For Sericulture Project at Jakatkhana

Research Publication No. 68

Sanction Letter No. SSPO/Ghumarwin/Dev./SCA-Project/-837; dated 01.01.2014

Impact Study on Special central An Overview of Jakatkhana assistance

(sCA) For sericulture Project

At Jakatkhana Newly Proposed Govt. Mulberry Farm, Jakatkhana

S K CHAUHAN

Sericulture Project Office, Jakatkhana

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

EXTENSION EDUCATION & RURAL SOCIALOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

CSK HIMACHAL PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PALAMPUR- 176 062

MARCH, 2014 IMPACT STUDY ON SPECIAL CENTRAL ASSISTANCE (SCA) FOR SERICULTURE PROJECT AT JAKATKHANA

S K CHAUHAN Professor (Agricultural Economics)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS EXTENSION EDUCATION & RURAL SOCIOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE CSK HIMACHAL PRADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PALAMPUR- 176 062

MARCH, 2014 Research Team

Principal Investigator

S K Chauhan Professor, Agricultural Economics CSK HPKV, Palampur-176 062

Field Survey and Data Compilation

Dalvinder Singh Research Investigator

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The “IMPACT STUDY ON SPECIAL CENTRAL ASSISTANCE (SCA) FOR SERICULTURE PROJECT AT JAKATKHANA” was entrusted by the Silk Seed Production Officer, Ghumarwin District Bilaspur-a constituent of the Directorate of Industries Govt. of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension, Education & Rural Sociology CSK HPKV, Palampur mainly to get evaluated the impact of important project entitled “ Sericulture Project Jakatkhana” implemented by Directorate of Industries, Sericulture Wing, Himachal Pradesh during 11th plan period. At the outset I wish to thank the Directorate of Industries for funding the project and giving this Department an opportunity to carry out this evaluation study. My special thanks are due to the Director Industries Mr Rajinder Singh and Mr A K Kulshrestha, Dy Director Industries Sericulture Wing, Shimla and of course Mr Baldev Chauhan the Silk Seed Production Officer, Ghumarwin (Bilaspur) for their initiative, advice and valuable support during the course of completion of this study. I am highly thankful to the incharge of SCA project Jakatkhana Mr Jai Parkash and Inspctor Prem Lal. From time to time information provided by Sh Mehar Singh of sericulture division Ghumarwin is highly acknowledged. Above all the new sericulture farmers of Jakatkhana area, the mulberry planters etc, also deserve sincere thanks for their kind cooperation in providing required data about different aspects of sericulture and their household economies in judging the overall impact of SCA project.

I shall be failing in my duty if I do not mention special thanks to all the officers of CSK HPKV, Palampur without whose assistance it would have not been possible to complete the study in shortest possible time of three months. My kind regards go to the Vice-Chancellor, the Director of Research, the Comptroller, the Dean College of Agriculture and of course the Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology for their constant unstinted support. Last but not the least I wish to put on record the efforts of research staff engaged in this and other projects comprising Mr Dalvinder, Ms. Sakshi and Ms Shivani who paid number of visits to study area and telephonic calls to many people associated with this project for the collection and verification of primary data.

Palampur S K Chauhan March, 31, 2014

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AD Anno Domini APL Above Poverty Line BC Before Christ BPL Below Poverty Line CRCs Chawki Rearing Centers CSB Central Silk Board CSK HPKV Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya CSR&TI Central Training Research and Training Institute DOS Department of sericulture DGCIS Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics GSCs Govt. Sericulture Centers HH Household HPSIDC Himachal Pradesh State Industries Development Corporation MT Metric Tonne NA Not Available OBCs Other Backward Classes RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SCA Special Central Assistance SDOs Sericulture Division Offices SPSS Statistical Package of Social Sciences SSPO Silk Seed Production Officer

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page ABSTRACT i-viii Figures iii Photographs vi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-7 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 Growth of Indian silk industry 2 1.3 Sericulture in Himachal Pradesh 4 1.4 Scope of the study 6 1.5 Objectives 7 1.6 Practical and scientific utility of the study 7 Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY 8-14 2.1 Prologue 8 2.2 The approach and project area 8 2.3 Sampling design 9 2.4 Data collection 11 2.5 Data analysis 11 2.5.1 Impact evaluation 12 2.6 Outputs 12 2.7 Chapter scheme 12 2.8 Limitations of the study 13 Chapter 3 HISTORY OF SERICULTURE 15-18 3.1 Sericulture in the world 15 3.2 Sericulture in India 15 3.3 Sericulture in Bilaspur 16 3.4 Sericulture in Jakatkhana 17 Chapter 4 IMPACT OF SERICULTURE 19-37 TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCA PROJECT 4.1 The infrastructure 19 4.2 Mulberry garden for chawki rearing 20 4.3 Chawki rearing centre and required machinery 20 4.4 Cocoon marketing centre 21 4.5 Mulberry plantation on private farms 22 4.6 Construction of rearing sheds 22 4.7 Rearing equipment and crop protection 22 4.8 Organizing trainings and exposure visits for capacity 23 enhancement 4.9 Trends in seed utilization and cocoon production 24 4.10 Impact assessment study 25 4.11 Summing up 25 SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF SERICULTURE BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS 4.12 Gender wise distribution of sample households 26

4.13 Occupational pattern 27 4.14 Caste structure 27 4.15 Economic status 28 4.16 Family composition 28 4.17 Land holding 29 4.18 Experience in sericulture 30 4.19 Input usage and cocoon production 31 4.20 Source wise gross household income 32 4.21 Source wise employment pattern 33 4.22 Assets creation 34 4.23 Problems and constraints 35 4.24 Women empowerment 36 Chapter 5 INTANGIBLE GAINS AND LOSSES 38-39 5.1 Expected environmental/ecological impact 38 Chapter 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 40-45 6.1 Introduction 40 6.2 Objectives 41 6.3 The approach 42 6.4 Major findings 42 6.5 Policy implications 44 Appendices 46-52

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page Table 0.1 Impact of SCA project, Jakatkhana: Some quantitative and qualitative ii indicators Table 1.1 Top world cocoon producers - 2005 2 Table 1.2 State wise mulberry raw silk production in India (MT) 3 Table 1.3 Trends in production, revenue and employment generation of silk 5 industry in Himachal Pradesh Table 1.4 Sericulture statistics of Himachal Pradesh (2011-12) 6 Table: 2.1 Village wise allocation of sample beneficiaries 9 Table 2.2 Indicators of impact assessment 13 Table 3.1 Self Help Groups (SHGs) working in the SCA project area 17 Table 3.2 Salient Features of SCA Project on Sericulture, Jakatkhana 18 Table 4.1 Component wise sericulture infrastructure at public and private level 20 Table 4.2 Inventory of infrastructure and equipments & machinery at Jakatkhana 21 Table 4.3 Inventory of equipments distributed among beneficiary households 23 Table 4.4 Training and awareness camps organized under SCA project, 24 Jakatkhana Table 4.5 Exposure visits conducted under SCA Project, Jakatkhana (2008-11) 24 Table 4.6 Trends in seed utilization and cocoon production under SCA project, 25 Jakatkhana Table 4.7 Gender wise allocation of sample beneficiaries (No.) 26 Table 4.8 Occupational pattern of sample beneficiaries (No.) 27 Table 4.9 Sub-caste structures of scheduled caste sample beneficiaries (No.) 28 Table 4.10 Economic status of scheduled caste sample beneficiaries (No.) 29 Table 4.11 Family member wise composition of sample households (No.) 30 Table 4.12 Land holding and mulberry trees on sample beneficiary households 31 Table 4.13 Experience of sericulture beneficiaries in cocoons growing (No.) 31 Table 4.14 Inputs use, cocoon production and productivity on sample households 32 Table 4.15 Source wise gross household income on sample beneficiary households 33 (Rs/hh/annum) Table 4.16 Source wise employment generation on sample households 34 (Mandays/hh/annum) Table 4.17 Assets creation on sample households (No.) 35 Table 4.18 Problems and constraints in sericulture (No.) 36 Table 4.19 Women empowerment in different spheres of sample beneficiaries 37 (No.) Table 5.1 Perceived positive environmental/ecological impacts of the project 39 Table 5.2 Perceived negative environmental/ecological impacts of the project 39

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix No. Title Page Appendix 1 Performa for Impact Study on (SCA) for Sericulture Project at 46 Jakatkhana Appendix 2 List of sample beneficiaries selected for study under SCA 48 sericulture project, Jakatkhana Appendix 3 List of all beneficiaries under SCA Sericulture Project, Jakatkhana 49 Appendix 4 Achievement of physical and financial targets under SCA Project, 52 Jakatkhana

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Title Page Infrastructure development vi Sericulture activities at farmers‟ level vii Primary data collection vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Title Page Fig 0.1 Sericulture farmers in project area iii Fig 0.2 Sericulture villages in project area iii Fig 0.3 Seed utilization in project area iv Fig 0.4 Green cocoon production in project area iv Fig 0.5 Average yield of cocoons in project area iv Fig 0.6 Employment pattern on sample households v Fig 0.7 Gross household income on sample households v Fig.2.1 Map of Himachal Pradesh showing the selected SCA project area 9 Jakatkhana Fig 2.2 Map of SCA project on sericulture at Jakatkhana 10

ABSTRACT

An impact study on special central assistance for sericulture project carried out in Jakatkhanan area of tehsil and development block Sri Naina Devi at Swarghat, district Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh mainly to examine the impact of various activities reveals that the project has impacted the livelihood of beneficiaries in many ways. Firstly, the project has created the entire necessary supportive infrastructure like 0.2 ha government mulberry farm with improved S146 and S30 varieties giving higher average yield and nutritionally rich food for silk worms. The project has got established nearby CRC and marketing centre at Jakatkhana fully equipped with modern tools and machinery to facilitate the cocoon production technology and purchase green cocoons immediately after harvest without wasting any time at grower‟s level. This infrastructure has been very effective in raising the use of silk seed by over four times and the cocoon production by five times over a period of four years (2010-11 to 2013-14). Many farmers in many villages have joined in sericulture programme whose awareness level in sericulture technology has reached to 45% through training and exposure visits. The sericulture has further impacted in terms of raising income and employment of beneficiaries to the extent of 2 and 11%, respectively. The socio- economic status of women has risen. However, inadequate financial support for constructing rearing shed and low average yield of cocoons per ounce of seed due to inadequate supply of mulberry leaves needs special attention to harness the potential in its right perspective and realise success of the project in future. The study put forth some policy interventions like to enhance the supply of mulberry leaves in combating the shortage by expanding area at individual and community level and provision of irrigation for existing plantations. Secondly, the financial support need to be enhanced on the pattern of CDP project for constructing rearing house with reasonable financial support to the extent of Rs 1 lakh. Education of beneficiaries through training camps and exposure visits be undertaken and continued for updating their skill development and capacity enhancement. Shortage of field staff in carrying out multiple minute activities viz spacing, temperature, humidity and montages (bara for ripe cocoons) spread across scattered villages need special attention. Since the knowledge and awareness level of beneficiaries has reached to the extent of 45 % and to fully utilise the institutional resource infrastructure raised at Jakatkhana, the project in another mode may be extended to cover many beneficiaries in suitable villages of entire Swarghat block with its headquarters at Jakatkhana.

Table 0.1 Impact of SCA project, Jakatkhana: Some quantitative and qualitative indicators Sr. Particulars Unit Base level After Project No I Mulberry plantation 1 At sericulture beneficiary No. 3 to 4 of local 144 of local and household level variety only S146 & S30 variety 2 Average yield of mulberry kg/plant of 5 Local variety = S146 variety leaves years age 2.5 = 7.00 II Silk worm seed 3 Cocoon growers in sericulture % of total hhs Nil 20 villages 4 Rearing of cocoon crops per % hh Nil Spring (100 %), year Autumn (53 %) 5 Seed supply mechanism - Nil Chawki reared at GSCs to farmers 6 Rearing scale of silk seed Ounce/ hh Nil Spring (0.68) Autumn (0.27) III Cocoon production and average yield 7 Having separate silk worm hh Nil 2-3 % beneficiary rearing house households 8 Size of cocoon - Nil Moderate 9 Quality of cocoons i.e. in terms Grade ratio Nil A: B: C of grades in GSCs 0.2: 0.5: 0.3 10 Cocoon production kg/ounce Nil 7.81 (spring) 6.11 (autumn) 11 Cocoon production kg/hh Nil 5.27 (spring) 1.70 (autumn) IV Market price and income 12 Average price for dry cocoons Rs/kg Nil 700 13 Gross household income Rs/hh/yr 1,69,818 1,73,319 with without sericulture sericulture 14 Income from sericulture Rs/hh/yr Nil 3581 15 Employment level Days/hh/yr 329 without 371 with sericulture sericulture 16 Employment from sericulture Days/hh/yr Nil 42 V State level 17 Area under mulberry ha 685 1458 plantation (2007-08) (2012-13) 18 Cocoon production in the state MT 105 183.76 (2007-08) (2012-13) 19 Revenue from cocoon Lakh Rs 148.30 570.00 production in the state (2007-08) (2012-13) 20 Employment to rural families No. 8385 9116 at state level (2007-08) (2012-13) Source: Field survey, 2014 and industries department website

200

180 172

160 154

140

120

100

Number 80

60 52

40 32

0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Fig 0.1 Sericulture farmers in project area

30 28

12 Number

10 8

0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Fig 0.2 Sericulture villages in project area

iii

43 45 40 30 35 30 20 25 20 10 15

Seed (Ounce) Seed 10 5 0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Fig 0.3 Seed utilization in project area

1565

1600 1287 1400 1200 1000 800 426 600 301 400

200 Cocoon production (kg) production Cocoon 0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Fig 0.4 Green cocoon production in project area

42.9 50 36.39 30 40 21.3 30 20 10 0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Average (kg/ounce) yield Average Fig 0.5 Average yield of cocoons in project area

371 380

370

360

350 329 340

330

320 Mandays/ hh/ annumhh/ Mandays/

310

300 Without sericulture With sericulture Fig 0.6 Employment pattern on sample households

1,73,399

1,74,000 1,73,000 1,72,000 1,69,818

1,71,000 Rs/ hh/ annum hh/ Rs/ 1,70,000 1,69,000 1,68,000 Without sericulture With sericulture

Fig 0.7 Gross household income on sample households

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Sericulture Project Office, Proposed Site for Govt. Mulberry Farm, Jakatkhana Jakatkahna

Hot Air Dryers & Rearing Stands, Cocoon Market Yard, Jakatkhana Jakatkhana

Rearing Stands and Rearing Trays, Private Mulberry Plantation (Rouna) Jakatkhana

SERICULTURE ACTIVITIES AT FARMERS’ LEVEL

Rearing Shed (Dagrahan) Private Mulberry Plantation (Rouna)

Private Mulberry Plantation (Seota) Private Mulberry Plantation (Majehar)

Private Mulberry Plantation (Rouna) Farmer with Unsold Cocoons (Seota)

vii

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

Data Collection ( Talli, Jakatkhana ) Data Collection (Majehar)

Data Collection (Kutela, Majehar) Data Collection (Dagrahan)

Data Collection (Rouna ) Data Collection (Jakatkhana)

viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble Silk, the typical natural fibre, is mostly an output of insects that belong to the order Lepidoptera. Silk fibre is produced at the end of the larval life of these insects and is woven in the form of cocoon in which the larva is metamorphosed into pupal form. Silk cocoon is woven by the insect larva to safeguard the sedentary, non-feeding phase of insect‟s life cycle and the practice of raising silkworm is known as sericulture. The discovery of silk production dates to about 2700 B.C. Silk fibre has been a precious trade commodity for more than 4000 years now. The route for transporting silk consignments from China to Mediterranean countries came to be known as the “Silk Road” or “The Silk Route. Finished products of silk (fibre, fabrics and garments) became possessions of the affluent and found patronage under various kingdoms. Even today, silk reigns supreme as an object of desire and fabric of high fashion. Ironically, and as is the case with many objects desir, production and weaving of silk are largely carried out by relatively poorer sections of the society. Sericulture is one of the most important cottage industries in a number of countries like China, Japan, India, Korea, Russia, Italy and France. Asia is the main producer of silk in the world contributing 95 % of the total global output, bulk of which comes from China and India (Table 1.1). Indian silk industry is now 500 years old and has registered an impressive growth over the years to account for about 18 % of global silk production. India has also emerged as the second largest producer of mulberry raw silk. India‟s traditional and culture bound domestic market and an amazing diversity of silk garments that reflect the „geographic specificity‟ has helped the country to achieve a leading position in silk industry. India is home to a vast variety of silk secreting fauna which also includes an amazing diversity of silk moths. This has enabled India to achieve the unique distinction of being a producer of all the five commercially traded varieties of natural silks namely mulberry, tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga. Silk obtained from sources other than mulberry are generally termed as non-mulberry or „vanya‟ silks. Sericulture is well suited to highly populous countries like India since it requires large pool of human labour force (skilled as well as unskilled), has a short gestation period, produces a product that is non-perishabile, has undiminishing consumer demand besides having a significant foreign exchange earning potential. It also facilitates transfer of wealth from the rich to the poor since 60 % of the end product value in silk business accrues to the primary producer. However, a variety of problems have kept

Indian sericulture away from achieving its true potential. These include unhygienic conditions and diseases prevalent during silkworm rearing, mediocre quality of silkworm breeds and sub-optimal processing technology. Indian silkworm breeds are multivoltine (i.e., they produce several broods a year) but the quality of silk is not comparable to that of Chinese breeds, which are bivoltine. However, this is partly made up by hardiness of Indian silk against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Table 1.1 Top world cocoon producers - 2005 Sr. Country Production Production Rank No. (Int $1000) (1000 kg) 1 China 978,013 290,003 I 2 India 259,679 77,000 II 3 Uzbekistan 57,332 17,000 III 4 Brazil 37,097 11,000 IV 5 Iran 20,235 6,088 V 6 Thailand 16,862 5,000 VI 7 Vietnam 10,117 3,000 VII 8 Korea 5,059 1,500 VIII 9 Romania 3,372 1,000 IX Source: Food & Agricultural Organization year book

The bulk of the commercial silk produced in the world is mulberry silk that comes from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L. which feeds solely on the leaves of the mulberry plant. Though there are many types of silkworms, only mulberry silkworm has enjoyed a large share of the patronage of the global scientific community. As a result the mulberry silkworm has achieved the distinction of being a “lepidoteran model system”. As an insect scientific research resource, it is next only to the most well studied insect, Drosophila. 1.2 Growth of Indian silk industry Over the last six decades Indian silk industry has registered an impressive growth, both horizontally and vertically. Plants and schemes implemented by central and state agencies and relentless efforts of thousands of dedicated persons in the fields of research and extension have helped in this context. The mulberry silk production in India increased from 16360.20 metric tonnes in 2010-11 to 18271.95 metric tonnes in 2011-12 (Table 1.2). Karnataka followed by Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of mulberry silk in India. However, the gap between the lab and land still persists and upgrading production and processing techniques is an imperative if the country has to hold its ground in very competitive markets for quality silk products. Thanks to the efforts of Indian sericologists and the advent of new technologies, many of the uncertainties associated with sericulture have been mitigated to

2 some extent. For instance, the age old multivoltine X multivoltine crosses have been replaced by multivoltine X bivoltine and bivoltine X bivoltine hybrids. As against an average yield of 25 kg of cocoons for 100 Dfls in the recent past, currently, the average yields are in the range of 60-65 kg. The new technology, besides doubling yields, has also lead to qualitative improvements in cocoon production with considerably reduced renditta and has also helped break the climate barrier. India is now striving to vitalize its silk industry by focusing attention on quality as well as cost of silk and silk products that it produces through recent advances in silkworm biology and silk processing technology.

Table 1.2 State wise mulberry raw silk production in India (MT) Sr. No State 2010-11 2011-12 Bivoltine CB Total Bivoltine CB Total I Traditional States 1 Karnataka 311.00 7027.00 7338.00 363.79 7432.21 7796.00 2 Andhra Pradesh 170.00 1991.00 5161.00 258.21 6188.43 6446.64 3 Tamil Nadu 414.00 768.00 1182.00 592.25 825.34 1417.59 4 West Bengal 3.00 1882.00 1885.00 3.69 1920.09 1923.78 5 Jammu & Kashmir 120.00 0.00 120.00 133.00 0.00 133.00 Sub Total 1018.00 11668.00 15686.00 1350.94 16366.07 17717.01 II Non traditional States 1 Assam 18.00 0.00 18.00 16.68 0.07 16.75 2 Arunachal Pradesh 3.00 0.00 3.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 3 Bihar 0.00 18.00 18.00 0.00 12.92 12.92 4 Chhatisgarh 0.30 5.70 6.00 0.33 5.04 5.37 5 Haryana 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.00 1.00 1.00 6 Himachal Pradesh 22.00 0.00 22.00 22.07 0.47 22.54 7 Jharkhand 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.13 2.13 8 Kerala 26.00 0.00 26.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 9 Madhya Pradesh 34.00 70.00 104.00 41.56 43.18 84.74 10 Maharashtra 101.00 111.00 212.00 83.37 86.04 169.41 11 Manipur 72.00 25.00 97.00 67.47 16.53 84.00 12 Mizoram 26.00 0.00 26.00 24.20 0.00 24.20 13 Meghalaya 9.00 0.00 9.00 1.25 0.00 1.25 14 Nagaland 3.00 0.00 3.00 1.04 0.00 1.04 15 Orissa 3.00 1.00 4.00 1.98 0.72 2.70 16 Punjab 5.00 0.00 5.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 17 Rajasthan 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18 Sikkim 3.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 19 Tripura 0.00 8.00 8.00 0.00 13.00 13.00 20 Uttarakhand 20.00 0.00 20.00 14.30 0.00 14.30 21 Uttar Pradesh 36.50 49.30 86.00 47.46 39.64 87.10 Sub Total 382.00 292.00 674.20 334.21 220.74 554.95 Grand Total 1400.00 11960.00 16360.20 1685.15 16586.81 18271.96 Source: Annual Report, 2011-12 and DOS, of all the states

1.3 Sericulture in Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh being a hilly state situated in the Shivalik hills of Himalayas has a total area of 55.67 thousand km2. It is one of the smallest states of India and has a population of about 70 lakh mostly scattered over 9.59 lakh inhabited villages with population density of nearly 123 per km2. The state has been endowed with varied agro-climatic and topographical conditions. The temperature varies from 30 to 420C. The varied climatic conditions offer great opportunities for the development of agro potential. The state is divided into 12 districts and 77 developmental blocks. About 42 % of the geographical area falls in the tribal region having very harsh climate and rugged and undulating topography. In Himachal Pradesh, sericulture activities are spread over in ten of the twelve districts. Sericulture could not be introduced in Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur district due to temperate like conditions and unfit for growing fauna required for silk worm feeding. Endowed with favorable conditions for mulberry growth and silkworm rearing, the sericulture is developing as an important rural income generating subsidiary occupation to augment the income of the agrarian community. Therefore, the state government has established in 1951 a separate „Sericulture Wing‟ under the control of Director of Industries. The State is predominantly a bivoltine silk producing area and has a salubrious climate to produce superior quality bivoltine cocoons for quality silk. The silk production chain begins with the plantation of mulberry which once established, yield mulberry leaves regularly for many years to come for rearing silkworms by procuring hygienically bred silkworms‟ seed. The Department has set-up Sericulture Divisional Offices (SDOs) to look after sericulture development in the districts. From infrastructure point of view and following a systematic approach extensively in the potential areas, the Department has further set-up Sericulture Extension-cum-Chawki Centres. Besides the Department distribute mulberry saplings and providie technical guidance to the sericulturists. In Bilaspur, Kangra, Mandi and Hamirpur district, there are silk reeling units functioning in the private sector for production of bivoltine raw silk. The hatched young silkworms are reared at Government and private Chawki Rearing Centres (CRCs) then these are distributed for rearing indoor by the sericulture farmers at their premises for production of silk cocoons. Besides the cycle from hatching to spinning of silk cocoons is only 25-30 days. Fully formed cocoons are sold as green or dry directly to reelers and in the periodical markets for earning income. Silk cocoons production, reeling of raw silk and production of spun silk yarn from silk cocoons employing skilled labour are covered for

4 resource development and infrastructural support under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). Sericulture has now assumed a great importance as a premier village & cottage industry among the agrarian community in the state that has adopted it as a subsidiary occupation to supplement their income. Sericulture generates 07 lakh mandays employment for the rural people of the state. Currently, sericulture provides a fairly remunerative occupation to more than 9000 families in 1836 villages and its major concentration is found in Bilaspur, Mandi, Hamirpur, Kangra, Una and Sirmour Districts. During 11th plan period and a year latter (2007-08 to 2012-13), silk cocoons production registered growth of 12.50 % p.a, which has been 183.76 metric tonnes during 2012-13 (Table 1.3). The revenue earned from sericulture during this period recorded a phenomenal growth of 47.39 % p.a. The growth in number of rural families adopting sericulture was found to be 1.46 % p.a. Similarly, area under mulberry tree plantation also saw increase in growth to the extent of 18.81 % p.a which was 685 ha in 2007-08 and increased to 1458 ha during 2012-13 (Table 1.4). Among the districts practicing sericulture, district Bilaspur is the largest producer of silk-cocoons, sharing 35.0 % production followed by Mandi (25.0 %), Kangra (22.0 %) and Hamirpur (16.0 %).

Table 1.3 Trends in production, revenue and employment generation of silk industry in Himachal Pradesh Year Green cocoon Raw silk Value Employment Pvt. silk Govt. silk production production (Lakh to rural yarn yarn (MT) (MT) Rs) families reeling reeling & (No.) units weaving (No.) units (No.) 2006-07 142.08 17.7 200.25 8275 03 - 2007-08 105.00 13.1 148.30 8385 04 - 2008-09 152.29 19.5 234.00 8450 05 - 2009-10 152.75 19.75 306.00 8606 06 - 2010-11 149.40 19.20 502.80 8634 06 - 2011-12 180.32 22.54 597.00 9044 08 01 2012-13 183.76 23.20 570.00 9116 09 01 CGR over 2007- 08 to 2012-13 12.50 12.85 47.39 1.46 20.83 - (% p.a) CGR over 2006- 07 to 2012-13 4.19 4.44 26.38 1.45 28.57 - (% p.a) Source: Industries Department website

Table 1.4 Sericulture statistics of Himachal Pradesh (2011-12) Sr. No. Particulars Units Statistics 1 Area under mulberry plants (2012-13) Hectares 1458 2 Production of reeling cocoons (2012-13) Metric tonnes 183.76 3 Production of raw silk (2012-13) Metric tonnes 23.20 4 Production of silk waste Metric tonnes 2.50 5 Reeling cocoon productivity per hectare Kg/ ha 87.43 6 Raw silk productivity per hectare. Kg/ ha 10.93 7 Sericulture districts Number 09 8 Sericulture villages Number 1928 9 Sericulture families Number 9044 10 State mulberry farms Number 83 11 State‟s mulberry extension-cum-chawki centres Number 72 12 State mulberry nurseries Number 28 13 State‟s silk seed production centre Number 01 14 Silk reeling units Number 08 15 Silk twisting unit Number 02 16 Employment generation (Mandays) Lakh number 7.0 17 Total annual income from sale of silk produces 570 Lakh Rs (2012-13) Source: Directorate of industries H P Govt. web site

During 11th plan period of the year 2008-09 onwards the Sericulture Divisional Office, Ghumarwin has implemented SCA project on Sericulture at Jakatkhana for introducing sericulture at the base level. Now sufficient time has been elapsed to examine the impact of different components of such a programme in terms of income enhancement, employment generation, health & education improvement, assets creation or capital formation and of course the social, economical and political empowerment of women since sericulture activity has been regarded as women oriented who with their nimble hands care the silk worms and cocoons gently.

1.4 Scope of the study Apart from silk, there are several other by-products from sericulture and moriculture activities e.g. herbal medicine, handmade twigs‟ products like baskets used for carriage/storage activities and fuel for domestic purpose and fodder for cattle. Further, the mulberry plantation helps in soil preservation and saving soil from erosion. Sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the living standards of people in the rural areas. In Himachal Pradesh, sericulture industry has limited growth mainly due to poor quality of mulberry leaves, silk seed and scattered marginal holdings. Thus the cultivation of mulberry is one of the most important factors in the production of silkworm eggs, rearing of

6 silkworm cocoons and on the whole in the entire operation of sericulture. It is with this background that the Silk Seed Production Officer (SSPO), Ghumarwin, a constituent of sericulture wing of Directorate of Industries, H.P had entrusted the responsibility to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology CSK HPKV, Palampur for “Impact study on SCA for sericulture project, Jakatkhana”. Therefore, the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology, CSK HPKV, Palampur conducted a study with the following objectives. 1.5 Objectives

 To examine component wise physical and financial achievements of SCA sericulture project Jakatkhana.  To carry out socio- economic analysis and to quantify social-economic impacts of the project, and  To suggest interventions as an input for formulation of future strategy for the development of sericulture and overall improvement in the livelihoods of beneficiaries in Jakatkhana area of district Bilaspur.

1.6 Practical and scientific utility of the study The study carries an importance to planners and future policy makers to understand the impact of sericulture project on the farm economy of stakeholders. The results of the report will be extremely helpful in knowing the socio-economic status of sericulture farmers. The insights gained from the study would also help various other stakeholders. For example, the research scholars and scientists will also get feedback on the problems and prospects which would help them prioritizing future research agenda. The extension agencies will get necessary insights for the dissemination of information pertaining to sericulture production technologies and marketing. The credit institutions would come to know the credit requirements and would, therefore, help preparing plans in extending financial help to the beneficiaries if needed.

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Prologue The scientific and systematic methodology is an essential component of sound research investigation. It directly influences the validity and generalisability of research findings. In the field of social sciences, formulation of hypotheses, research design and techniques of measurement of variables to test proposed hypotheses are integral components of a well conceived/identified and formulated project proposal. In the literature on methodologies in social sciences, there are five main approaches, namely, sample surveys, rapid appraisal, participant observation, case studies and participatory learning and action to conduct a scientific research inquiry. The adoption of a particular approach or amalgam of different approaches, however, is contingent on a variety of factors most notably, the objectives of the proposed research inquiry, the proposed use of the findings, the level of required reliability of results, complexity of the research area/programme and, of course, the availability of resources (budget outlay, human resource and time frame). The present chapter, therefore, discusses the details of the research methodology in terms of research design, method of data collection, analysis, measurement of selected variables and difficulties faced in conducting study.

2.2 The approach and project area The selection of methodology for Impact Study on Special Central Assistance (SCA) for Sericulture Project at Jakatkhana was emphasized on consultation and participation of individual sericulture farmers - the project beneficiaries, the seed supplying institution, project implementing and executing agency (the sericulture divisional office, Ghumarwin), CRCs and like at village level. The discussions with the relevant government eminent officials/field personnel, local elected representatives, and other institutions like SHGs in the civil society were also made. A detailed study was carried out in seven sample villages in Jakatkhana area of tehsil and development block Sri Naina Devi at Swarghat, district Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh where the project was executed (Fig 2.1 and 2.2).

2.3 Sampling design A complete list of villages where the project is executed was obtained from the office of sericulture project at Jakatkhana. Simple random sampling method was used to approach the beneficiary households in seven villages of Jakatkhana namely Dagrahan, Daulladhar, Jakatkhana, Majehar, Nal, Rouna and Seota. Total sample of 27 beneficiaries was chosen at random and information from them was sought on schedule (Appendix 1) by making personal visits to their households. A detailed list of sample households with their contact number and address is given in Appendix 2. However, complete list of all the beneficiary 100 households is given in Appendix 3.Over one-fourth of sample beneficiaries belonged to Majehar followed by 22.22% to Jakatkhana, 18.52 % to Rouna and 14.82% to Seota. One beneficiary each belonged to Dagrahan and Daulladhar. Table: 2.1 Village wise allocation of sample beneficiaries Sr. No. Name of village No. of beneficiaries % of total 1 Dagrahan 1 3.70 2 Daulladhar 1 3.70 3 Jakatkhana 6 22.22 4 Majehar 7 25.93 5 Nal 3 11.11 6 Rouna 5 18.52 7 Seota 4 14.82 Total 7 27 100

Fig 2.1 Map of Himachal Pradesh showing the selected SCA project area Jakatkhana

Fig.2.2 Map of SCA project on sericulture at Jakatkhana

2.4 Data collection A comprehensive statistical study was carried out to collect the data from the sericulture farmers/ households involved in mulberry raising and silkworm rearing. The study used both primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from the office of SSPO, Ghumarwin and sericulture project office, Jakatkhana on well designed pre-tested formats. The primary data were collected from the beneficiaries receiving full package of assistance for mulberry saplings, rearing shed, rearing equipment, etc using well-designed and pre- tested schedule (Appendix-1) by following personal interview method/technique. The data on the following aspects were collected during January, 2014 at the household‟s level through personal interview method for the year 2012-13:  Background information  General information on demographic features  Ownership of land and assets  Mulberry trees raised on bunds and fields & dependence for leaves on department farms  Construction of silk worm rearing shed, rearing appliances  Use of silk worm seed and cocoons production  Production and disposal of cocoons  Marketing system of cocoons and associated marketing problems  Source wise annual household income and employment generation  Asset creation from sericulture income  Woman empowerment 2.5 Data analysis Analysis of the data was made by using descriptive statistics. The analysis has been made based on the data obtained from beneficiaries on schedules filled in seven sericulture villages of Jakatkhana, district Bilaspur of Himachal Pradesh. For descriptive analysis of the data M.S Excel graphs have been used to demonstrate the trends wherever applicable. Relationship among various variables was studied using appropriate statistical techniques like cross tabulation, percentages, averages and trend analysis. The data wherever necessary were compared using time variable, that is, before and after the project periods.

2.5.1 Impact evaluation Measuring the change in the lives of beneficiaries after completion of this project and to measure the impact of the project activities on the project beneficiaries different key indicators were defined to collect the information which helps to measure the impact of the sericulture activities on farmer‟s income, employment status, asset creation and women empowerment, etc. The detailed list of defined impact assessment indicators is given in Table 2.2. 2.6 Outputs  The output of the evaluation is an Impact study on SCA for sericulture project, Jakatkhana which corresponds to the main task described above.  The final report containing all findings, photographs, presentation of the findings, analysis, comments etc. was prepared and submitted to funding agency.  An abstrat is prepared and appended in the beginning of report as a part of the report. 2.7 Chapter scheme The study has been systematically planned and presented in multiple chapters. Chapter-1 describes the introduction and the project objectives. Chapter-2 present the material and methods covering the procedure of selection of beneficiaries, their size, the sericulture household schedule, parameters of data collection, analytical framework, limitations of study, etc. Chapter 3 describes history of sericulture in Bilaspur and status of SCA project, Jakatkhana. Chapter 4 gives detail of major findings described in two parts; part I contains inferences drawn by analysing secondary data obtained from the office of SSPO, Ghumarwin and SCA project office Jakatkhana. The part II describes various parameters like gender and age distribution, caste structure, family size, economic status, cocoon production, household income and employment generation, etc. The 5th chapter include intangible gains and losses of the project. Finally, Chapter 6th of the report carries summary and conclusion. The executive summary of findings along with important data on findings has been given in the beginning to provide ready insight to readers. The survey schedule and list of sample beneficiaries; etc is appended at the end of report.

Table 2.2 Indicators of impact assessment Sr. Impact indicators Description No. 1 Age, gender, caste structure % age of male or female, age of beneficiary & their caste structure 2 Occupation The major and subsidiary occupation level of beneficiaries 3 Motivation for silk rearing The reason due to which beneficiary is involved in silk rearing activities 4 Experience of silk rearing For how many years beneficiary is involved in silk rearing? 5 Level of income Annual income of the families of beneficiaries in Rupees 6 Availability (quantity) of silk Satisfaction of beneficiaries in availability of silk seed seed 7 Quality of silk seed Satisfaction of beneficiaries on the quality of silk seeds 8 Availability of food (mulberry Satisfaction of beneficiaries in availability of food leaves) (Mulberry leaves) for the silk worms and any difficulty faced by the beneficiaries in obtaining food for silk worms 9 Training and quality of training No. of and quality of the trainings provided to the farmers for silk rearing 10 Crop production Production (quality and quantity) of cocoons by beneficiaries. 11 Income generated through Level of income generation through sericulture sericulture activities. 12 Employment generated from Level of employment generation through sericulture sericulture activities 13 Usage of income generated What are the needs on which income was utilized? from sericulture

2.8 Limitations of the study Generally cost accounting method of data collection is more reliable than any other method for estimation of different parameters. However, this method was not possible because of its own limitations; hence the data were collected on the basis of an oral enquiry for before and after the project period to examine the impact. The accuracy of data thus depends upon the memory of the respondents. Further, the data were collected at one visit for two season cocoon crops from the selected sericulturists. Thus it imposes a limitation on study and it is liable to affect the efficiency of estimates. The study is based on the sample observations collected from sericulturists, in the selected villages of SCA project at Jakatkhana district Bilaspur of Himachal Pradesh. The sample size was fixed to 27 (27% of total beneficiaries) keeping in view time and budget constraints. It was extremely difficult to verify all facts and doubts related to study due to paucity of time at the level of farmers

13 and even in some cases the real beneficiaries of the scheme were not available at their home. Most of them were employed in MNREGA programme. Therefore, the help of sericulture extension worker of the department posted in study areas Mr. Jai Parkash was sought in clarifying the doubts. As is the usual case, since no farm records were maintained by the sample cocoon growers, the data were collected by survey method based on their memory and past experience. Thus while due care was taken to extract accurate information, the possibility of a few slips from the memory of the respondents could not be ruled out. Further, though the results of study have been arrived at following scientific methodology and have more applicability to the areas of study in different similar areas of Himachal Pradesh, the results can be generalised to other similar areas without any significant variations.

CHAPTER 3 HISTORY OF SERICULTURE

3.1 Sericulture in the world The story of sericulture is that for more than two thousand years, the Chinese kept the secret of silk production altogether to themselves. It was their most guarded secret in history. The Chinese legend gives the title to Lady His-Ling-Shih, the queen of the mythical yellow Emperor, who is said to have ruled China around 3000 BC. The lady is credited with the introduction of silkworm rearing and invention of the loom. When she first discovered the making of cloth, the silk tunic was reserved exclusively for the use of emperor, his principle wife and some other dignitaries. Gradually, other classes of the society also began wearing garments of silk. The Chinese then put silk to industrial use. Musical instruments, fishing-line and papers, etc, were made of silk. Literary sources give further information about sericulture. Reeling silk and spinning were always considered household duties for women. While weaving was carried out in workshops; daughters, mothers, grandmothers of every family devoted a large time of the year to the feeding, tending and supervision of silkworms and to the spinning, dying and embroidery of silk. Each spring, the empress herself inaugurated the silk-raising season. The technique and process was guarded secrets and closely controlled by the Chinese authorities. In spite of their secrecy, the Chinese were soon destined to lose their monopoly on silk production. Shortly after 300 AD, sericulture travelled westward and cultivation was established in India. It is said that in 440 AD, a prince of Khotan (in central Asia) courted and won a Chinese princess, who smuggled out silk worm eggs by hiding them in her voluminous hairpiece. And thus the westerners made inroads into a good market.

3.2 Sericulture in India In India, silk came via the fabled ancient international Silk Road running through Tibet and Kathmandu. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of erstwhile Mysore state, organized silkworm units. J. N. Tata started a silk firm in Bangalore in 1895. Kashmir adopted silk and mixed it with pashmina to give the product a shining look. India is the 2nd largest silk producing country after China. Karnataka followed by Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of mulberry silk in India. Chanderi (in Madhya Pradesh) has passed down through generation the tradition of Chanderi Silk, which is considered as the fabric of choice for saari produced for royalty due

15 to its exquisite lightness of butterfly‟s wings. Clothes made from silk are not only beautiful and light weight; they are also warm in cool weather and cool in hot weather. 3.3 Sericulture in Bilaspur Taking lesson from history, Raja Anand Chand during king‟s rule introduced sericulture in Bilaspur. It was Raja Anand Chand‟s most favorite and unforgettable development programme that he implemented in Bilaspur. He studied the subject thoroughly. As the climate and soils of Bilaspur were favourably ideal for the production of silk, he was convinced that the sericulture could lift the people from the abyss of poverty. So, he put his heart and soul into the subject and concentrated his energy for the spread of this programme. He used to explain to the people its importance in their economic well-being. To begin with, he planned to cover about 25 % of the total family in the state. It was legislated that no one could cut or fell mulberry trees. A sericulture expert, Mr. Kaul from Kashmir was employed. It was planned that the marketing section would cooperate with Bilaspur commercial cooperation and ensure that the Bilaspur coarse and fine silk and, later, silk fabrics become popular at the earliest, that it fetched the highest price available, that the product was standardized and in quality met the demands of the time and that the packing and transport was properly managed. The silk section was to develop and establish direct connections with leading and reliable firms dealing in silk and silk fabrics in India. Legislation was already taken up for the control of marketing. The department was expected to arrange technical training for the local staff in India and abroad and to assist requirement of temporary and permanent personnel in time as and when necessary. It was also planned to set distinct and latest processing machinery. Before the plan could be fully implemented, independence came and the Bilaspur state was merged with India. Raja Anand Chand ceased to control the reins, however, the cultivation of silk continued. Today Bilaspur is still one of the leading districts in the production of silk. There are 12 government sericulture centers in the district. Each centre provides technical assistance and also quality hatched silk worms to the farmers. Bilaspur sericulture division at Ghumrwin produces 35 % of the total cocoon production of the state and generates to the farmers an income of about Rupees 200 lakh per annum (2012-13).

Source: Chandel, S S (2007). Bilaspur (Through the Centuries): A Story of an Erstwhile Princely State of India. Cpopsons papers Ltd (Printers) Noida: 582-584.

3.4 Sericulture in Jakatkhana Sericulture became prominent in many parts of district Bilaspur since its beginning made by Raja Anand Chand in his kingdom the Bilaspur state. The success stories of sericulture after reorganisation of states and formation of new districts in Himachal Pradesh was spread in each and every nook of the district. The creation of Bhakra dam popularly known as Gobind Sagar in mid 1960s impacted the livelihood of many areas of the district on account of loosing land and restraining their mobility and personal connectivity with their fellow villagers. Jakatkhana area a part of Kot Kahloor state of ancient time, now situated on the bank of Gobind Sagar dam at a distance of about 45 km falling in Sri Naina Devi constituency earlier Kot Kahloor was one of the area where sources of livelihood mainly relying on rain fed agriculture, further impacted their livelihood to a greater extent. Some of the households in affected villages and belonging to traditional fishermen could involve themselves intensively in reservoir capture fishery managed through fishery co-operatives. However, majority of the people who were living below poverty line raised their voice before local Member Legislative Assembly (MLA) and minister in the congress regime Sh. Ram Lal Thakur (2002-2007) for introducing sericulture for their benefit. Since majority of the poor belonged to scheduled castes comprising Daulla, Doomna, Kabirpanthi, Draei, Harijan etc; the sericulture project was prepared and got cleared from both the state govt and CSB as SCA for the benefits of scheduled castes. Initially it was supposed to cover 100 households with its headquarters at Jakatkhana. Likewise a Special Central Assistance (SCA) project for sericulture at Jakatkhana has been operating its activities since 11th five year plan period through SHGs (Table 3.1). The salient features of this project are described in Table 3.2.

Table 3.1 Self Help Groups (SHGs) working in the SCA project area Sr. No. Name of group Name of SHG Pradhan 1 SHG, Daulladhar Sh. Charan Dass 2 SHG, Dagrahan Sh. Pawan Kumar 3 SHG, Talli Sh. Prabhu Ram 4 SHG, Jeour Sh. Chetu Ram 5 SHG, Majehar Sh. Popu Ram 6 SHG, Topu Smt. Soma Devi 7 SHG, Seota Smt.Ganga Devi 8 SHG, Nera Kund Sh. Madan Lal 9 SHG, Nal Sh. JagdIsh Chand 10 SHG, Rouna Sh.Krishan Chand

Table 3.2 Salient Features of SCA Project on Sericulture, Jakatkhana Sr. Particulars Characteristics No. 1 Location Jakatkhana 2 Tehsil Sri Naina Devi at Swarghat 3 Development block Sri Naina Devi at Swarghat 4 Year of sericulture beginning 2008-09 5 Duration of project 5 years 6 No. of beneficiaries 100 7 Communities involved All scheduled castes comprising Harijan, Doomna, Daulla, Chhemba, Julah 8 Area coverage 10 -12 km 9 Panchayats covered 3 (Jagatkhana, Tanbol, Kutehla) 10 Distance from SDO, Ghumarwin About 45 km 11 Variety of mulberry introduced S-146 and S-30 12 Cocoon production (2013-14) 1565 kg green 13 Seed consumption (2013-13) 43 ounce 14 Seed consumption beginning 7 ounce (spring = 5 ounce & autumn = 2 ounce) 15 Cocoon production beginning 200 kg green in spring and 20 kg in autumn 16 Average production per 15.65 kg green beneficiary 17 Awareness level of beneficiaries 50% 18 Man power Field Man= nil; Mali =nil Mulberry sub Inspector =1 Inspector = 1 at Kandrour

CHAPTER 4 IMPACT OF SERICULTURE

This chapter has been divided into two parts; the first part is devoted to inferences drawn from the analysis of secondary data collected from the office of SSPO- cum SDO Ghumarwin and sericulture project office Jakatkhana. The second part pertains to findings obtained from the analysis of primary data collected from sample beneficiary households. PART I TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCA PROJECT In this part an attempt has been made to highlight the list of infrastructural components to be covered under the SCA project and achievements made thereof. 4.1 The infrastructure Infrastructure is the foremost component of any development programme to be introduced. Table 4.1 highlights the component wise sericulture infrastructure created in the public and private entrepreneur‟s level. It can be seen from the table that there were five components of public infrastructure through which central facility has been created for the execution of sericulture project. This infrastructure included raising mulberry garden, construction of buildings for CRC and marketing of cocoons as well as purchase of equipments for CRC and machinery for the marketing centre. During data collection by survey team consisting of principal investigator of the project and field staff, the entire above mentioned infrastructure was physically verified along with photographs. At private level, the components of sericulture project included mulberry plantation through financial support and supplying mulberry plants, financial help @ Rs 10,000 per beneficiary for the construction of rearing shed, the supply rearing equipments & crop protection material like lime, formalin, etc and of course their training through demonstrations and exposure visits. During the time of data collection, the achievement made in relation to construction of rearing shed was very disappointing reason being the amount sanctioned was so meagre that it could not cover even the first stage of laying foundation. Most of the farmers had used this amount on repairs of their existing houses where the silk worm rearing activities are undertaken. Table 4.2 gives information on the inventory of buildings and equipments & machinery created in the public institution at Jakatkhana to be used for undertaking all the sericulture related necessary activities. Adequate infrastructure has been created for the smooth carriage of CRC activities using hatching plates, rearing stands, the plastic rearing trays, leaf chamber, humidity and temperature measuring devices. Similarly, the hot air dryers of 20 kg capacity meant for

19 cocoon drying. These will facilitate the process of purchasing green crop and drying it at the marketing centre or to save the cocoon crop losses on account of continuous inclement weather. 4.2 Mulberry garden for chawki rearing Under this component a mulberry garden is proposed to be established to cater the need of farmers for mulberry leaves and for chawki rearing at CRC. About 50 ounce of silkworm seed is regularly brushed in a chawki rearing centre and distributed among the selected farmers of the area. One acre of land was identified in Jakatkhana but the land was totally covered with thick forest and it was prone to stray cattle and monkey menace. Therefore, a new site for raising a mulberry garden has been identified and maintenance work like clearing bushes and digging pits has already been carried out by the time of data collection in January, 2014. As many as 780 pits inside and 100 more outside were made to plant mulberry saplings of S146 and S30 variety (see cover photo).

Table 4.1 Component wise sericulture infrastructure at public and private level Sr. Particulars Location/Level of facility No. I Public institutional infrastructure 1 Mulberry garden Near Jakatkhana 2 Chawki Rearing Centre (CRC) Jakatkhana 3 Equipments for Chawki Rearing Centre Jakatkhana 4 Cocoon marketing centre Jakatkhana 5 Machinery (hot air dryer for cocoon marketing centre Jakatkhana II Private infrastructure and capacity building programme 1 Mulberry plantation Beneficiary household 2 Construction of rearing shed Beneficiary household 3 Rearing equipment & crop protection material Beneficiary household 4 Training & exposure visits Beneficiary household Source: SCA sericulture project office, Jakatkhana & SDO, Ghumarwin

4.3 Chawki rearing centre and required machinery To meet with the chawki worms‟ requirement, it was proposed to link all the farmers to a CRC. Accordingly a CRC building has been constructed under the project at Jakatkhana (see cover photo). This CRC has a brushing capacity of minimum 100 ounce per batch. Gram Panchayat, Jakatkhana had transferred land for construction of CRC building for which an estimate of Rs 5 lakh was prepared by HPSIDC. To further strengthen the CRC equipments worth Rs 3.00 lakh have been purchased and physically verified by the survey team, the list of which is given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Inventory of infrastructure and equipments & machinery at Jakatkhana Sr. No. Particulars Number I Infrastructure 1 Mulberry garden 1 2 Chawki Rearing Centre (CRC) 1 3 Cocoon marketing centre 1 II Equipments & machinery 1 Rearing stand 6 2 Plastic tray 300 3 Hatching plates 200 4 Leaf chamber 1 5 Humidity fire 2 6 Thermometer 2 7 Hot air dryer 2 (20 kg) Source: SCA sericulture project office, Jakatkhana

4.4 Cocoon marketing centre It is necessary to intervene to overcome this situation, by making arrangements for procurements of the cocoons from the farmers in time and also to meet the exigencies when the reelers are not in a position to purchase the cocoons or to provide support price to the rearers in case the price falls. Moreover, inordinate delay in cocoon disposals and its payment to the cocoon grower is major constraints for growth of sericulture. Such system is essential for qualitative productivity so that the farmers/reelers are ensured of the remunerative prices for their produces. In order to establish an organized marketing system, for facilitating the farmers/ reelers for disposing their produce on quality linked pricing system, establishment of cocoon markets in the area where cocoon marketing facilities are not available and procurement of equipments required for testing and grading of cocoons/ yarn to support quality linked pricing, the related areas need to be addressed. Therefore, to ensure strong forward linkages under the project, a cocoon marketing centre was proposed under this project and the department got it established during 2011-12 at Jakatkhana in the upper storey of CRC, Jakatkhana. This marketing centre has been providing a common platform to the cocoon sellers as well as buyers to buy and sell the cocoons. In the near future the same centre will provide facility to buy and sell other silk produce like silk yarn and its woven products. Besides, for strengthening the marketing centre a provision of essential equipments like hot air dryer worth Rs 1 lakh has been made and two hot air dryer of 20 kg capacity were noticed in the centre by survey team.

4.5 Mulberry plantation on private farms As many as 20,000 mulberry saplings in January, 2009 and 10,000 more in August, 2009 thus making a total 30,000 of S-146 variety were distributed among 100 beneficiaries @ 300 saplings per beneficiary. For carrying out this activity out of Rs. 6,600 as proposed under the project, Rs. 1,900 on account of first instalment was disbursed to each beneficiary after physical verification of plants and the rest of amount was disbursed in two instalments. In some of the sample households selected for study, the mulberry plants raised on their grasslands and field bunds were noticed by the survey team (see photos). 4.6 Construction of rearing sheds In order to ensure hygienic condition and prevent contamination during silkworm rearing and quality production of silk cocoon, construction of separate silkworm rearing shed is very essential. Under this project one model of rearing shed amounting to Rs. 20,000/- was considered to be constructed with 50% of the cost of construction to be borne by the beneficiary from his/her own savings or tied up through a bank loan and rest of 50% to be considered as grant under the project. An amount of Rs. 10,000 as grant considered for the construction of a separate rearing shed was disbursed in three instalments comprising 1st instalment of Rs. 3,500 after completion of plinth level, 2nd instalment of Rs. 4,000 after roof level and 3rd instalment of Rs. 2,500 after completion of shed. The beneficiary share of Rs. 10,000 was met out as imputed value of labour contributed by the family members of beneficiary. In this case the laid down norms could not be followed by the field staff and flexible approach was followed because the amount meant for the purpose was inadequate. 4.7 Rearing equipment and crop protection In order to ensure hygienic conditions and prevent contamination during silkworm rearing and quality production of silk cocoons and for adoption of package and practices for sericulture, supply of rearing equipments and disinfectant material was proposed to be distributed. The list of rearing equipments and disinfectant, material is given in Table 4.3. The scheme was implemented in 90:10 ratios wherein 90% of total cost was treated as subsidy and 10% of cost was deposited by the beneficiaries and in cases where it was not possible the beneficiary share was adjusted for making the platform of rearing stand of the bamboo clumps. On this activity Rs 9.45 lakh were spent by the department.

Table 4.3 Inventory of equipments distributed among beneficiary households Sr. No. Name of equipment Number

1 Rearing stand 2 2 Plastic sheet 1 (32 feet) 3 Spray pump 1 4 Plastic crate 4 5 Saw 1 6 Pruning scissor 1 7 Disinfectant material Lime, formalin Source: SCA sericulture project office, Jakatkhana

4.8 Organizing trainings and exposure visits for capacity enhancement Under this component 100 farmers were trained for 7 days skill development training programme in sericulture activities at Silk Seed Production Office, Ghumarwin and exposure visit at cluster Development Project office, Hamirpur, SSPO Palampur, BAIF Research Station Dadoh, SDO, Mandi and their interaction was made with local progressive farmers. Besides, two days sericulture awareness camp was also organized for 100 beneficiaries at Jakatkhana. A provision of Rs. 1 lakh was made for procurement of audio-visual equipments used for training purpose. The study tour is specifically intended for purpose of improving the knowledge and adaptness of the farmers through the demonstration of various technologies and practices in mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing like nursery raising, fertilizer dosages and application, thinning, disinfection and hygiene, management of mulberry and silkworm diseases & pests, shoot rearing, spacing and feeding, rotary mountages and mounting and use of machines in sericulture in other states. The beneficiaries were also taken up to interact with rearers of other areas and to help them in making observations of the activities on the spot. In this regard study tours were organised to CSR&TI Mysore (Karnataka State) and Jammu & Kashmir. In this activity an amount of Rs 2500 per head was spent. Table 4.4 and 4.5 gives detail of training and exposure visits. In training and awareness camps, the proportion of male trainee was higher (71%) than females (29%). However, in exposure visits the participation of women surpassed their counter parts. As many as 193 persons were trained through six camps organized at various places and 65 persons educated through two exposure visits.

Table 4.4 Training and awareness camps organized under SCA project, Jakatkhana Sr. Name of the Venue Date/Period No. of participants No. training Male Female Total 1 A sericulture Silk Seed Production 15-12-2008 to 18 - 18 farmers training Office, Ghumarwin 21-12-2008 programme 2 A sericulture Silk Seed Production 18-05-2009 to 6 4 10 farmers training Office, Ghumarwin 23-05-2009 programme 3 A sericulture Silk Seed Production 27-03-2009 to 17 11 28 farmers training Officer, Ghumarwin 31-03-2009 programme 4 A sericulture Silk Seed Production 03-08-2009 to 11 9 20 farmers training Office, Ghumarwin 07-08-2009 programme 5 A sericulture Silk Seed Production 20-11-2009 to 11 6 17 farmers training Office, Ghumarwin 24-11-2009 programme 6 Awareness camp Jakatkhana 12-11-2009 74 26 100 on sericulture Total (6) - - 137 56 193 Average - - 22.83 9.33 32.16 Source: SCA sericulture project office, Jakatkhana

Table 4.5 Exposure visits conducted under SCA Project, Jakatkhana (2008-11) Sr. Particulars Places visited Duration and No. of beneficiaries No. period Male Female Total 1 A sericulture farmers Jammu & 5 days 26 24 50 training cum exposure Kashmir (13-05-2012 to visit 17-05-2012) 2 A sericulture farmers Maharashtra 12 days 5 10 15 training cum exposure (3-10-2013 to visit 13-10-2013) Total (2) - - 31 34 65 Average - - 15.50 17.00 32.50 Source: SCA sericulture project office, Jakatkhana

4.9 Trends in seed utilization and cocoon production Table 4.6 shows trends in utilization of silk worm seed, green cocoons output, average yield, the coverage of villages and sericulture farmers under SCA project over a period of four years from 2010- 11 to 2013-14. It can be examined from the table that the highest growth of 109.38% per annum is recorded in case of farmers embraced in the programme followed by cocoon production of 104.98% p.a. The utilization of silk worm seed witnessed annual growth of 82.50% p.a. The average yield of cocoons per ounce did not show impressive growth over the study period of four years. This is mainly due to inadequate mulberry leaves in the area. The plants of mulberry raised on private lands of

24 beneficiaries are not performing well. In most of the cases the plants were raised on newly allotted lands which were stony and rain fed. Thus efforts are needed to develop irrigation facilities. Efforts may also be made to develop mulberry gardens on suitable community lands for solving the problem of shortage of mulberry leaves.

4.10 Impact assessment study An impact assessment study of the project was got done through an independent agency namely Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology CSK HP Agricultural University, Palampur in order to assess the socio economic benefit of the project. An amount of Rs. 50,000 was earmarked and disbursed to the aforesaid institute in January, 2014.

Table 4.6 Trends in seed utilization and cocoon production under SCA project, Jakatkhana Sr. Year/Crop season Seed Green cocoon Average Sericulture Villages No. (Ounce) production (kg) yield farmers covered (kg/ounce) (No.) (No.) 1 2010-11 Spring 10 301 30.00 32 12 2 2011-12 Spring 20 426 21.30 52 8 3 2012-13 30 1287 42.90 154 28 Spring 20 1080 54.00 106 20 Autumn 10 207 20.70 48 8 4 2013-14 43 1565 36.39 172 20 Spring Crop 30 1350 45.00 118 12 Autumn Crop 13 215 16.50 54 8 5 Growth rate 2013-14 82.50 104.98 5.33 109.38 16.67 over 2010-11 (% p.a) Source: SDO, Ghumarwin (Bilaspur)

4.11 Summing up The close analysis of secondary data mainly reveals that almost all the physical and financial targets of SCA project have been achieved. The impact of all the activities has been in positive direction as far as knowledge awareness of beneficiaries, the mulberry plantation and cocoon production through improved rearing equipments is concerned. However, the proposed model of rearing shed could not convert into its reality due to paucity of funds disbursed to beneficiaries. Only two sample households had constructed separate rearing house mainly from their own savings and little amount received from the department (see photo). The survival rate of mulberry plants was not only low in the area but their growth was also slow because of poor texture (rocky and stony) of soil.

The use of silk seed, cocoon production per household and its average yield were found rising. The cocoon production in the project area recorded highest growth rate of 105% per annum during 4 years of project period. Silk seed also witnessed higher annual growth of 82.50% but the average yield of cocoons per ounce of seed showed poor growth of just 5.33% p. a mainly due to inadequate supply of mulberry leaves. In the initial year of 2010-11 only 32 farmers could grow cocoons in 12 villages whose number grew to 172 and 20 in 2013-14 thus showing growth rate of 109% and 17%, respectively.

PART II SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF SERICULTURE BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS

4.12 Gender wise distribution of sample households It can be examined from Table 4.7 that over one-half of the beneficiary households were headed by women and 48.15% were headed by men. In Nal and Rouna most of the sample beneficiary households were men headed. In Dagrahan and Daulladhar all the sample beneficiaries were men headed. To sum up it can be concluded that majority of the beneficiary households were women headed in whose name the sericulture benefits were extended.

Table 4.7 Gender wise allocation of sample beneficiaries (No.) Sr. No. Name of village Men headed Women headed Total households households 1 Dagrahan 1 - 1 (100) (100) 2 Daulladhar 1 - 1 (100) (100) 3 Jakatkhana 3 3 6 (50.00) (50.00) (100) 4 Majehar 1 6 7 (14.29) (85.71) (100) 5 Nal 2 1 3 (66.67) (33.33) (100) 6 Rouna 4 1 5 (80.00) (20.00) (100) 7 Seota 1 3 4 (25.00 (75.00) (100) All 13 14 27 (48.15) (51.85) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.13 Occupational pattern Table 4.8 gives occupational distribution of sample households. It can be noticed from the table that 48.15 % sample households had agriculture as their major profession/occupation. Daily wage earning was the next important occupation of sample beneficiaries followed by service in public and private sector. Dairying was the major occupation of only 3.70% sample households. In Dagrahan, Majehar, Nal and Seota villages the sample households largely depended on agriculture for their livelihood. In Rouna and Nal villages quite a good section of sample households derived their income from service sector. To conclude it can be said that agriculture was the major source of livelihood of sample beneficiaries.

Table 4.8 Occupational pattern of sample beneficiaries (No.) Sr. Name of Occupation Total No village Agriculture Fishery Dairying Service Daily wage earning 1 Dagrahan 1 - - - - 1 (100) (100) 2 Daulladhar - 1 - - - 1 (100) (100) 3 Jakatkhana 1 - - 1 4 6 (16.67) (16.67) (66.66) (100) 4 Majehar 4 - 1 1 1 7 (57.13) (14.29) (14.29) (14.29) (14.29) 5 Nal 2 - 1 - 3 (66.67) (33.33) (100) 6 Rouna - 3 - 2 - 5 (60.00) (40.00) (100) 7 Seota 3 - - - 1 4 (75.00) (25.00) (100) All 11 4 1 5 6 27 (40.74) (14.82) (3.70) (18.52) (22.22) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.14 Caste structure Since sericulture project, Jakatkhana was meant for scheduled castes households; therefore, an attempt has been made to provide information on sub-caste basis. It can be examined from Table 4.9 that Harijan, Kabirpanthi (Julah), Doomna (Bamboo basket maker) and Darei were the important sub castes of scheduled caste beneficiaries in the study area. The major section belonged to Harijans followed by Julah. In Daulladhar, Jakatkhana, Majhehar, Nal and Seota villages all beneficiary households belonged to Harijan caste.

On the whole it can be concluded that Harijan, Julah, Doomna and Darei were the main sub- castes of scheduled caste beneficiary households. Table 4.9 Sub-caste structures of scheduled caste sample beneficiaries (No.) Sr. No. Name of village Darei Doomna Julah Harijan Total 1 Dagrahan - 1 - - 1 (100) (100) 2 Daulladhar - - - 1 1 (100) (100) 3 Jakatkhana - - - 6 6 (100) (100) 4 Majehar - - - 7 7 (100) (100) 5 Nal - - - 3 3 (100) (100) 6 Rouna 1 - 4 - 5 (25.00) (75.00) (100) 7 Seota - - - 4 4 (100) (100) All 1 1 4 21 27 (3.70) (3.70) (14.82) (77.78) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.15 Economic status Economic status wise distribution of sample households is given in Table 4.10. It can be seen from the table that the sample households belonged to both APL and BPL category almost in same proportion. Across villages the proportion of APL beneficiaries was larger than BPL in Dagrahan, Majehar and Rouna however, in Daulladhar, Nal and Seota the proportion of BPL was higher than APL. In Jakatkhana, the BPL and APL households were in equal proportion of 50:50. In nutshell it is concluded that the proportion of APL beneficiaries was slightly higher than 48% of BPL category sample households.

4.16 Family composition Family wise composition of sample beneficiary households is presented in Table 4.11. It can be examined from the table that over 37% sample households had family size of four persons and nearly 30% had five members in their family. Over one-fourth of the sample households had family size above five members. An equal proportion of 3.70 each comprised family size of two and three members, respectively. Variability in family size across sample villages was not very different from the overall trends explained above. As far as average family size is concerned Daulladhar village had highest number of family members being 6 in comparison to 4 each in Dagrahan and Seota. The overall average family size was worked out to be 5.4.

Daulladhar and Rouna villages had average size of family above the overall average of 5.4 whereas in rest of the villages their average family size was below the overall average. To conclude it can be said that nearly two third of the sample households had family members four to five and one-fourth had above five with overall family size of 5.4. The nucleus family system was also noticed to extent of 44.44% %.

Table 4.10 Economic status of scheduled caste sample beneficiaries (No.) Sr. Particular Dagrahan Daulladhar Jakatkhana Majehar Nal Rouna Seota Total No. 1. Darei 1 1 (20.00) (3.70) APL - - - - - 1 - 1 (20.00) (3.70) BPL ------2. Doomna 1 1 (100) (3.70) APL 1 ------1 (100) (3.70) BPL ------3. Julah 4 4 (80.00) (14.82) APL - - - - - 3 - 3 (60.00) (11.12) BPL - - - - - 1 - 1 (20.00) (3.70) 4. Harijan 6 7 3 4 21 (100) (100) (100) (100) (77.78) APL - 3 4 1 - 1 9 (50.00) (57.14) (33.33) (25.00) (33.33) BPL 1 3 3 2 - 3 12 (100) (50.00) (42.86) (66.67) (75.00) (44.45) 5. Total 1 1 6 7 3 5 4 27 (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) APL 1 - 3 4 1 4 1 14 (100) (50.00) (57.14) (33.33) (80.00) (25.00) (51.85) BPL - 1 3 3 2 1 3 13 (100) (50.00) (42.86) (66.67) (20.00) (75.00) (48.15) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.17 Land holding Table 4.12 shows the distribution of land holding and mulberry trees raised on it. It can be seen from the table that except Dagrahan village, all households had land below one ha which clearly shows that all the sample households belonged to marginal category of land holding. The overall size of land holding was 0.52 ha. In Dagrahan village the average size of holding was 1.2 ha and that too there was one sample household who possessed most of the land

29 under fruit trees of mango and pear. Almost all the sample households were allotted new lands during 1970s and 1980‟s under the distribution of surplus land to landless scheduled castes. These farmers have planted mulberry trees on such lands. But due to farness and stony structure of such lands, the survival rate of mulberry saplings was very low to the extent of 10-20%. The new plantation made in winters could not survive during summer due to lack of irrigation facility. As far as the average numbers of mulberry trees planted on bunds and in fields nearby their dwellings is concerned it was 144 with the highest of 290 per household in Nal and lowest of 40 in Dagrahan. To sum up it can be concluded that the average size of land holding on sample households was 0.52 ha wherein the average number of mulberry plants raised was 144 with highest of 290 in Nal and lowest of 40 in Dagrahan.

Table 4.11 Family member wise composition of sample households (No.) Sr. Name of Family members Total Average No. village Two Three Four Five Above family five size 1 Dagrahan - - 1 1 4.0 (100) (100) 2 Daulladhar - - - - 1 1 6.0 (100) (100) 3 Jakatkhana - - 2 3 1 6 5.0 (33.33) (50.00) (16.67) (100) 4 Majehar - - 3 2 2 7 4.9 (42.86) (28.57) (28.57) (100) 5 Nal - 1 1 - 1 3 4.7 (33.33) (33.33) (33.33) (100) 6 Rouna - - 2 1 2 5 5.8 (40.00) (20.00) (40.00) (100) 7 Seota 1 - 1 2 - 4 4.0 (25.00) (25.00) (50.00) (100) All 1 1 10 8 7 27 5.4 (3.70) (3.70) (37.04) (29.63) (25.93) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.18 Experience in sericulture Since Jakatkhana area was a new selection for the introduction of sericulture during 11th five year plan period after strenuous efforts of local MLAs of the area comprising various governments. In this attempt initially one hundred beneficiaries were selected all of them scheduled caste category mostly comprising Harijan, Daulla, Draei, Julah, Doomna, etc. All of these beneficiaries had sericulture experience of about seven years. The sample beneficiary

30 households belonged to Dagrahan, Daullahar, Jakatkhana, Majehar, Nal, Rouna and Seota villages wherein the project was executed through Pradhans of self help groups.

To conclude it can be said that all the sample households had sericulture experience of seven years since the beginning of Sericulture project, Jakatkhana made in 2008.

Table 4.12 Land holding and mulberry trees on sample beneficiary households Sr. No. Name of village Total land Mulberry trees on bunds and (ha/HH) fields (No./HH) 1 Dagrahan 1.2 40 2 Daulladhar 0.48 150 3 Jakatkhana 0.43 100 4 Majehar 0.35 144 5 Nal 0.47 290 6 Rouna 0.76 150 7 Seota 0.54 115 All 0.52 144 Source: Field survey, January, 2014

Table 4.13 Experience of sericulture beneficiaries in cocoons growing (No.) Sr. No. Name of village Experience in years % of total (6 -10) years 1 Dagrahan 1 100 2 Daulladhar 1 100 3 Jakatkhana 6 100 4 Majehar 7 100 5 Nal 3 100 6 Rouna 5 100 7 Seota 4 100 All 27 100 Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.19 Input usage and cocoon production Table 4.14 gives information on the silk worm seed used by sample households and production & productivity of cocoon realized by them. It can be noticed from the table that on an average 0.68 and 0.27 ounce seed per household was utilized in spring and autumn seasons, respectively. The low inputs (seed) use was due to their less experience and new in the profession. Since silk worm rearing is highly technical and requiring extra care, the project authorities planned to raise the scale of rearing slowly in due course of time and matching it with increased supply/ availability of mulberry leaves. The scale usage of silk worm seed did not vary much across the villages reasons being all the rearers were new who required training side by under close supervision of the technical staff of sericulture.

As far as production of cocoons per beneficiary is concerned again it did not vary much across sample villages and its level was found to be 5.27 and 1.70 kg in spring and autumn season, respectively. The cocoon production per household was the highest of 5.75 kg and 2.13 kg in spring and autumn in Seota village where the land is of good quality providing adequate mulberry leaves from healthy plants.

However, the productivity was highest of 8.80 kg per ounce in Rouna during spring and 6.86 kg per ounce in Majehar. The overall average yield of dry cocoons per ounce of seed was found to be 7.81 kg and 6.11 kg during spring and autumn, respectively. Since all the farmers of this project area were new, therefore, the production and yield levels were quite low in comparison to the traditional sericulture areas of district Bilaspur like Ghumarwin, Ladda and Morsinghi areas.

To sum up it can be concluded that the average usage of silk worm seed on beneficiary households was 0.68 and 0.27 ounce which led to produce 5.27 and 1.70 kg per household dry cocoon production with average yield of just 7.81 and 6.11 kg per ounce in spring and autumn seasons, respectively.

Table 4.14 Inputs use, cocoon production and productivity on sample households Sr. No. Name of Silk worm seed Production Productivity village (ounce/hh) (kg/hh) (Kg/ounce) Spring Autumn Spring Autumn Spring Autumn 1 Dagrahan 0.75 0.25 5.00 1.50 6.70 6.00 2 Daulladhar 0.75 0.25 5.50 1.25 7.73 5.00 3 Jakatkhana 0.75 0.25 5.70 1.60 7.50 6.33 4 Majehar 0.75 0.25 5.60 1.71 7.43 6.86 5 Nal 0.58 0.25 4.70 1.50 8.00 6.00 6 Rouna 0.70 0.25 4.40 1.70 8.80 6.70 7 Seota 0.69 0.38 5.75 2.13 8.36 5.70 All 0.68 0.27 5.27 1.70 7.81 6.11 Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.20 Source wise gross household income Table 4.15 reveals source wise gross household income of sample beneficiaries. It can be noticed from the table that sericulture enhanced the income of beneficiaries by 1 to 3% with an average absolute figure of Rs 3581 which was 2.07% of total household income. Without sericulture, the average gross household income of sample beneficiaries was found to be Rs 1, 69,818 which was derived from agriculture, dairy, reservoir fishery and fruit crops. Since the area is rain- fed and only wheat and maize were the crops grown, therefore, the income level

32 was low and likewise the overall household income from all sources was Rs 1, 73,399 of which mostly came from agriculture and allied activities. In Rouna village, the average household income was highest of Rs 2, 60,490 with lowest of Rs 1, 13,275 in Daulladhar. In many of the villages Daullas and Draies had major source from reservoir fishery. To conclude it can be said that sericulture enhanced the income of sample households by over 2%. The overall average income generated from sericulture was Rs 3,581 and the overall from all sources was Rs 1, 73,399.

Table 4.15 Source wise gross household income on sample beneficiary households (Rs/hh/annum) Sr. Name of Source Total No. village Sericulture Agriculture and allied sources 1 Dagrahan 3,425 1,42,500 1,45,925 (2.35) (97.65) (100) 2 Daulladhar 3,475 1,09,800 1,13,275 (3.07) (96.93) (100) 3 Jakatkhana 3,829 1,45,467 1,49,296 (2.56) (97.44) (100) 4 Majehar 3,836 1,54,928 1,58,764 (2.42) (97.58) (100) 5 Nal 3,058 1,34,184 1,37,242 (2.23) (97.77) (100) 6 Rouna 2,860 2,57,630 2,60,490 (1.10) (98.90) (100) 7 Seota 4,119 1,71,200 1,75,319 (2.35) (97.65) (100) All 3,581 1,69,818 1,73,399 (2.07) (97.93) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.21 Source wise employment pattern Since sericulture activities confined to a fixed period of about 30 days for each crop raised in spring and autumn seasons. The spring crop was raised by all the beneficiary households, however, autumn crop confined to about 30% beneficiaries due to more humidity and busy schedule of farmers in other crops as well as inadequate supply of mulberry leaves. The employment pattern observed on sample households is depicted in Table 4.16. It can be noticed from the table that in all 42 days of employment was generated by sericulture avocation with its % share of 11.32 in the total employment of 371 days per household per annum. Agriculture and allied activities were the major employment providers which accounted for 88.68% in total employment. The variability in employment pattern across sample villages was very high reason being the farmers were allocated homogenously in a

33 very compact area lying near Govind Sagar dam and within a range of almost 10-12 km from the project office Jakatkhana. To conclude it can be said that in all 371 days employment was generated in the sample area in which the contribution of sericulture was 11.32% with an absolute figure of 42 days. The major source of income provider that is, agriculture and its allied activities generated 329 days employment per household per annum in the sericulture project Jakatkhana study area.

Table 4.16 Source wise employment generation on sample households (Mandays/hh/annum) Sr. Name of Source Total No. village Sericulture Agriculture and allied sources 1 Dagrahan 41 330 371 (11.05) (88.95) (100) 2 Daulladhar 42 303 345 (12.17) (87.83) (100) 3 Jakatkhana 43 310 353 (12.18) (87.82) (100) 4 Majehar 42 341 383 (10.97) (89.03) (100) 5 Nal 43 342 385 (11.17) (88.83) (100) 6 Rouna 38 332 370 (10.27) (89.73) (100) 7 Seota 44 329 373 (11.80) (88.20) (100) All 42 329 371 (11.32) (88.68) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.22 Assets creation Table 4.17 gives information on assets creation as a result of earning income from sericulture. It can be seen from the table that kitchen items like fridge, the furniture, education of children, food & nutrition, repayment of loan, completion of silkworm rearing house and deposits in rural saving schemes were the areas of reinvestment or assets creation. Among different sources of spending, education of wards followed by health, that is, food and nutrition were the major items. Where sample beneficiaries spent income earned from sericulture. To sum up it can be said that sample beneficiary considered education of their wards as the most important area where the income earned from sericulture could be spent followed by health (food and nutrition items) of the family. On the whole it can be concluded that sericulture has provided extra incentives for education and health in the study area.

Table 4.17 Assets creation on sample households (No.) Sr. Name of Kitchen Furniture Health Education Loan Repair Saving No. village items (food & of wards repayment of silk & nutrition) worm deposit rearing house 1 Dagrahan - 1 - - - - - (100) 2 Daulladhar - - - - - 1 - (100) 3 Jakatkhana - 1 2 1 1 - 1 (16.67) (33.32) (16.67) (16.67) (16.67) 4 Majehar - 1 2 3 - 1 - (14.29) (28.57) (42.86) (14.29) 5 Nal - - 1 2 - - - (33.33) (66.67) 6 Rouna 1 1 1 1 - - 1 (20.00) (20.00) (20.00) (20.00) (20.00) 7 Seota - - 2 2 - - - (50.00) (50.00) All 1 4 8 9 1 2 2 (3.70) (14.81) (29.63) (33.33) (3.70) (7.41) (7.41)

Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.23 Problems and constraints The problems and constraints reported by sample beneficiary households are depicted in Table 4.18. It can be seen from the table that inadequate financial support for constructing rearing house was the foremost problem reported by all the sample farmers. In the project area only Rs 10,000 per beneficiary household was provided for the construction of rearing shed which was found too meagre and thus none of the beneficiary could construct it. Some of the beneficiaries had either repaired their old house/rooms for sericulture purpose or some of the households had laid down only plinth for constructing new rearing houses. During the data collection the survey team could identify one household who had constructed silk worm rearing house in its right manner that too separate from his dwelling house from own savings as the financial source. It was expected that such assistance be raised to about Rs 1 lakh. Unfavourable climatic condition was another problem of the area. The project area of Jakatkhana is very near to Gobind Sagar Dam and most of the time upto 11.00 it is infested with fog. This fog enhances the humidity and lowers the temperature below the desirable limits in rearing silk worms. This problem was reported by 63% farmers. Non-remunerative price for cocoons was also one of the problems being reported by sample households. Since the mulberry plants introduced are new and old desi/local are few which do not meet the

35 individual beneficiary demand, thus he is to purchase leaves from his neighbours which enhances the cost of raising cocoons. Likewise the farmers feel that the price offered to them does not provide adequate price premium to remain in the business. Inadequate mulberry leaves problem was reported by 41 % sample households. Lack of awareness in rearing silkworms and untimely caring and improper of training mulberry trees were noticed another problem in the area. Problem of stray cattle and monkey menace were also reported by nearly 30% households. To conclude it can be said that inadequate financial help for rearing house followed by unfavourable climate, non-remunerative price and inadequate mulberry leaves were the problems and constraints in the sericulture development of Jakatkhana study area. To overcome same of the problems the beneficiaries need financial support and constant training to enhance their awearness and knowledge about the technology.

Table 4.18 Problems and constraints in sericulture (No.) Sr. Name of Stray Non Inadequat Unfavourabl Lack of Non Inadequate No. village cattle and remunerativ e e climate awareness availability amount for monkey e price for mulberry of market rearing menace cocoons leaves nearby shed 1 Dagrahan - 1 - 1 - - 1 (100) (100) (100) 2 Daulladhar - 1 1 1 1 - 1 (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) 3 Jakatkhana - 3 3 5 - - 6 (50.00) (50.00) (83.33) (100) 4 Majehar 7 4 2 2 2 2 7 (100) (57.14) (28.57) (28.57) (28.57) (28.57) (100) 5 Nal - 1 2 1 1 3 3 (33.33) (66.67) (33.33) (33.33) (100) (100) 6 Rouna - 2 1 5 - - 5 (40.00) (20.00) (100) (100) 7 Seota 1 3 2 2 - 1 4 (25.00) (75.00) (50.00) (50.00) (25.00) (100) All 8 15 11 17 4 6 27 (29.63) (55.56) (40.74) (62.96) (14.81) (22.22) (100) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

4.24 Women empowerment The women empowerment was viewed from different angles like skill up gradation, social and economic status, the results of which have been presented in Table 4.19. It can be

36 observed from the table that sericulture raised economic status of nearly 78% women in the sample households followed by their social status. Since by knowing closely and practicing of rearing most important insect spinning silk, over one-half of the sample beneficiaries reported that women of their households have found their social status risen and resultantly they were consulted for other activities by the public servants in implementing other rural development programmes. The technical skill of rearing silk worm was another area of women empowerment noticed in the study area. To sum up it can be noticed that sericulture activity could raise the economic and social status of rural women in Jakatkhana sericulture project area of district Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh.

Table 4.19 Women empowerment in different spheres of sample beneficiaries (No.) Sr. No. Name of village Skill upgradation Social status Economic status 1 Dagrahan - - 1 (100) 2 Daulladhar - - - 3 Jakatkhana 2 3 5 (33.33) (50.00) (50.00) 4 Majehar 1 4 6 (14.29) (57.14) (85.71) 5 Nal - 2 3 (66.67) (100) 6 Rouna 1 3 4 (20.00) (60.00) (80.00) 7 Seota - 2 2 Total 4 14 21 (14.81) (51.85) (77.78) Note-Figures in parentheses are percentages of total Source: Field survey, January, 2014

CHAPTER 5

INTANGIBLE GAINS AND LOSSES

In this chapter an attempt has been made to highlight the expected intangible gains and losses of the Special Central Assistance (SCA) of Central Silk Board executed in Jakatkhana area of Tehsil and development block Shri Naina Devi Ji at Swarghat district Bilaspur of Himachal Pradesh. 5.1 Expected environmental/ecological impact In the following paragraph the positive environmental/ecological impacts of the project have been highlighted (Table 5.1) To begin with it is expected that the mulberry plantation on bunds & fields/waste land of private farms and government waste land help in reducing the soil erosion and mulberry fruits act as attraction to birds of different species and to a certain extent to human being. The mulberry plants particularly of S146 variety help in enhanced supply of oxygen, cool climate and increased greenery during summer because of more biomass per tree; rise in rainfall due to more area under agro-forestry on public and private land may be another advantage. The wastages of silkworm after cocoon harvest may act as food for fishes in the Jeori patten beat of Gobind Sagar dam. Similarly, in the near future there is potential for the setting up of silk reeling cum weaving units providing ample scope for the additional employment and income generation. The twigs of mulberry provide good material for the preparation of baskets used in carriage activities as well as acts as fuel wood to poor farmers mostly of BPL category. The timber from matured mulberry tree provides raw material for agricultural implements and wood based industry. Besides, the left over mulberry leaves fallen on the fields act as manure and food for worms used for vermi-culture. The wastage of silkworm may act as FYM rich in nutrients; mulberry leaves rich in nutrition may further help in increasing the yield of different species of livestock like bovine and goat milk (Table 5.1).

Since, mulberry fruits acts as attraction to monkeys which destroy other crops nearby is the negative impact of one of the project activities. The sericulture farm earlier set up near forest area few years back has already been destroyed by the stray cattle and monkey. Thereafter the new farm is being developed near the project office area and in the middle of beneficiary villages. The silk worm reared in rearing house are attraction to rats, lizard and mongoose and during this time they destroy other things in the dwelling houses. Harmful insects eating

38 bark and wood of mulberry trees raised near agricultural fields breeds many other insects harmful to other trees & crops (Table 5.2). To sum up, while comparing the intangible gains and losses, the intangible benefits of SCA project were more than their intangible losses.

Table 5.1 Perceived positive environmental/ecological impacts of the project Sr. Particulars Positive impacts No. 1. Soil erosion The mulberry plantation on bunds & fields/waste land of private farms and government waste land reduce the soil erosion 2. Ecological Attraction to birds eating mulberry fruits habitats 3. Climate Plants particularly of S146 variety of mulberry help in enhanced supply of oxygen, cool climate and increased greenery during summer 4. Precipitation Rise in rainfall due to more area under agro-forestry in public and private land 5. Food The wastages of silkworm may act as food for fishes 6. Scenic beauty Rise in number of trees along rural village roads increases beauty 7. Tourist Rising number of silk reeling and weaving units and cocoon attraction growers may attract tourists in the state 8. Allied agro The twigs of mulberry provide good material for the preparation of waste baskets used in carriage activities as well as acts as fuel wood to enterprises poor farmers. The timber from matured mulberry trees provide raw material for agricultural implements and wood based industry 9. Agricultural The left over mulberry leaves fallen on the fields acts as manure production and food for vermi-culture. The wastage of silkworm may act as FYM rich in nutrients 10. Livestock Mulberry leaves rich in nutrition help in increasing the yield of products different species of livestock Source: Field survey, January, 2014

Table 5.2 Perceived negative environmental/ecological impacts of the project Sr. Particulars Negative impacts No. 1. Ecological Mulberry fruits acts as attraction to monkeys in the nearby fields, habitats destroying other crops 2. Harmful Silk worm are attraction to rats, lizard and mongoose in the rearing creatures house that destroy other things as well 3. Crop diseases Insects eating bark and wood of mulberry trees raised near agricultural fields give birth to many other insects harmful to other trees & crops Source: Field survey, January, 2014

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Introduction Sericulture has now assumed a great importance as a premier village & cottage industry among the agrarian community in the state that has adopted it as a subsidiary occupation to supplement their income. Sericulture generates 07 lakh mandays employment for the rural people of the state. Currently, sericulture provides a fairly remunerative occupation to over 9000 families in 1836 villages and its major concentration is found in Bilaspur, Mandi, Hamirpur, Kangra, Una and Sirmour Districts. During 11th plan period and latter (2007-08 to 2012-13), silk cocoons production registered growth of 12.50% p.a, which has been 183.76 metric tonnes during 2012-13. The revenue earned from sericulture during this period recorded a phenomenal growth of 47.39% p.a. The growth in number of rural families adopting sericulture was found to be 1.46% p.a. Similarly area under mulberry tree plantation also observed increase in growth to the extent of 18.81% which was 685 ha in 2007-08 and increased to 1458 ha during 2012-13. Among the districts practicing sericulture, district Bilaspur is the biggest producer of silk-cocoons, sharing 35% production followed by Mandi (25 %), Kangra (22 %) and Hamirpur (16 %).

The Department has set-up Sericulture Divisional Offices (SDOs) to look after sericulture development in the districts. From infrastructure point of view and following a systematic approach extensively in the potential areas, the Department has further set-up Sericulture Extension-cum-Chawki Centres. These sericulture centres conduct incubation of silkworm eggs, young age rearing and distribute chawki-reared silkworms to the farmers for late age rearing for production of silk cocoons, besides distributing mulberry saplings and providing technical guidance to the sericulturists. In Bilaspur, Kangra, Mandi and Hamirpur district, there are silk reeling units functioning in the private sector for production of bivoltine raw silk. During 11th plan period 2008-09 onwards, the sericulture wing of Directorate of Industries, Himachal Pradesh has got implemented Special Central Assistance (SCA) of Central Silk Board (CSB) for sericulture at Jakatkhana under Silk Seed Production Office, Ghumarwin for introducing sericulture activities namely; silk cocoon, post cocoon and

40 service sector, etc in 12 villages where majority of the people belong to scheduled castes comprising Harijan, Doomna, Kabirpanthi, Daulla, etc.

Since this project was implemented about five years ago and now sufficient time has been elapsed to examine the impact of different components of such a programme in terms of income enhancement, employment generation, health & education improvement, assets creation or capital formation and of course the social, economical and political empowerment of women since sericulture activity has been regarded as women oriented who with their nimble hands care the silk worms and cocoons gently. Apart from silk, there are several other by-products from sericulture and moriculture activities e.g. herbal medicine, handmade twigs‟ products like baskets used for carriage/storage activities and fuel for domestic purpose and fodder for cattle. Further, the mulberry plantation helps in soil preservation and saving soil from erosion. Sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the living standards of people in the rural area. Thus the cultivation of mulberry is one of the most important factors in the production of silkworm eggs, rearing of silkworm cocoons and on the whole in the entire operation of sericulture. It is with this background that the Silk Seed Production Office Ghumarwin functioning under sericulture wing of Directorate of Industries, H P has entrusted the responsibility to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology CSK HPKV, Palampur for “Impact Study on Special Central Assistance (SCA) for Sericulture Project at Jakatkhana”. Therefore, the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology, CSK HPKV, Palampur conducted a study with the following objectives:

6.2 Objectives

 To examine component wise physical and financial achievements of SCA sericulture project, Jakatkhana.  To carry out socio- economic analysis and to quantify socio-economic impacts of the project, and  To suggest interventions as an input for formulation of future strategy for the development of sericulture and overall improvement in the livelihoods of beneficiaries in Jakatkhana area of district Bilaspur.

6.3 The approach Random sampling method was used to approach the beneficiary households in seven inhabited villages of Jakatkhana area located in Tehsil and Development Block Shri Naina Deviji at Swarghat with official control from sericulture division Ghumarwin. Total sample of 27 beneficiaries was chosen through random sampling from 7 villages. The information from them was sought on schedules by making personal visits to their households. The secondary data were collected from divisional office Ghumarwin and local sericulture office of the project at Jakatkhana. The primary data were collected from the beneficiaries receiving full package of assistance for mulberry saplings, separate rearing shed, rearing equipment, etc and other stakeholders using well-designed and pre-tested formats following personal interview method/technique. The data on various socio economic aspects like background, demographic features, ownership of land and assets, number of mulberry trees raised on bunds & fields and dependence on the common property resources, construction of silk worm rearing shed, rearing appliances, silk worms use for cocoons production, production and disposal of cocoons, etc, marketing system of cocoons and associated marketing problems, asset creation, women empowerment and source wise annual household income and employment generation. Analysis of the data was made by using descriptive statistics. Relationship among various variables was studied using appropriate statistical techniques like cross tabulation, percentages, averages and trend analysis.

6.4 Major findings  The detailed analysis of secondary data mainly reveals that almost all the physical and financial targets of SCA project have been achieved. The impact of all the activities has been in positive direction as far as knowledge awareness of beneficiaries, the mulberry plantation and cocoon production through improved rearing equipments is concerned. However, the proposed model of rearing shed could not convert into its reality due to paucity of funds disbursed to beneficiaries. Only two sample households had constructed separate rearing house mainly from their own savings and little amount received from the department (see photo). The survival rate of mulberry plants was not only low in the area but their growth was also slow because of poor texture (rocky and stony) of soil.

 The use of silk seed, cocoon production per household and its average yield were found rising. The cocoon production in the project area recorded highest growth rate of 105% p.a during 4 years of project period. Silk seed also witnessed higher annual growth of 82.50% but the average yield of cocoons per ounce of seed showed poor growth of just 5.33% p.a mainly due to inadequate supply of mulberry leaves. In the initial year of 2010-11 only 32 farmers could grow cocoons in 12 villages whose number grew to 172 and 20 in 2013-14 thus showing growth rate of 109% and 17%, respectively.

 Majority of the beneficiary households were female headed in whose name the sericulture benefits were granted and that agriculture was their major source of livelihood. Harijan, Julah, Doomna and Darei were the main sub-castes of scheduled caste beneficiary households.

 Nearly two third of the sample households had family members four to five and one- fourth had above five with overall family size of 5.4. Joint family system dominated in the area. Nearly 56% sample households belonged joint family system in comparison to 44% who came from nucleus base.

 The average size of land holding on sample households was 0.52 ha where the average number of mulberry plants raised per household was 144 with highest of 290 in Nal and lowest of 40 in Dagrahan.

 All the sample households had sericulture experience of six to seven years since the beginning of sericulture project, Jakatkhana made in 2008.  The average usage of silk worm seed on beneficiary households was 0.68 and 0.27 ounce which led to produce 5.27 and 1.70 kg per household dry cocoons with average yield of just 7.81 and 6.11 kg per ounce in spring and autumn seasons, respectively.

 Sericulture enhanced the income of sample households by over 2%. The overall average income generated from sericulture was Rs 3,581 and the overall from all sources was Rs 1, 73,399.

 In all 371 man days equivalent employment was generated in the sample area in which the contribution of sericulture was 11.32% with an absolute figure of 42 mandays. The major source of income provides, that is, agriculture and its allied activities generated 329 mandays employment per household per annum in the sericulture project, Jakatkhana study area.  Sample beneficiaries considered education of their wards as the most important area where the income earned from sericulture could be spent followed by health (food and nutrition items) of the family. On the whole it can be concluded that sericulture has provided extra incentives for education and health in the study area.

 Inadequate financial help for rearing house followed by unfavourable climate, non- remunerative price and inadequate mulberry leaves were the problems and constraints in the sericulture development of Jakatkhana study area. To overcome some of the problems the beneficiaries need financial support and constant training along with exposure visits to enhance their awareness and efficiency for sericulture production technology.

 Sericulture activity could raise the economic and social status of rural women in Jakatkhana sericulture project area of district Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh. 6.5 Policy implications  Mulberry plants are not performing well in the newly allotted surplus land to the scheduled caste beneficiaries due to stony and rocky structure of land. However, in cultivated land performance is much better. If irrigation facility is provided to such newly allotted called Nautod land, the mulberry plants may perform better because the plants mainly dry in summer, though they thrive well in rainy season.

 There is shortage of mulberry leaves hence the farmers depend upon their neighbour farmers for meeting their deficiencies which enhances the cost of cocoon production. The department of sericulture has provided S146 and S30 variety mulberry plants giving better yield than local variety mulberry. Such efforts need to be strengthened. Community suitable surplus land may be used for raising mulberry garden to combat the shortage of mulberry leaves.

 Since there was a provision of Rs 10,000 for the construction of a rearing shed (to be disbursed in 3 installments). The amount was so meager that almost all the beneficiaries could not raise a rearing shed. Either they got renovated one of the rooms of existing houses or used the money in constructing pucca roofs/walls of such rooms to be used for rearing purpose. Very few beneficiaries had laid down plinth with the hope that the department may further extend financial support for the construction of a rearing shed/house. It is recommended that the beneficiaries be extended enhanced financial support of at least Rs 1 lakh for rearing house on the pattern of CDP project implemented in other parts of the district during 11th five year plan.

 The awareness level of beneficiaries has reached around 45% due to new to the profession and taking much interest as there were limited options for diversification. In making them fully aware and equally efficient resource user in the enterprise, the department should continue the process of organizing training and awareness camps along with exposure visits within and outside the state.

Appendix 1: Performa for Impact Study on (SCA) for Sericulture Project at Jakatkhana Code GSC VILL GP BEN NAME & FATH/ HUSB QUALI- CONT No. OCU (DPW/ HH CAT CAS IF REAR No. (2) (3) (4) HEAD OF HH (M/F) NAME FICATION (8) CULT/SERV) (APL/BPL/ (SC/OBC/ HOUS (1) (5) (6) (7) (9) IRDP/Anto) ST/Gen) INVST(STATUS) (10) (11) (12) 1

PAGE 2 CODE FAM LAND LAND MULL SERI NO. OF RACKS (18) GHI (RS) INCOME INCOME EMP NO. SIZE (NO.) HOLD MULL PLANT (No) (16) EXP (YRS) (19) WITHOUTSERI WITH BEF (13) (In Kanal) (In Kanal) On On (17) (In Rs) SERI SERI (14) (15) Fields Bunds Wooden Iron (20) (In Rs) (In (21) days) (22)

PAGE 3 CODE EMP COCN COCN COCN COCN SEED SEED ASTCR ASTCR ASTCR ASTC IMP EQUIPMENS NO. AFT PRDN PRDN PRICE PRICE RECIVED RECIVED (LAND) (JWL/ (STOR) R (HLTH RECIVED SERI SPRNG ATMN SPRG ATMN (IN OWNS ) (IN OWNS) (30) BED) (32) (RES/ /NUTR/ (35) (In (Per Kg.) (Per (In Rs) (In Rs) (AUTMAN) (SPRING) (31) HOUS) EDN) Days) (24) Kg.) (26) (27) (28) (29) (33) (34) (23) (25)

PAGE 4 CODE WOMN WOMN WOMN WOMN PROBLM PROBLM PROBLM PROBLM PROBLM PROBLEM ANY NO. EMPR EMPR EMPR EMPR INAD SEED INAD DEF PMT MKT & REAR OF BATTER PROBLM (SKILL) (SOCL) (ECON) (POLT) (Y/N) MULLEA (Y/N) WHERE HOUS PRICE V Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) (Y/N) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46)

Appendix 2: List of sample beneficiaries selected for study under SCA sericulture project, Jakatkhana Sr. Name Father’s / Husband Name Contact No. Village No. 1. Mahinder Singh S/o Sh. Bala Ram 96251-78490 Dagrahan 2. Charan Dass S/oSh. Balo Ram 94595-92435 Daulladhar 3. Mahinder Jaipal S/o Sh. Mansa Ram 98821-72343 Jakatkhana 4. Pano Devi W/o Sh.Ram Lal 98176-88363 Jakatkhana 5. Samti Devi W/o Sh.Rattan Lal 98828-09913 Jakatkhana 6. Pawan Kumar S/o Sh. Kalu Ram 82629-17479 Jakatkhana 7. Banto Devi W/o Sh. Nikku Ram 98828-09913 Jakatkhana 8. Loku Ram S/o Sh. Nandu Ram 01978-316683 Jakatkhana 9. Leela Devi W/o Sh. Ram Krishan 98175-67565 Majehar 10. Kaushlya Devi W/o Sh. Shyam Lal 98175-67565 (PP) Majehar 11. Sona Devi W/o Sh. Sohan Lal 98175-67565 (PP) Majehar 12 Kaushlya Devi W/o Sh. Amar Nath 98175-67565 (PP) Majehar 13. Krishna Devi W/o Sh. Balak Ram 94186-94190 Majehar 14. Foola Devi W/o Sh. Nand Lal 94186-94190 (PP) Majehar 15. Chajju Ram S/o Sh. Bhagtu Ram 94186-94190 (PP) Majehar 16. Narayan Dass S/o Sh. Bhagu Ram 98820-39452 Nal 17. Jagdish S/o Sh. Santu Ram 98820-39452 (PP) Nal 18. Jamna Devi W/o Sh. Dhani Ram 98820-39452 (PP) Nal 19. Roop Lal S/o Sh. Bali Ram 94595-92067 Rouna 20. Chet Ram S/o Sh. Gokul Ram 01978-232232 Rouna 21. Prabhu Ram S/o Sh. Ram Ditu 01978-232144 Rouna 22. Nikku S/o Sh. Ram Ditu 01978-232144(PP) Rouna 23. Banto Devi W/o Sh. Roshan Lal 01978-232232 Rouna 24. Ganga Devi W/o Sh. Shyam Lal 98175-99956 Seota 25. Sheela Devi W/o Sh. Charan Dass 98172-47404 Seota 26. Roop Lal S/o Sh. Asha Ram 98174-27494 Seota 27. Devki Devi W/o Sh. Krishanu Ram 98172-95380 Seota

Appendix 3: List of all beneficiaries under SCA Sericulture Project, Jakatkhana Sr. Name Father/ Husband’s Village Address No name 1 Sh. Gian Chand S/o Budhi Ram Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 2 Sh. Nikka Ram S/o Sh. Garditu Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 3 Sh. Jagdish S/o Sh. Santu Ram Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 4 Sh. Narayan S/o Sh. Bhagu Ram Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 5 Smt. Jamna Devi W/o Sh. Dhani Ram Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 6 Sh. Raj Pal S/o Sh.Nikka Ram Nal P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 7 Smt. Binta Devi S/o Sh. Chottu Ram Nal P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 8 Sh. Mehar Singh S/o Sh.Ram Dhan Cheli P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 9 Sh. Surender S/o Sh. Jeet Ram Cheli P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 10 Sh. Lekh Ram S/o Sh. Sunder Ram Cheli P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 11 Sh. Ram Dass S/o Sh. Khaniya Ram Cheli P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Naina Devi Ji 12 Smt. Roopa Devi W/o Sh. Sada Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 13 Sh. Shyam Lal S/o Sh. Munshi Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 14 Sh. Madan Lal S/o Sh. Chunka Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 15 Sh. Roshan Lal S/o Sh. Chunka Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 16 Sh.Parkash Chand S/o Sh. Niku Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 17 Sh. Om Prakash S/o Sh. Bhagat Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 18 Sh. Kamla Devi S/o Sh. Sukh Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 19 Sh. Prem Lal S/o Sh. Tulshi Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 20 Sh. Mahesh Pal S/o Sh. Chet Ram Nera P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ji Kundh 21 Smt. Devki Devi W/o Sh. Krishanu Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ram 22 Smt. Nirmala Devi S/o Sh. Rattan Lal Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 23 Sh. Neena Devi S/o Sh. Sukhdev Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 24 Sh. Sheela Devi S/o Sh. Charan Dass Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 25 Smt. Ganga Devi S/o Sh. Shyam Lal Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 26 Sh. Roop Lal S/o Sh. Asha Ram Seota P.O. Tanbhol Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 27 Sh. Prakash Chand S/o Sh. Nikka Ram Narli P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 28 Sh. Nand Lal S/o Sh. Dhansoi P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 29 Sh. Krishan Lal S/o Sh. Prabhu Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 30 Miss Monika D/o Sh. Roshan Lal Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 31 Smt. Sumti Devi W/o Sh. Rattan Lal Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 32 Sh. Lal Chand S/o Sh. Krishanu Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi

33 Sh. Premi Lal S/o Sh. Mast Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 34 Sh. Krishan Chand S/o Sh. Devi Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 35 Sh. Hari Dass S/o Sh. Jalu Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 36 Sh. Prabhu Ram S/o Sh. Ram Dittu Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 37 Sh. Mast Ram S/o Sh. Sant Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 38 Sh. Baldev Singh S/o Sh. Nikku Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 39 Sh. Niku Ram S/o Sh. Ram Dittu Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 40 Sh. Chet Ram S/o Sh.Gokal Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 41 Sh. Sunder Ram S/o Sh. Gokal Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 42 Sh. Lekh Ram S/o Sh. Sh. Gokal Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 43 Smt. Reeta Devi S/o Sh. Roop Lal Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 44 Sh. Bhagat Ram S/o Sh. Ram Ditu Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 45 Smt. Kala Devi S/o Sh. Balbir Singh Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 46 Smt. Nirmala Devi S/o Sh. Sukhdev Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 47 Sh. Prem Dass S/o Sh. Chunka Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 48 Sh. Prem Dass S/o Sh. Sant Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 49 Sh. Raj Kumar S/o Sh. Budhi Ram Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 50 Sh. Jitender Kumar S/o Sh. Hari Singh Rauna P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 51 Sh.Ram Dhan S/o Sh. Jablu Ram Jeour P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 52 Sh. Rattan Lal S/o Sh. Jablu Ram Jeour P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 53 Sh. Shyam Lal S/o Sh. Mahantu Ram Jeour P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 54 Sh. Raj Pal S/o Sh. Daya Ram Jeor P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 55 Sh. Geeta Devi S/o Sh. Ram Saran . Tikari P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 56 Sh. Prabhu Ram S/o Sh. Hiru Ram Bhater P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 57 Sh. Ram Lal S/o Sh. Ram Nath Bhater P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 58 Sh. Jai Pal S/o Sh. Mansha Ram Bhater P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 59 Sh. Balak Ram S/o Sh. Budhi Ram Talli P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 60 Sh. Rakesh Kumar S/o Sh. Krishan Dutt Talli P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 61 Sh. Sanjay Kumar S/o Sh. Rattan Lal Talli P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 62 Sh. Kamal Dev S/o Sh. Ram Singh Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 63 Sh. Subhash Chand S/o Sh.Ram Singh Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 64 Sh. Mahender Pal S/o Sh. Bala Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 65 Sh. Roop Lal S/o Sh. Bakshi Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 66 Sh. Charan Dass S/o Sh.Balo Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 67 Sh. Rattan Lal S/o Sh. Sansaru Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 68 Sh. Birbal Ram S/o Sh. Hari Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 69 Sh. Thakur Dass S/o Sh. Birbal Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 70 Sh. Lekh Ram S/o Sh. Sansaru Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 71 Sh. Dev Ram S/o Sh. Balo Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 72 Sh. Dhani Ram S/o Sh. Balo Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 73 Sh.Krishanu Ram S/o Sh. Sansaru Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 74 Sh. Sher Singh S/o Sh. Tulshi Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 75 Sh. Jasi Ram S/o Sh. Tulshi Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 76 Smt. Banto Devi W/o Late Sh. Nikku Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Ram

77 Sh. Pawan Kumar S/o Sh. Kalu Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 78 Sh. Loku Ram S/o Sh. Nandu Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 79 Sh. Amar Singh S/o Sh. Bakshi Ram Dagrahan P.O. Jakatkhana Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 80 Smt. Soma Devi W/o Sh. Prithvi Chand Dharkans P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi hi 81 Smt. Soma Devi W/o Sh. Bhajan Lal Dharkans P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi hi 82 Smt. Karmi Devi W/o Sh. Raj Kumar Dharkans P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi hi 83 Smt. Kaushalya W/o Sh. Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Devi 84 Smt. Premi Devi W/o Sh. Roshan Lal Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 85 Sh. Geeta Ram S/o Sh. Gokul Ram Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 86 Smt. Sona Devi W/o Sh. Sohan Lal Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 87 Smt. Kaushalya W/o Sh. Shyam Lal Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Devi 88 Sh.Chet Ram S/o Sh. Julfi Ram Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 89 Smt. Leela Devi W/o Sh. Ram Krishan Majher P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 90 Smt. Savitri Devi W/o Sh. Ramesh Bhulan P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Chand 91 Smt. Jaswinder W/o Sh. Chaman Lal Bhulan P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi Kaur 92 Sh. Popo Ram S/o Sh. Sheru Ram Jabbal P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 93 Sh. Prakash Chand S/o Sh. Santhoka Ram Kathla P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 94 Sh. Sukh Ram S/o Sh. Kapura Ram Kathla P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 95 Sh. Jamna Dass S/o Sh. Roshan Lal Kathla P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 96 Sh. Vijay Kumar S/o Sh. Mansha Ram Kathla P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 97 Sh. Surjit Ram S/o Sh. Mansha Ram Dadrana P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 98 Smt. Krishna Devi W/o Sh. Balak Ram Samletu P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 99 Smt. Foola Devi W/o Sh. Nand Lal Samletu P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 10 Sh. Chhajju Ram S/o Sh. Bhagtu Ram Thapna P.O. Kutela Tehsil Shri Naina Devi 0

Appendix 4: Achievement of physical and financial targets under SCA Project, Jakatkhana Sr. Component 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 No Quantity Amount Quantity Amount Quantity Amount (Rs (Rs lakh) (Rs lakh) lakh) 1 Raising and 100 5.94 - - - - maintenance of mulberry plants 2 Organizing training 100 4.00 - - - - and development programme

3 Construction of chawki 1 5.00 - - - - rearing centres 4 Raising and 1 3.00 - - - - maintenance of mulberry garden 5 Purchase of Lump- 2.06 - - - - equipments for chawki sum rearing centre 6 Assistance for the - - 100 10.00 - - construction of rearing shed by farmers @ Rs 10,000 7 Construction of cocoon - - 1 20.00 - - marketing centre at Jakatkhana 8 Purchase of machinery - - - - Lump- 1.00 for cocoon marketing sum centre 9 Study tour and - - - - 100 2.50 exposure visit of farmers 10 For conducting impact - - - - - 0.50 assessment study 11 Supply of rearing - - - - 100 9.45 equipment and disinfectant material 12 Purchase of equipments - - - - Lump- 0.94 for chawki rearing sum centre Total 2.06 30.00 14.39 Source: Office of the silk seed production officer, Ghumarwin (Bilaspur)