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The Greek Romance Materials in the Plays of Shakespeare. Carol Gesner Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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The Greek Romance Materials in the Plays of Shakespeare. Carol Gesner Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1956 The Greek Romance Materials in the Plays of Shakespeare. Carol Gesner Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Gesner, Carol, "The Greek Romance Materials in the Plays of Shakespeare." (1956). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 146. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/146 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by Ciirol Gerncr 1956 THE GREEK ROMANCE MATERIALS IN THE PLAYS OP SHAKESPEARE A Dissertation Submitted, to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and. Agricultural and. Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Carol Gesner B. S. in Ed., New Jersey State Teachers College, 1 9 ^ M. A., University of New Hampshire, 19^+9 May, 1956 IN MEMORIAM Konrad von Gesner 1516 — 1565 Ralph Lawrence Gesner 1892 - - 194? 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer gratefully thanks Professor William John Olive of Louisiana State University for his thoughtful direction and guidance during the preparation and composi­ tion of this study. Thanks also are due to Professors Joan Chaffe Miller and Waldo F. McNeir, also of Louisiana State University, for their careful reading and sympathetic criticism of the manuscript. But Dr. Louis Smith, Dean of Berea College, has her deepest gratitude for his personal example of the highest ideals of scholarship, and for his warm interest and never failing encouragement which have made light work of the latter portion of the task. It is a privilege to acknowledge the generous assistance of the Southern Fellowships Fund which made possible the research for the preparation of Chapters III and IV. Thanks are extended to the staff members of the Hill Memorial Library of Louisiana State University, of the Berea College Library, and of the Butler Library of Columbia University. The writer wishes to thank the following organizations for permission to quote from copyrighted material: Basil Blackwell, Publisher: The Loves of Clltophon and Leuclppe Translated from the Greek of Achilles Tatlus by William Burton; Columbia University Press: The Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction by Samuel Lee Wolff; Harvard ill University Press: Achilles Tatlus with an English translation by Stephen Gaselee, Loeb Classical Library, and Daphnls and Chloe by Longue with an English translation by George Thornley, Loeb Classical Library; Longmans, Green & Co., Inc.: More Essays on the Greek Romances by Elizabeth Hazelton Haight; The Macmillan Company: The Library of Photlus translated by John Henry Freese; Studies In Philology: "Shakespeare's Pastorals" by Edwin Greenlaw; Oxford University Press: The Complete Works of Shakespeare, edited by W. J. Craig; The University of Michigan Press: Charlton1s Chaereas and Calllp- hoe translated by Warren E. Blake. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................. vll FOREWORD ............................................. x PART I THE GREEK ROMANCE Chapter I The Development of the Genre ............ 1 A) The Greek romance as a literary genre ......... 1 B) The primitive romances ........................ 6 1) The Nlnus romance of unknown authorship .... 6 2) The Wonderful Things Beyond Thule of Anton- lus Diogenes ................................. 10 3) The Babylonlca or Rhodanes and Slnonls of Iambllchus ................................... 11 C) The conventionalized romances ................. 16 1) Chaereas and Calllrhoe of Chari-ton........ 16 2) The Epheslaca or Habrooomea. and Anthla of Xenophon of Ephesus .......................... 3^ 3) Apollonius of Tyre of unknown authorship ... 50 Chapter II Artistic Maturity and Decadence of the Genre ................................. 77 A) The AEthloplca or Theagenes and Charlclea of Hellodorus ....................................... 77 B) The Lesbian Pastorals or Daphnls and Chloe of Longus ........................................... 117 C) Clltophon and Leuclppe of Achilles Tatlus ...... 1A-2 PART II SHAKESPEARE AND THE GREEK ROMANCE Chapter III Early Evidence ....................... 165 A) Background materials ......................... 165 1) The Greek romance materials In Renaissance fiction...................................... 166 2) The Greek romance materials In Renaissance drama other than Shakespeare ................ 173 3) The Greek romance materials In Renaissance education ................................ 181 v B) The earlier Shakespeare plays ................. 181 1) The Comedy of Errors ...................... 182 2) The Two Gentlemen of V e r o n a ............... 186 3) Borneo and J u l i e t ..................... 189 4) A Midsummer Night1s Dream ................. 199 5) The Merchant of Venice .................... 202 6) I and II Henry the Fourth ................. 203 C) Shakespeare's middle period .................. 205 1) Much Ado About Nothing .................... 205 2) As You Like It ............................ 212 3) Twelfth Night or What You Will ............ 216 4) Hamlet .................................... 222 5) Othello .................................. 22^ 6) King Lear ................................. 232 7) Macbeth .................................. 235 Chapter IV The Late Romances ..................... 238 A) Pericles. Prince of Tyre ..................... 239 B) Cymbellne .................................... 2^5 C) The Winter's Tale ............................ 271 D) The Tempest ...... 286 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS...... .......................... 30k BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 313 APPENDIX ............................................. 326 VITA ................................................. 336 ILLUSTRATION Photograph of Liber Mlscellaneorum ................... 19^ vl ABSTRACT The Interest in Greek letters which formed a major element in the intellectual milieu of the Renaissance re­ sulted in frequent publication of the Hellenistic romances of Apollonius of Tyre. Hellodorus, Longus, and Achilles Tatlus in Greek and in Latin and vernacular translations* Recognition was also made of the romances of Chariton and Xenophon of Ephesus as extant in manuscript. Dr. Samuel Lee Wolff in The Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction demonstrated the profound influence of the publication in English translation of Hellodorus, Longus, and Achilles Tatius on the Elizabethan novel; this dissertation was planned as an inquiry into similar influence on Elizabethan drama through investigation of the presence of Greek romance mate­ rials in the plays of the central figure of the age: William Shakespeare. Although they had a wide circle of readers during the Renaissance, the Greek romances are not well known today, even by Classical scholars. For this reason, and because Dr. Wolff confined his study to only three, the present study considers all the extant Hellenistic romances of the type defined as Sophlstlk by Erwin Rohde in his Per Grlech- lsohe Roman und Seine Vorlattfer as individual works and in relation to their genre. its genesis, development, and de­ vil cadence. Thus, the study falls Into two major divisions. Chapters I and II are a fairly detailed treatment of the romances; Chapters III and IV demonstrate the presence of romance materials in Shakespeare's plays. An appendix tabulates their publication in Greek and in Latin and western European vernacular translations up to 16^2. It serves as a body of evidence upon which to base conclusions as to their accessibility to Shakespeare. Through summaries and quotations, evidence is presented to show that plot materials for The Comedy of Errors. Borneo and Juliet. Much Ado About Nothing. As You Like It. Twelfth Night. King Lear. Pericles: Prince of Tyre. Cymbellne. The Winter* s Tale, and The Tempest are derived from the Greek ro­ mances; that Two Gentlemen of Verona. A Midsummer Night1s Dream. The Merchant of Venice and Othello have verbal or incidental elements which apparently have Greek romance af­ finities; and that the Blrnam Wood episode in Macbeth has an analogue in Achilles Tatius. The most important conclusions are that Cymbellne is a conscious imitation of the AEthloplca of Hellodorus; that Daphnls and Chloe of Longus is a primary source of The Tempest: and that pastoral elements of As You Like It. Cymbellne. The Winter*s Tale, and The Tempest all derive ultimately from Daphnls and Chloe. An over-all view of the evidence brings the final con­ clusions that for the plays written before Pericles: Prince of Tyre (c. 160? - 1608), the Greek romances were a strong minor influence on Shakespeare, possibly direct in some instances, but probably in most cases derived from Greek vlii romance elements In the general literary and Intellectual milieu of the Renaissance; and that they were a major influ­ ence, an all Important source of materials of composition and romantic atmosphere, In Pericles: Prince of Tyre and the romantic comedies which followed and concluded Shakespeare's dramatic career, Cymbellne. The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest. lx FOREWORD This study was planned originally as a companion to
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