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Židia Zo Svätého Jura V Období Slovenského Štátu 1939-1945

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Židia Zo Svätého Jura V Období Slovenského Štátu 1939-1945 MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA HISTORIE Židia zo Svätého Jura v období slovenského štátu 1939-1945 Bakalárska práca Brno 2020 Vypracoval/-a: Róbert Križan Vedúci bakalárskej práce: prof. PhDr. Petr Kaleta, Ph.D. Bibliografický záznam KRIŽAN, R.: Židia zo Svätého Jura v období slovenského štátu 1939-1945, Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra historie, Brno, 2018. Anotácia Táto práca pojednáva predovšetkým o posledných rokoch existencie židovskej náboženskej obce vo Svätom Jure zo zameraním na jej tragický zánik v období slovenskej autonómie a slovenského štátu v rokoch 1939-1945. Okrem toho sa v práci píše o pracovnom tábore, nachádzajúcom sa v rokoch 1942-1944 v bezprostrednej blízkosti mesta a v ktorom pracovali, aj niektorí svätojurskí Židia. Práca tiež obsahuje stručný prehľad z histórie svätojurskej židovskej obce. Annotation This thesis deals primarly with the last years of the existence of the Jewish religious community in Svätý Jur (St. George) with a focus on its tragic demise during the period of Slovak autonomy and the Slovak state in the years 1939-1945. Besides, the thesis deals with the topic of the labour camp, which was located near the city during the years 1942-1943 and where, some St. George's Jews worked. The thesis also contains a brief overview of the history of the St. George Jewish community. Kľúčové slová holokaust, antisemitizmus, arizácia, Židia, Židovský kódex, druhá svetová vojna, slovenský štát, Svätý Jur Key words holocaust, antisemitism, arisation, Jews, Jewish codex, Second World War, First Slovak Republic, Svätý Jur 1 Čestné prehlásenie „Prehlasujem, že som záverečnú bakalársku prácu vypracoval samostatne, s využitím iba citovaných literárnych prameňov, ďalších informácií a zdrojov v súlade s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a so zákonom č. 121/2000 Sb., o práve autorskom, o právach súvisiacich s právom autorským a o zmene niektorých zákonov (autorský zákon), v znení neskorších predpisov.“ V Brne, dňa: ................................................ ...................................................... Podpis 2 Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som sa chcel poďakovať môjmu školiteľovi prof. PhDr. Petru Kaletovi, Ph.D., za jeho odborné vedenie mojej bakalárskej práce, cenné rady a pripomienky. Ďalej pánovi Milošovi Nosálovi za to, že mi poskytol fotografie, ktoré som využil v prílohách v digitálnej podobe a odporučil mi ďalšie zdroje informácií. V neposlednom rade by som sa chcel poďakovať zamestnancom archívov, ktorí mi boli nápomocní pri mojom prvom bádaní. 3 Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Vývoj svätojurskej židovskej náboženskej obce do roku 1938 ...................................... 8 1.1. Zo starších dejín židovstva v okolí Svätého Jura ..................................................... 8 1.2. Rozvoj a úpadok židovskej náboženskej obce v 18.-20. storočí ............................ 14 2. Židia vo Svätom Jure v rokoch 1938-1945 ................................................................... 20 2.1. Národnostná situácia a postavenie Židov po vyhlásení autonómie ....................... 20 2.2. Útoky proti Židom a ich majetku ........................................................................... 22 2.3. Protižidovské opatrenia .......................................................................................... 26 2.5.2. Židovskí obchodníci a remeselníci .................................................................. 30 2.3.1.2. Obchodníci ................................................................................................ 30 2.3.1.2. Remeselníci, úradníci, lekár ...................................................................... 32 2.4. Židovský majetok ................................................................................................... 32 2.5. Holokaust ............................................................................................................... 35 2.5.1. Prežili holokaust .............................................................................................. 36 2.5.2. Rudolf Vrba vo Svätom Jure .......................................................................... 37 3. Pracovné stredisko Svätý Jur – výstavba odvodňovacieho kanála Šúr ........................ 40 3.1. Snahy o odvodnenie Šúru v minulosti ................................................................... 40 3.2. VI. Robotný prápor ................................................................................................ 44 3.3. Pracovné stredisko Svätý Jur ................................................................................. 46 Záver ................................................................................................................................. 52 Zoznam použitých prameňov a literatúry ......................................................................... 53 Zoznam príloh ................................................................................................................... 56 Prílohy ............................................................................................................................... 57 4 Úvod Svätý Jur je starobylé mesto ležiace neďaleko Bratislavy na úpätí južných svahov Malých Karpát, ktoré je známe predovšetkým výrobou vína. Rovnako ako u iných slovenských miest, bolo jeho národnostné zloženie v minulosti veľmi pestré. Okrem Slovákov tu žili hlavne Nemci, ktorí dlhú dobu tvorili dominantnú väčšinu obyvateľstva. Popri Slovákoch a Nemcoch tu žili takisto Maďari a v období tzv. prvej československej republiky aj Česi. Špecifickou skupinou obyvateľov mesta boli Židia, tvoriaci istú dobu takmer pätinu obyvateľstva. Do dnešných dní nám prítomnosť židovskej komunity pripomína iba chátrajúca budova židovskej synagógy a od roku 2000 pamätná tabula venovaná obetiam holokaustu. História Židov zo Svätého Jura je v súčasnosti málo prebádaná téma, ktorá sa vyhýba pozornosti historikov. Téma svätojurského židovstva sa vo väčšej miere nespomína ani v podstate jedinej vydanej rozsiahlejšej publikácií venujúcej sa histórií mesta, kolektívnej monografii Svätý Jur 1209-2009: dejiny písané vínom (Turcsány, J. (ed.), Svätý Jur 2009). Pravdou je, že hlavne z dávnejších historických období máme o aktivitách miestnych Židov veľmi málo písomných alebo archeologických prameňov. Nedostatočne sú však prebádané aj obdobia, z ktorých je prameňov viac, a to najmä z obdobia od 18. do prvej polovice 20. storočia. Téme svätojurského židovstva sa doteraz podrobnejšie venovala iba dvojica autorov, a to Juraj Pavelek a Viola Kováčová. J. Pavelek bol vôbec prvým autorom venujúcim sa téme svätojurského židovstva detailnejšie. V roku 1942, v čase, keď pracoval ako svätojurský kronikár, dostal poverenie od ministerstva vnútra, aby zostavil príspevok o svätojurskej židovskej komunite do nikdy nepublikovaného diela Dejiny židovstva na Slovensku. Jeho rukopis s názvom Dejiny židovstva vo Svätom Jure (Štátny archív v Bratislave, pobočka Modra: Osobný fond Juraj Pavelek) sa napriek tomu zachoval a dnes tvorí základ poznania histórie svätojurských Židov. Text J. Paveleka dosahuje vysokú kvalitu, a to napriek tomu, že príspevok zostavoval v krátkom čase, v období, keď bol stále len poslucháčom Slovenskej univerzity v Bratislave. Viola Kováčová zvolia viac popularizačný postup, keď beletristicky upravila svedectvá ľudí, ktorý boli rovesníci posledných svätojurských Židov. Jej dielo Čas barchesu (Bratislava 1993) zachytáva osudy svätojurských Židov v posledných rokoch pred zánikom židovskej náboženskej obce. Primárnym cieľom predkladanej práce je poukázať na to, akým spôsobom sa rasistické diskriminačné zákony a nariadenia odzrkadlili v živote svätojurských Židov v období od 5 vyhlásenia autonómie Slovenska tzv. Žilinskou dohodou až do zániku náboženskej obce v roku 1942. Ďalším cieľom bolo získať informácie o fungovaní pracovného tábora, zriadeného v rokoch 1942-1943 neďaleko Svätého Jura. V tomto pracovnom tábore pracovalo vedľa stoviek Židov a Rómov z celého Slovenska aj niekoľko svätojurských Židov. Posledný cieľ sa vykryštalizoval počas prípravy práce, pri vyhľadávaní informácií o svätojurskej židovskej obci v sekundárnych prameňoch. Ako bolo spomínané vyššie, dodnes nebola, aspoň pokiaľ viem, publikovaná žiadna práca, hlbšie sa zaoberajúca problematikou svätojurského židovstva. Aspoň malú výnimku tvorí dvojica prác, a to diela Eugena Barkányho Židovské náboženské obce na Slovensku (Bratislava 1991) a Róberta J. Büchlera Pinkas Hakehillot Slovakia (Jeruzalem 2003), ktorého preklad vydalo na Slovensku Múzeum židovskej kultúry v podobe štvorzväzkového diela pod názvom Encyklopédia židovských náboženských obcí na Slovensku (Bratislava, I.-IV., 2009-2014). Počas prípravy práce som ale pri štúdiu literatúry viackrát narazil na informácie, ktoré vyššie spomenuté publikácie neobsahovali, čo je vzhľadom na ich encyklopedický charakter pochopiteľné. Tretím cieľom práce teda bolo poskytnúť čitateľovi stručný, ale aktualizovaný pohľad na vznik a vývoj svätojurskej židovskej náboženskej obce až do tragických dní 20. storočia. Táto práca je rozdelená do troch hlavných kapitol, rozdelených na ďalšie podkapitoly. V úvodnej kapitole s názvom Vývoj svätojurskej židovskej náboženskej obce do roku 1938 je pozornosť venovaná vzniku, vývoju a dôležitým okamihom z histórie obce pred vyhlásením autonómie Slovenska. Táto kapitola
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