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Study of the Contribution of Nobel Prize Winners to the Development of Atomic and Nuclear Physics in Pedagogical Universities

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Study of the Contribution of Nobel Prize Winners to the Development of Atomic and Nuclear Physics in Pedagogical Universities European Journal of Science and Theology, February 2016, Vol.12, No.1, 69-80 _______________________________________________________________________ STUDY OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITIES Fairuza Musovna Sabirova* Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Yelabuga Institute, Kazanskaya Street 89, Yelabuga, 423604, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia (Received 24 July 2015, revised 11 November 2015) Abstract The article is devoted to the importance of the study of the contribution of Nobel Prize winners to the development of Atomic and Nuclear physics in the pedagogical universities. The article describes the advances that have been nominated in the Atomic and Nuclear physics and provides basic information about the Nobel Prize winners. In the article the biographical method of teaching Physics in the future teacher training has been used. Using this method allows to „humanize‟ the Physics course and wider reveal the context of Physics inventions. This method also promotes training of a Physics teacher not only as a professional, but also as a developed personality, as it allows significantly expanding the students‟ outlook, add some variety in the content of the Physics course, as well as to prepare creative teachers. Keywords: history of science, culture, atom, nucleus, structure 1. Introduction In the modern conditions of the process of training a future teacher it is necessary not only to train his/her main profession, but also to develop his/her general culture and involve him/her in the expansion of the outlook. One of the sources of cultural and intellectual development is the study of the History of science, which not only contributes to the deepening of knowledge on the subject, conscious and mastering acquisition of this knowledge, but also to the formation of general cultural competences. The study of any science, including Physics, is inextricably linked with the study of the history of this science, which contributes not only to the deepening of the knowledge on the studied subject, but also to the preparation for future career. * E-mail: [email protected] Sabirova/European Journal of Science and Theology 12 (2016), 1, 69-80 2. The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize is one of the most prestigious international prizes, awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or major contribution to the culture or society development. The Nobel Prize has been awarded since 1901 for works in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, literature and „for Peace‟ (Nobel Prize for Peace) [1]. The prize founder Alfred Nobel put Physics in the first place, and it was not by accident: in the nineteenth century Physics was regarded as the most developed part of Natural science, which reflected to the greatest extent all the main features of this phenomenon that nowadays we regard as modern science. In the twentieth century the following discoveries that have radically changed the physical picture of the world have been made: the Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory, Special and General relativity were established, the atom theory was constructed, models of the structure of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles were created. The discovery of radioactivity and nuclear fission, the implementation of the fission chain reaction had a significant impact on the image of technical and technological world image. Many physical discoveries and fundamental physical ideas were appreciated by the Nobel Prizes in Physics [2, 3]. On one hand, they promoted and still promote the development of experimental Physics and other fields of scientific research. On the other hand, they led to revolutionary changes in the technological position of the society [4]. That is why the study of the history of these discoveries by students of pedagogical universities plays an important role in increasing students‟ interest in the studied disciplines, broadening their outlook and better understanding of many physical processes and phenomena associated with the structure of the elements of the microcosm. The biographical method, which allows to consider the discoveries and achievements in the context of the era and human life, has an important role in the acquisition of this material [5-7]. The experience has shown that information on the Nobel Prize winners and their contribution to the development of a certain branch of Physics can be included in the content of the studied course of Physics [8]. The best opportunities to explore the information on the Nobel Prize winners and their discoveries in the Atomic and Nuclear physics can be revealed in the study of the „History of Physics‟, „History of Science and Technology‟, which are provided in the programs for training of pedagogic education bachelors. 3. The Nobel Prize on Atomic and Nuclear physics Atomic and nuclear physics is a branch of Physics devoted to the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus, radioactive decay processes and the mechanism of nuclear reactions. Atomic physics emerged in the late nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. In the first decade of the twentieth century it was found that the atom consists of a nucleus and electrons bound by electric forces. In the first stage of its development, Atomic physics also covered issues related 70 Study of the contribution of Nobel Prize winners to the structure of the atomic nucleus. In the thirties, it became clear that the nature of the interactions within the atomic nucleus is different from one in the outer membrane of the atom, and in the forties Nuclear physics became a separate science. In the fifties the Physics of elementary particles separated from Nuclear physics. The present article describes the structure of Atomic and Nuclear physics, a reliable foundation of Physics, and the achievements of scientists in this area, which were awarded Nobel prizes. This information has been provided not chronologically, but namely in accordance with the specified logic of the development of Atomic and Nuclear physics. This is due to the fact that discoveries made in this field of Physics, were often awarded the prestigious Nobel Prizes decades later, only after they had received wide recognition. 3.1. The atomic structure In 1922, Niels Henrik David Bohr, a Danish physicist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical research in the field of atomic structure [9]. During his internship at Rutherford in 1911-1912 Bohr became interested in the problematic model of the atomic structure together with Rutherford. As a result, by 1913 he developed a planetary model of the atom in which the electron orbits the atom were only allowed stable orbits („Bohr atom‟). He showed that the spectral lines emitted by atoms can be explained by the fact that when moving from one allowed orbit to another, the electron gains or loses energy proportional to hν and equal to the difference between the energy states of the allowed levels, and emits a frequency ν. Although the Bohr model could explain only the simplest features of optical spectra, it has become an essential step in the development of quantum theory of the atom and the quantum theory as a whole. In particular, this model gave a theoretical justification of the Mendeleev periodic law. On the basis of this model, Bohr predicted the existence of a new chemical element – hafnium, discovered in 1923 by David Coster and Hevesy György. Interesting facts from the life of scientists: studying these discoveries, the students also learn about features of Bohr‟s bright personality. For example, Niels Bohr was the founder of the vast theoretical school, most representatives of which became Nobel Prize winners (F. Bloch, A. Bohr, W. Heisenberg, P. Dirac, H. Jensen, L.D. Landau, N. Mott, W. Pauli, I. Rabi, H. Yurey) and three scientists – I. Rabi, J. Slater and J. Wheeler – created their own Physics schools. Experience has shown that the students get interested in the information about citizenship and the scientists‟ hobbies. For example, such interesting facts: before the Second World War, at the end of the thirties the Bohr‟s laboratory became a refuge for scientists who were persecuted by the Nazi regime [4, p. 321], or that Niels Bohr was a member of the Danish national football team. In 1925 the German physicists James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize [The Nobel Prize in Physics. 1925, Official web site of the Nobel Prize, May 25, 2015, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/physics/laureates/1925/] for experiments on collisions of electrons with 71 Sabirova/European Journal of Science and Theology 12 (2016), 1, 69-80 atoms. Major studies have been associated with the excitation and ionization of mercury vapours by strokes of electrons, which formed the content of „Franck- Hertz experiment‟ (1913). In the experiment between the cathode and the grid they applied potential difference that accelerated electrons colliding with atoms of mercury vapours. Then the electrons were moving into the area where between the second grid and the anode a small potential difference was attached in the opposite direction, and the anode current dependence on the potential removed. It has been shown that when the values of the potential are greater than the critical value, electrons experiencing inelastic collisions with the atoms lose all the energy, whereby the current decreases sharply, indicating that the electron energy goes into the internal energy of the atoms, and the internal energy of the atom does not change continuously and takes only certain discrete values - it means it quantizes. This experience played an important role in the confirmation of the Bohr‟s quantum theory. Let us provide some interesting facts from the life of scientists: Frank‟s scientific activity began in the first third of the twentieth century, when he made a discovery in cooperation with Hertz and headed the Department of Experimental Physics of the Gottingen University in 1920.
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