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BERLIN Med Omland Tommy Book BERLIN med omland - hur storpolitik och gränsdragningar präglat ett storstadsområde Abstract Boundaries and frontiers are doubtless the ultimate key words in this book. District boundaries and local boundaries have in Berlin been upgraded to international frontiers, which in the years of the cold war turned into top-level politics. The drawing up of fron- tiers had an effect on all sectors of urban life and the majority of the chapters show the situation before and after the fall of the wall. Case studies also describe how east-west conflicts have been brought down to the carto- graphic level and examine the conversion process in the hinterland. Keywords: boundaries / frontiers, cartography, communications, east-west relations, town planning, hinterland and conversion. © Tommy Book, Växjö universitet, 2006 ISBN: 978-91-89317-37-6 Grafisk produktion: Cecilia Brandel, Växjö universitet Omslag: Bläck & Co Reklambyrå, Växjö Tryck. Intellecta Docusys, Göteborg Innehållsförteckning Förord……………………………………………………………………... 11 Inledning/indelning……………………………………………………..14 1. Den administrativa indelningen……………………………...15 1920-1989…………………………………………………………………... 15 Tiden efter 1989……………………………………………………………. 18 2. Ett successivt framväxande omland……………………….. 20 Den kronologiska utvecklingen………………………………………… 21 Perioden 1860-1920…………………………………………………….. 21 Perioden 1920-45……………………………………………………….. 22 Omlandets infrastruktur……………………………………………. 23 Perioden 1945-89……………………………………………………….. 24 Efter den 9 november 1989. Uppkomsten av nya olika omland…………25 På jakt efter en “korrekt” definition av omland…………………..... 26 Planläggningen inom Berlinregionen…………………………………. 29 Perioden 1860-1920…………………………………………………….. 29 Perioden 1920-45……………………………………………………….. 31 Perioden 1945-61……………………………………………………….. 32 Perioden 1961-89……………………………………………………….. 32 Perioden efter den 9 november 1989…………………………………… 33 Berlin som europeisk storstadsregion……………………………........ 34 Var Berlins plan- och utbyggnadssituation unik?.............................. 35 Paris…………………………………………………………………….. 36 London………………………………………………………………….. 38 Utomgränsbebyggelse i Sverige………………………………………… 38 3. Militär prägling av Berlin med omland under tre sekler…………………………………………………………………. 39 Tiden fram till 1945 ………………………………………………………39 Tredje Rikets krigs-/rustningsindustri ………………………………….. 42 Perioden 1945-89 ……………………………………………………….... 43 Sovjetzonen (SBZ) / DDR……………………………………………….43 Berlin ……………………………………………………………………45 Situationen efter ockupationstruppernas bortdragande …………. 46 Land Brandenburg………………………………………………………. 46 Berlin …………………………………………………………………… 48 Case study I: den stora garnisonen i den lilla byn – Wünsdorf….. 50 1. Kejsartiden ……………………………………………………………50 2. Mellankrigstiden………………………………………………………52 3. Den sovjetiska tiden…………………………………………………...53 a) 1945-89…………………………………………………………...53 b) Situationen fr.o.m. 1990…………………………………………. 55 Case study II: garnisoner i mindre städer……………………………. 59 a) Bernau……………………………………………………………….... 59 3 Område 1…………………………………………………………… 60 Område 2…………………………………………………………… 60 Område 3…………………………………………………………… 61 Område 4…………………………………………………………… 61 Område 5…………………………………………………………… 62 Område 6…………………………………………………………… 62 b) Fürstenwalde…………………………………………………………. 63 Case study III: en mindre sovjetisk garnison i godsområde: Gentzrode………………………………………………………………….. 63 Övriga exempel…………………………………………………………… 64 Sperrgebiete……………………………………………………………….. 64 Kontrollpunkter runt Västberlin……………………………………….66 4. 1800- och 1900-talets förortsbebyggelse………………….. 68 Villenkolonien……………………………………………………………...68 Landhauskolonien…………………………………………………………72 Stadtrandsiedlungen………………………………………………………72 Planläggning…………………………………………………………….. 74 Hustyper………………………………………………………………… 75 Situationen efter första världskriget…………………………………….. 76 En oönskad men nödvändig företeelse………………………………….. 78 Kleingarten-områden……………………………………………………. 78 5. Befolkning och pendling………………………………………... 80 A. Befolkningsutveckling………………………………………………... 80 Tiden före 1945…………………………………………………………..80 Perioden 1945-49……………………………………………………….. 81 Det delade Berlin……………………………………………………….. 82 Västberlin…………………………………………………………... 82 Östberlin……………………………………………………………. 82 Tiden efter återföreningen………………………………………………. 83 Prognoser och förväntningar……………………………………………. 83 B. Pendling………………………………………………………………… 86 Ramar för pendlingen…………………………………………………… 86 Enstaka pendlingsuppgifter …………………………………………….. 88 6. Jordbruket i SBZ, DDR och ex-DDR……………………... 90 Perioden 1945-89…………………………………………………………. 90 Jordbruket i omlandet under DDR-tiden………………………………... 91 Politisk geografi: Västberlin kontra det östtyska jordbruksomlandet…... 93 Jordbruket i ex-DDR efter återföreningen…………………………... 95 Deluppgifter Land Brandenburg…………………………………………96 7. Rieselfelder - en karakteristisk företeelse i Berlin med omland……………………………………………………98 4 8. Angerdörfer i Berlin - ett successivt inlemmande i stadskroppen: huvudexemplen Reinickendorf och Marzahn…………………………………………………………… 102 Allmän bakgrund………………………………………………………… 102 Byarnas olika roller……………………………………………………… 105 1. Jordbruksbyn…………………………………………………………. 106 2. Centralorten…………………………………………………………... 106 3. Trafikbyn……………………………………………………………... 107 1899 års linjenät……………………………………………………. 107 1928 års linjenät……………………………………………………. 107 1980 års linjenät……………………………………………………. 108 4. Bybebyggelse och anger………………………………………………108 Case study: Reinickendorf……………………………………………… 109 Bakgrundshistoria………………………………………………………. 109 En bys stegvisa infogande i stadskroppen………………………………. 109 Bebyggelse……………………………………………………………… 112 a) inom angern………………………………………………………112 b) övrig bybebyggelse……………………………………………… 112 Markanvändning idag……………………………………………………112 Case study: Marzahn…………………………………………………….. 114 Bakgrundshistoria………………………………………………………..114 Jordbruksbyn Marzahn under perioden 1850-1939: grönsaksproduktion i perifer by - tydliga logistikproblem………………114 Jordbruksbyn Marzahn under sovjetisk ockupation och DDR-styre………………………………………………………………. 117 Marzahn som kollektivtrafikby…………………………………………. 119 Marzahns bybebyggelse………………………………………………… 122 1920-1990………………………………………………………….. 122 Marzahn år 2006…………………………………………………… 123 9. Berlin - en gång en klassisk industristad………………… 126 Berlin före delningen…………………………………………………….. 126 Västberlin………………………………………………………………….. 127 Östberlin…………………………………………………………………… 127 Den berlinska industrin efter 1989……………………………………. 128 10. Berlins industrilokalisering genom tiderna…………… 131 Det förindustriella och protoindustriella Berlin…………………….. 131 Randwanderungen inom den berlinska industrin…………………...132 Förhållandet bostad – arbetsplats……………………………………... 138 11. Detaljhandelssituationen i Berlin med omland……… 140 DDR-tiden…………………………………………………………………. 140 Situationen efter murens fall…………………………………………… 142 Köpkraften inom Berlin………………………………………………… 145 Cityområden…………………………………………………………….. 147 Övriga centra……………………………………………………………. 147 5 Ett nykonstruerat marknadslandskap…………………………………… 147 Konkurrenssituation I: två CBD - öst kontra väst……………………… 148 Reflexion……………………………………………………………….. 151 Konkurrenssituation II: stad kontra omland……………………………. 151 Dagens situation………………………………………………………… 153 Efter amerikansk förebild………………………………………………. 154 12. Järnvägar - S-Bahn - U-Bahn……………………………… 155 Järnvägar………………………………………………………………….. 155 Period 1…………………………………………………………………. 155 a) De fem ursprungliga bangårdarna……………………………….. 155 b) Sammanbindningsbanan………………………………………… 155 Period 2…………………………………………………………………. 156 a) Personbangårdarna med ingångslinjer…………………………... 156 b) Ringbahn………………………………………………………… 156 c) Stadtbahn…………………………………………………………157 Projekt mellan perioderna 2 och 3……………………………………….159 Centralstationsfrågan………………………………………………..159 Grupp I………………………………………………………….. 159 Grupp II…………………………………………………………. 160 Tredje Rikets järnvägsprojekt……………………………………… 160 Period 3…………………………………………………………………. 166 Period 4…………………………………………………………………. 168 Nedlagda stationer - ny markanvändning………………………………. 170 S-Bahntrafiken……………………………………………………………. 175 Enandefas I……………………………………………………………… 175 Delningsfasen - efterkrigstidens konfrontationspolitik…………………. 175 Enandefas II……………………………………………………………...178 U-Bahntrafiken…………………………………………………………….179 Delningsfasen…………………………………………………………….179 Enandefasen………………………………………………………………181 13. Flygplatser…………………………………………………………. 182 Historik över de berlinska flygplatserna……………………………... 182 1. Johannisthal…………………………………………………………... 182 2. Staaken………………………………………………………………...183 3. Tempelhof……………………………………………………………. 183 4. Gatow………………………………………………………………… 184 5. Schönefeld…………………………………………………………… 184 6. Tegel…………………………………………………………………. 184 F.d. Militärflygplatser i omlandet………………………………………. 185 Spekulationer och planer efter murens fall och återföreningen…. 185 Berlin - Brandenburg International…………………………………... 186 Tempelhofs och Tegels belägenhet……………………………………. 187 Framtida markanvändning…………………………………………….. 189 6 14. Symbolskiften i Berlin………………………………………… 191 Namn……………………………………………………………………….. 191 1945-89 - ett ideologiskt krig…………………………………………… 191 Efter murens fall - ständiga öst-västkonflikter………………………….. 193 Aktuella stridsäpplen och consensusfrågor……………………………...196 Nya språkregler…………………………………………………………. 198 Heraldik - historiska vapen och ideologisk propaganda…………... 198 Monument…………………………………………………………………. 201 1945-89…………………………………………………………………. 201 Fas 1: Ett framväxande ideologiskt landskap……………………… 202 Fas 2: Segermonument och minnesanläggningar för Röda Armén... 203 Monumentet i Tiergarten……………………………………….. 203 Monumentet i Volkspark Schönholzer Heide…………………… 204 Monumentet i Treptower
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