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Rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch E O Modelo 'Torá Im Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Línguas Orientais Programa de Estudos Judaicos e Árabes Saul Paves Dissertação de Mestrado Neo-Ortodoxia: Rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch e o modelo ‘Torá Im Derech Eretz’. São Paulo Março de 2016 Versão Corrigida PAVES, Saul Neo-Ortodoxia: Rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch e o modelo ‘Torá Im Derech Eretz’. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Estudos Judaicos e Árabes do Departamento de Línguas Orientais, da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título Mestre em Filosofia. Aprovado em:________________ Banca Examinadora Profa. Dra. Marta F. Topel Instituição:__________________ Julgamento:________________ Assinatura:__________________ Prof. Dr. Moacir A. Amâncio Instituição:__________________ Julgamento:________________ Assinatura:__________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco A. Moreno Instituição:__________________ Julgamento:________________ Assinatura:__________________ Página 2 de 202 Dedicado à memória de meu saudoso e amado mestre, Rabino Dr. Aharon Lichtenstein personificação do ideal de Chochmá Im Nachalá, dedicou-se com amor para o estudo e ensino da Torá, moldando uma geração de discípulos e admiradores em todo o mundo. Página 3 de 202 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente aos meus queridos pais, David e Dora Paves, por todo o incentivo e apoio ao longo de minha vida, e por servirem de exemplo em sua atitude e conduta, com respeito, retidão, honestidade, dedicação e empenho. A determinação e o esforço que eles tiveram em proporcionar, a mim e meus irmãos, uma educação judaica autêntica permitiram que eu estudasse no Colégio Iavne - Beith Chinuch, cujo modelo institucional, a base ideológica e o plano curricular foram inspirados nos valores e na ideologia de Torá Im Derech Eretz. Os estudos que empreendi nesta dissertação me deram outra dimensão da importância e da responsabilidade que tenho hoje, na Direção deste mesmo Colégio. Aproveito para agradecer à Diretoria Mantenedora e aos meus colegas, gestores e professores, pelo apoio ao longo deste processo. Faço uma menção especial à Dra. Carmia Kotler, a minha ‘Morá’ (assim apelidada pelo meu filho caçula) pelo interesse, encorajamento e por todo o apoio e retaguarda para que levasse adiante este projeto. Com ela, pude dividir as grandes conquistas e descobertas ao longo de todo este processo. A formação que recebi de meus mestres, nos anos de estudo e nas décadas de ligação com a Yeshivat Har Etzion, em Alon Shevut, Gush Etzion, que moldou grande parte de minha identidade judaica, religiosa e sionista. A eles, minha eterna gratidão. Agradeço à minha orientadora, Profa. Dra. Marta F. Topel, erudita e profunda conhecedora do Judaísmo moderno e contemporâneo e da sociedade israelense, por sua paciência, por ricas observações e Página 4 de 202 comentários e por todas suas orientações que me ajudaram e permitiram chegar até este resultado. Aproveito para citar os membros de minha banca, Prof. Dr. Moacir Amâncio e Prof. Dr. Francisco Moreno, cujas observações e incentivo me ajudaram muito na fase final deste projeto. Faço uma homenagem especial aos avós de minha esposa, Azriel e Eta Srulovic, por todo o carinho, apoio e suporte, sempre. É um grande orgulho ter pessoas assim, como exemplo e inspiração, para nós, netos, e para todos os bisnetos. Contudo, não há dúvida de que o maior e principal agradecimento é para a minha querida e amada esposa, Tamara. A persistência, incentivo e encorajamento dela foram determinantes para que eu pudesse dedicar o tempo necessário e concluir os estudos e a escrita desta dissertação. Muito além do suporte e compreensão que me ofereceu ao longo destes anos, agradeço pelos valores e pela integridade que transmite diariamente aos nossos filhos, Dina, Dalia, Michel e Arieh. Juntos, buscamos educá-los dentro dos princípios de Torá Im Derech Eretz, no espírito e legado do rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch, transmitindo a beleza da Torá e a centralidade que deve ocupar em nossas vidas, com o compromisso e a responsabilidade de uma formação universal, que possibilite uma inserção plena na sociedade e uma vida digna neste mundo. Espero que meus filhos possam seguir estes passos e, assim, santificar e engrandecer o Nome de Hashem ao longo de suas vidas. Página 5 de 202 A Torá não vem santificar somente o espírito, mas sim, em primeiro lugar, o corpo. Esta é a base de toda a moral humana: o corpo, com todas as suas inclinações e potencialidades, foi criado à imagem Divina; é obrigação do homem santificá-lo adequadamente para a sua missão divina. […] A santidade do corpo e a preservação da imagem Divina são a base para qualquer refinamento ético e pré-condição para qualquer crescimento espiritual. E, quanto mais a alma deseja elevar-se espiritualmente, mais aumentam as exigências de santificar o corpo. […] Rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch (Comentário da Torá, Gênesis 1, 27) Página 6 de 202 RESUMO O objetivo principal desta dissertação é estudar a figura do Rabino Shimshon Raphael Hirsch (1808 – 1888), de Frankfurt, um grande mestre e líder de gerações para segmentos importantes do Judaísmo dentro do contexto histórico em que ele viveu, analisando seu impacto e legado para as futuras gerações, principalmente dentro da Ortodoxia Judaica. Esta era uma época em que a Haskalá provocava profundas mudanças na sociedade judaica, dando os primeiros passos para a criação do Movimento Reformista. Assim, entre outros objetivos deste estudo, tem destaque entender quais foram as inovações introduzidas pelo Rabino Hirsch dentro da Ortodoxia? Quais aspectos o diferenciam da Ortodoxia tradicional, transformando-o num dos principais protagonistas da Neo-Ortodoxia? Quais impactos e mudanças o novo modelo imprimiu ao sistema educacional judaico alemão e europeu? Quais as diferenças entre o modelo de Frankfurt e o modelo de Berlim, este último encabeçado pelo Rabino Azriel Hildesheimer? Outras questões analisadas dizem respeito ao modelo Torá Im Derech Eretz, que pretendia formar um sistema educacional, contemplando os estudos judaicos tradicionais e a formação secular, possibilitando aos seus seguidores uma integração plena na sociedade moderna, e se mantendo fiel às leis e normas religiosas tradicionais do Judaísmo. Quem são os herdeiros ideológicos deste movimento? Qual o legado histórico e relevância deste modelo para a sociedade judaica moderna? PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Judaísmo. Educação. Modernidade. Ortodoxia. Neo- Ortodoxia Página 7 de 202 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims mainly at studying the persona Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888), of Frankfurt, a great scholar and leader for different strata of Jewish society, the historical context he lived in, and analyzing his impact and legacy for generations to come, particularly regarding Jewish Orthodoxy. This was a time when Haskalah promoted profound changes in Jewish society, taking the first steps for the creation of the Reform movement. Therefore, this study also aims at understanding what the innovations introduced by Rabbi Hirsch within Orthodoxy were. What aspects differentiated between him and traditional Orthodoxy, turning him into one of the protagonists in Neo-Orthodoxy? What were the impacts and changes that his model impressed onto the German Jewish educational system and in European Jewish community? What are the differences between the model of Frankfurt and the model of Berlin, the latter headed by Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer? Other questions raised concern the Torah Im Derech Eretz model, that intended to form an educational system covering traditional Jewish studies and secular training, enabling its followers full integration in modern society, while remaining faithful to the laws and traditional religious norms of Judaism. And, who are the ideological heirs of this movement? What is the historical legacy and relevance of this model for the modern Jewish society? KEYWORDS: Judaism. Education. Modernity. Orthodoxy. Neo-orthodoxy. Página 8 de 202 SUMÁRIO RESUMO............................................................................. 7 ABSTRACT.......................................................................... 8 INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................... 12 CAPÍTULO 1 – O RABINO SHIMSHON RAPHAEL HIRSCH: UMA TRAJETÓRIA SUI GENERIS ………………………………….......... 22 1.1 Contextualização histórica da sociedade maior……………………. 22 1.2 Dados biográficos do Rabino Hirsch.................................. 32 1.3 Trajetória intelectual do Rabino Hirsch.............................. 45 1.4 Obras literárias: Dezenove Cartas e Chorev....................... 49 CAPÍTULO 2 – A NEO-ORTODOXIA COMO RESPOSTA À MODERNIDADE ………………………........................................ 62 2.1 Antecessores do Rabino Hirsch........................................ 62 2.1.1 Wessely........................................................... 62 2.1.2 Landau............................................................ 65 2.1.3 Frisenhausen.................................................... 65 2.2 Os Pilares da Neo-Ortodoxia no pensamento do Rabino Hirsch........................................................................... 68 2.3 A estética na visão de mundo do Rabino Hirsch................. 80 2.4 Cultos e rituais............................................................. 85 2.4.1 Kol Nidrê e os costumes..................................... 85 2.4.2 Sinagoga e liturgia............................................ 92 2.4.3 Casamento na sinagoga....................................
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