Liquid Transportation Fuel from Electricity and CO2 ..... 18 Dioxide Materials (OPEN 2012) – Converting Carbon Dioxide into Fuel ............................................................................. 21 Lanzatech (REMOTE) – Cheaper, Faster Waste-Gas Fermenters for Fuels and Chemicals ............................................ 24 Bio2Electric (Ecocatalytic) (OPEN 2012) – Flameless Combustion: Chemical Looping Ethane to Ethylene ............ 27 POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................ 30 RTI International (IMPACCT) – Carbon Capture with Water-Free Solvents ......................................................................... 31 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/University of California, Berkeley (IMPACCT) – Novel Metal-Organic Framework Sorbents for Carbon Capture ......................................................................................................................................... 33 General Electric (OPEN 2012) – Back to the Future, for the Electric Power Grid ............................................................... 37 University of California, Berkeley (OPEN 2012) – Precise, Time Synchronized Distribution Grid Measurements 40 Brown University (OPEN 2012) – Self-Optimizing River and Tidal Power Conversion Devices ................................... 44 Integral Consulting (OPEN 2012) – Low-Cost, Real-Time Wave-By-Wave Assessment Tool ...................................... 47 Otherlab (OPEN 2012) – Pneumatically-Actuated PV Tracking System Reduces Cost and Improves Reliability........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Glint Photonics (OPEN 2012) – Low-Power Microscale Tracking for Low-Profile Daylighting .................................... 53 BUILDING, TRANSPORTATION, AND INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY ........................................... 56 Utah State University (AMPED) – Cell-Level Control in Large Battery Packs ...................................................................... 57 General Electric (AMPED) – Getting the Best from a Battery .................................................................................................... 60 Otherlab (MOVE) – Intestine-Structured Gas Storage ................................................................................................................. 63 United Technologies Research Center (MOVE) – Flat, Modular Tank Technology for Natural Gas Vehicles ........ 66 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (HEATS) – Advanced Thermal Battery for Climate Control ......................... 68 University of Texas, Austin (OPEN 2012) – Low Cost Voltage-Controlled Window Can Be Tuned to Block Visible and/or Infrared Light ................................................................................................................................................................................. 71 University of California, Berkeley (OPEN 2012) – Fast, Automated Building Energy Auditing .................................... 75 iBeam Materials (SWITCHES) – Low-Cost LEDs on Flexible Metal Tapes ............................................................................. 78 Alcoa (METALS) – Reimagining Aluminum Manufacturing ....................................................................................................... 81 University of Utah ( METALS) – A Thermal Pathway to Low Cost Titanium Powder ........................................................ 84 2 DESCRIPTIONS OF ARPA-E’S PROGRAMS Acronym Title Year Brief Description ADEPT Agile Delivery of Electric Power Technology 2010 Power Conversion Efficiency: Wide band-gap semiconductors for high-power, high-current applications ALPHA Accelerating Low-Cost Plasma Heating and 2014 Fusion energy, focused on intermediate density regime, reducing Assembly the cost of experimental tests for fusion energy AMPED Advanced Management and Protection of Energy 2012 Battery storage, primarily for EV. Addressing efficiency from Storage Devices perspective of the overall battery pack with new approaches to the battery management system. Strong DoD engagement ARID Advanced Research in Dry-Cooling 2015 Developing technology to protect power plant efficiency under water constraints - More efficient ‘dry-cooling’ BEEST Batteries for Electric Energy Storage in 2010 All aspects of battery design and materials, supporting a large Transportation amount of alternative battery chemistry work (supplemented by project awards under OPEN 2009 and 2012) BEETIT Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative 2010 Lower energy approaches to heating, ventilation and air Thermodevices conditioning (HVAC). Some projects funded by DoD CHARGES Cycling Hardware to Analyze and Ready Grid-Scale 2014 Two test sites to allow grid-scale batteries to be validated under Electricity Storage realistic grid operation conditions DELTA Delivering Efficient Local Thermal Amenities 2014 Local thermal management for comfort of individuals, goal to reduce overall AC costs by allowing less stringent building-wide AC ELECTROFUELS Microorganisms for Liquid Transportation Fuel 2010 Exploratory development of fuel productions by organisms that directly use electric charge as an energy source 3 Acronym Title Year Brief Description ENLITENED Energy-Efficient Light-Wave Integrated Technology 2016 Integrated photonic interconnects and novel switching networks Enabling Networks that Enhance Datacenters for more energy efficient manipulation and movement of data FOCUS Full Spectrum Optimized Conversion and 2014 Solar energy approaches that capture both PV and thermal Utilization of Sunlight energy, including spectrum splitting to different collectors and development of PV cells that can work at the high T of thermal collection GENI Green Electricity Network Integration 2011 Electric power network - Power flow controllers & software to allow more effective integration of renewables GENSETS Generators for Small
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S&T in Support of the Navy and US Marine Corps Dr. Lawrence
    S&T in Support of the Navy and US Marine Corps Dr. Lawrence Schuette Director of Research [email protected] The Office of Naval Research The S&T Provider for the Navy and Marine Corps • 4,000+ People • 23 Locations • $2.1B / year • >1,000 Partners Discover Dist ribu Develop Technological tion Stat Deliver Advantage em ent A: App2 rov ed for publ ic rele ase Warfighting Capabilities Enabled by S&T Investments Broad 5-20 years Discovery & Invention 4-8 years (Basic and Applied Leap Ahead Science) 2-4 years Focus Innovations (Innovative Naval Technology Prototypes) Maturation ≈ 12% ≈ 45% 1-2 years (FNCs, etc) Quick Reaction & Other S&T ≈ 8% ≈ 30% Narrow Current Fleet/Force Fleet/Force in Development Future Fleet/Force Dist ribu tion Stat em ent A: App3 rov ed for publ ic rele ase ONR Organization Chief of Naval Research N84M NRL ACNR AVCNR Exec. Director Vice Chief of PMR -51 ONRG Naval Research BIZOPS Comptroller Code 30 Code 31 Code 32 Code 33 Code 34 Code 35 Expeditionary Ocean Sea Warfare Warfighter Naval Air Warfare C4ISR Battlespace & Weapons Performance Warfare Sensing & Weapons Office of Discovery & Invention • Education Programs Research (03R) SwampWorks Office of Transition Products • Disruptive Technologies Technology (03T) SBIR • Affordability Initiatives DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release Global & Fleet Engagement London Prague Newport San ONR HQ DC Tokyo Norfolk Naples Yokosuka Diego LeJeune Okinawa Mayport Bahrain Hawaii Singapore São Paulo Santiago ONR Global Offices ONR Science Advisor Locations Countries with ONR funded research We execute $2B/year with the Naval S&T community in the US and 54 countries DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Office of Naval Research – University Science and Technology
    The Office of Naval Research – University Science and Technology - Reginald G. Williams, PhD Office of Naval Research January 2018 Distribution A. Approved for Public Release DCN#: 43-3532-18 The Office of Naval Research The S&T Provider for the Navy and Marine Corps • 4,000+ People • 23 Locations • $2.1B / year • >1,000 Partners Discover Develop Technological Deliver Advantage Distribution A. Approved for Public Release DCN#: 43-3532-18 2 Partnering with the S&T Community Government Academia Industry 1000 Universities/Colleges Small/Medium/Large Domestic/International Companies Distribution A. Approved for Public Release DCN#: 43-3532-18 3 ONR Workforce Civilian Employees - 3036 Military Personnel - 111 Nearly 1022 PhDs Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) - 10 More than 515 Master’s Degrees Detailees - 90 160 Fellows Contractors - 501 Scientists & Engineers (S&E) Aerospace Engineering Engineering Research Psychologist Oceanographer Astrophysicist Research Biologist Physical Scientist Chemical Engineer Physiologist Physicist Computational Research Linguist Geologist Research Biologist Computer Engineer Materials Research Engineer Research Chemist Computer Scientist Mathematician Social Scientist Electrical Engineer Mechanical Engineer Electronics Engineer Metallurgist Administrative/Non-S&E positions Accounting Budget Financial Management Analyst Contract Specialist Grants Specialist General Law & Patent Attorneys Human Resources Management & Program Analyst Public Affairs Safety Security, Supply Administrative Officers Technical
    [Show full text]
  • Records, 1957-1963
    Records, 1957-1963 Finding aid prepared by Smithsonian Institution Archives Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C. Contact us at [email protected] Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Historical Note.................................................................................................................. 1 Descriptive Entry.............................................................................................................. 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 3 Records https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_216759 Collection Overview Repository: Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C., [email protected] Title: Records Identifier: Record Unit 179 Date: 1957-1963 Extent: 3 cu. ft. (3 record storage boxes) Creator:: Smithsonian Institution. Research Group in Psychology and the Social Sciences Language: English Administrative Information Prefered Citation Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 179, Smithsonian Institution, Research Group in Psychology and the Social Sciences, Records Historical Note In 1959, the Smithsonian Institution established the
    [Show full text]
  • Navy Lasers, Railgun, and Hypervelocity Projectile: Background and Issues for Congress
    Navy Lasers, Railgun, and Hypervelocity Projectile: Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs March 18, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44175 Navy Lasers, Railgun, and Hypervelocity Projectile: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Navy is currently developing three potential new weapons that could improve the ability of its surface ships to defend themselves against enemy missiles—solid state lasers (SSLs), the electromagnetic railgun (EMRG), and the hypervelocity projectile (HVP). Any one of these new weapon technologies, if successfully developed and deployed, might be regarded as a “game changer” for defending Navy surface ships against enemy missiles. If two or three of them are successfully developed and deployed, the result might be considered not just a game changer, but a revolution. Rarely has the Navy had so many potential new types of surface- ship missile-defense weapons simultaneously available for development and potential deployment. Although the Navy in recent years has made considerable progress in developing SSLs, EMRG, and HVP, a number of significant development challenges remain. Overcoming these challenges will likely require years of additional development work, and ultimate success in overcoming them is not guaranteed. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy’s funding requests and proposed acquisition strategies for these three potential new weapons. Potential oversight questions for Congress include the following:
    [Show full text]
  • The Office of Naval Research - Science and Technology in Support of the US Navy and Marine Corps
    The Office of Naval Research - Science and Technology in Support of the US Navy and Marine Corps Dr. Joan S. Cleveland Deputy Chief Scientist [email protected] Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release The Naval Research Enterprise ONR HQ ONR Global NRL 4,000+ People 23 Locations $2.1B / year >1,000 Partners Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release 2 Partnering with the S&T Community Government Academia Industry 1000 Universities/Colleges Small/Medium/Large Domestic/International Companies Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release 3 ONR Global Washington, D.C. Region / ONR HQ ONR Global Headquarters London ONR Global Arlington Commanding Officer Executive Officer Technical Director International S&T Engagement Advisors Science Directors FCC/C10F N81 ONR Global Prague Science Director San Diego ONR Global Tokyo C3F Science Directors AIRFOR SURFOR Norfolk Bahrain I MEF Mayport FLTFOR NAVCENT/C5F UWDC C4F SUBFOR Naples SMWDC MARFORCOM NAVIFOR NAVAF/NAVEUR/ Yokosuka SPECWAR C6F C7F Camp LeJeune Hawaii NECC Okinawa II MEF PACOM NWDC III MEF PACFLT India MARFORPAC ONR Global Singapore ONR Global São Paulo Sceince Directors ONR Global Santiago Science Directors Science Director Science Directors • London • Prague Science Advisors • Tokyo Joint Command • Santiago Navy Command • Singapore Marine Corps Command • Sao Paulo ONR’s Global Offices are t h e Bridge to International Partnership; Naval R&D Diplomacy in More than 60 C o u n t r i e s Distribution Statement A: Approved for
    [Show full text]
  • Happy Independence
    UPDATE NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL POSTGRADUATE NAVAL DCNO for Warfighting Development Honors NPS Graduates During In-Person Ceremony By MC3 James Norket For the first time in more than a year, the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) celebrated a graduating class in person during a graduation ceremony for its Spring Quarter graduates, June 18, honoring and recognizing their remarkable achievements and resiliency. While these graduates mostly completed their education in a remote learning environment, during their time at NPS they were able to effectively adapt to overcome the adversity. NPS President retired Vice Adm. Ann E. Rondeau addressed the graduating class praising them for their resilience during a global pandemic. “As we reflect on what 2020 was like, this pandemic may have had the closest thing to the effects of what the Great Depression did, it forced on us separation and disassociation,” said Rondeau. “And there was this extraordinary thing that happened in that virtually there was great learning going on, and you met the expectation of the mission. At NPS, we are you. We are military leaders, educators and staff serving those who serve our nation and serving each other. Together we solve hard problems and create solutions. You are the decisive advantage that we deliver. We are you. And that’s the magic of NPS.” Commencement speaker, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Development (N7) Vice NPS Adm. Jeff Hughes, congratulated the 364 graduates, including 23 international students from 15 countries, conveying how the nation’s warfighting advantage in the era of Great Power Competition will hinge on intellectual capital and technological innovation driving solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • DOE and DOD Funding
    Mentoring Research on Getting Funding from the Departments of Energy (DOE) and Defense (DOD) Panelists Dion Vlochos, [email protected] Yushan Yan, [email protected] LJ Holmes, [email protected] Mark Mirotznik, [email protected] An Overview of DOE Programs and Successful Proposal Submission Dion Vlachos and Yushan Yan An Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences ccei.udel.edu DOE Organizational Chart ARPA-E Office of Fossil Science Energy Office of AI EERE AMO ccei.udel.edu Important Programs AMO ccei.udel.edu BES • https://www.energy.gov/science/bes/basic-energy-sciences ccei.udel.edu ccei.udel.edu ccei.udel.edu DOE Roadmaps and Factual Documents • DOE has roadmaps for most areas – These reports should be studied carefully so a proposal is relevant to what they are interested in; a section on how your proposal fits in should be written – (2016) Check out this site: • Factual Documents ccei.udel.edu Proposals Should Address Relevance to DOE • Cite DOE reports and relate your work to them • Confidential to adapt for your proposal ccei.udel.edu Deadlines/Solicitations • Regular submissions are typically in October • Solicitations happen throughout the year but more so early in the calendar year; many proposals due by March/April • DEI sends info on solicitations • You can register on the DOE website and monitor the solicitations • DOE has fast turnaround from solicitation announcement to proposal submission • Some of the programs, e.g., EERE, ARPA-E, etc. send reviews back and expect us
    [Show full text]
  • Opening Statement Chris Fall Nominee to Be Director of the Office of Science at the Department of Energy Nomination Hearing U.S
    Opening Statement Chris Fall Nominee to be Director of the Office of Science at the Department of Energy Nomination Hearing U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources June 26, 2017 Chairman Murkowski, Ranking Member Cantwell, and Members of the Committee: Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you as the nominee to be the Director of the Office of Science at the Department of Energy. I would also like to thank the President and Secretary Perry for their trust and confidence in nominating me. I am deeply honored to be considered for this position assisting the Secretary in the leadership of what I believe to be the world’s pre-eminent science enterprise. Please allow me to introduce to you my family from across the river in Arlington. My wife, Dr. Sandra Wilkniss, may be familiar to some of you from her time as staff for Senator Heinrich and Senator Bingaman before that. She is joined by our daughter Alex and our son Leo. I believe that some of my current and former colleagues are here and I appreciate their support. Sandra and I came to Washington just about eight years ago from Academia to do one year science policy fellowships, and I had the great fortune to land at the Office of Naval Research to work on innovation strategies. The Navy cleverly convinced me to stay longer with a remarkable trip to an aircraft carrier at sea, and I moved on to run the international liaison office, to be the deputy director of research for STEM and Workforce programs, and most recently to briefly manage the Navy’s basic research portfolio and to be the acting Chief Scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Study Report
    Operations Research Department Naval Postgraduate School Academic Program Review Introduction and Executive Summary July 2016 Operations Research Department Naval Postgraduate School Academic Program Review Part 1: Self-Study Report July 2016 Table of Contents 1. Mission / Strategy / Organization ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Faculty ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 3. Research and Scholarship ................................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Education Programs ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 5. Students ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 6. Resources ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 7. Assessment and Review ................................................................................................................................................. 19 1. Mission / Strategy
    [Show full text]
  • GRADUATE DEGREE ENROLLMENT All Degrees by Curricula – Average on Board 2019
    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MISSION The Naval Postgraduate School provides relevant and unique advanced education and research programs to increase the combat effectiveness of commissioned officers of the naval service to enhance the security of the United States. In support of the foregoing and to sustain academic excellence, NPS will foster a program of relevant and meritorious thesis and research experiences for NPS students that informs the curricula, supports the needs of Navy and Department of Defense, and builds the in- tellectual capital of NPS faculty. To support the core Navy mission, NPS’ programs are inherently joint, interagency, and international. NPSQUICK GRADU FACTSATE ACADEMICEDUCATION YEARPROGRAMS 2019 2019-202017 ACADEMIC Academic PROGRAMS programs ANNUAL annual FACTBOOK factbook 2016 NPS QUICK FACTS ORGANIZATIONLeadership LEADERSHIP FACULTYFaculty & STAFF & Staff President:President: Vice Vice Admiral Admiral Ann Ronald E. Rondeau, A. Route, USN USN(Ret) (Ret) 227 223 Tenure Tenure Track FacultyTrack Faculty Provost:Provost: Dr. Dr. Steven Steven R.R. Lerman 347 382 Non-TenureNon-Tenure Track FacultyTrack Faculty ViceChief Provost: of Staff: Dr. CAPT Douglas Phil Old, Moses USN 42 51 Military Military Faculty Faculty ChiefDean of of Staff: Students: Capt. CAPT Anthony Markus J. J.Parisi, Gudmundsson, USN USN 338 345 GS/Wage GS/Wage Grade Gradestaff members staff members DeanDean of of Students: GSDM: Dr. Capt.Keith Snider Matthew R. Vandersluis, USN DeanDean of of GSBPP: GSEAS: Dr. Dr. ClydeWilliam Scandrett Gates RESEARCH DeanDean of of GSEAS: GSOIS: Dr. Rob Clyde Dell Scandrett • Approx $100 million in sponsored research funding Dean of SIGS: Dr. James Wirtz Dean of GSOIS: Dr. Gordon McCormick •RResearchesearch programs are aligned to NPS curricula Dean of Research: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Agency (DOD) Program Charts Feb 2019
    Index to Charts: Guide to Defense Basic Research Funding Chart #s Topic 1 - 2 Contents 3 - 22 Overview Perspectives, including suggestions on working with DOD Program Officers 23 - 38 By Academic Disciplines 39 - 45 Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) 46 - 54 Army Research Office (ARO) 55 Army Corp of Engineers 56 - 59 Army Medical Research and Materials Command (AMRMC) 60 Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Science (ARI) 61 - 74 Office of Naval Research (ONR) 75 - 76 Naval Post-Graduate School (NPSG) 77 - 109 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) 110 - 113 Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) 114 High Performance Computing 115 MINERVA (social science) 116 - 119 University Research Initiative (URI, including MURI, DURIP, NDSEG) 120 - 122 Defense Medical Research and Development Program (DMRDP) 123 - 130 Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (CDMRP) 131 US Department of Veterans Affairs 132 University Affiliated Research Centers 133 - 139 Young Investigator / Early Career 140 - 141 Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellow (was NSSEFF) 142 DOD I-Corps 143 Defense Sciences Study Group (DSSG) 144 STEM Education - SMART !1 Revised Jul 2019 Index to Charts: Guidance to Defense Selected Applied Research and Exploratory Development Funding Chart #s Topic 145- 149 Applied Research and Advanced Technology Development 150 - 154 Air Force Materiel Command 155 Air Force Academy 156 - 166 Army Materiel Command 167 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 168 - 172 Naval Research - Applied Research and Adv Technol 173
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Science in the United States: an Encyclopedia
    The History of Science in the United States An Encyclopedia Edited by Marc Rothenberg Smithsonian Institution Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London 2001 O Office routine work and admiralty exploring expe- government science such as fisheries research as well as ditions, marine science centered around the British private projects, so oceanographic work, which was Association for the Advancement of Science Dredging particularly expensive, slowed down dramatically until Committee from 1839 until the mid-1860s, after preparations began for World War II. which time a Royal Society-admiralty partnership took As with other sciences, World War II partnerships over the lead and dispatched a series of summer expedi- helped forge a new relationship between governments tions. These culminated in the four-year circumnav- and oceanography. Oceanographic work during and igation of HMS Challenger (1872–1876), the first after the war carried the imprint of wartime govern- expedition sent out with a mandate to study the world’s ment support and policy in both its problem selection oceans. Both the United States and Britain quickly fol- and its scale. Physical studies gained and maintained lowed the example of the Naples Zoological Station precedence over biological ones. The areas of inquiry and set up coastal marine biological laboratories in the promoted by wartime efforts related to submarine and 1880s and 1890s. antisubmarine tactics. New research began on under- In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, many water acoustics, while ocean floor sediment charts were nations sponsored oceanographic voyages modeled compiled from existing data. Wave studies also received after the Challenger’s. The United States, Russia, Ger- precedence for their value in predicting surf conditions many, Norway, France, and Italy contributed to the for landings.
    [Show full text]