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Exploring the Relationships Between Livelihood Dimensions and Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Bolivian Altiplano

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Exploring the Relationships Between Livelihood Dimensions and Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Bolivian Altiplano EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIVELIHOOD DIMENSIONS AND SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri-Columbia __________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science _____________________________________________________ by NATHAN JENSEN Dr. Corinne Valdivia, Thesis Supervisor JULY 2010 © Copyright by Nathan Jensen 2010 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LIVELIHOOD DIMENSIONS AND SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO Presented by Nathan Jensen, A candidate for the degree of Master of Science, And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Corinne Valdivia Dr. Laura McCann Dr. Jere L. Gilles To my wife Jennifer. AKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Corinne Valdivia, for all her help and support. Thank you for encouraging me to follow my interests and guiding me towards challenging and interesting questions. I especially appreciate the confidence that you placed in me and the many hours that you spent helping me to dig deeper into complex relationships. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Jere Gilles and Dr. Laura McCann for their support and feedback during the thesis process. I indebted to Dorris D. and Christine M. Brown for creating the Brown Fellowship and the fellowship committee for their work that make it possible. The experience that I had in Bolivia was invaluable, both to my understanding of this research and in building my interests in development economics. In Bolivia, I would not have been able to complete my research if it was not for the work and support many different generous people. Corinne Valdivia, Jere Gilles, Elizabeth Jimenez, and Miguel Angel Gonzales provided thoughtful oversight and guidance. Olga Yana and Miguel Cabrera spent many hours trekking with me through the countryside, performing interviews, talking to venders, and recording GPS point. Edwin Yurca, Alejandro Romero, Claudia Jarandilla, Virginia Quispe Herrera, Angelica Quenta Callisa helped organize, facilitate, and record focus groups in both Umala and Ancoraimes. Most importantly, I would like to thank the farmers the Altiplano for donating their precious time to participate in interviews and focus groups. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................................ xi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Problem ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Justification ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Outline of the Thesis ........................................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2: Historic, Cultural, and Regional Context ........................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Bolivia: An Overview ...................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Geography of the Bolivian Altiplano .............................................................................. 11 2.4 History of the Aymara in the Bolivian Altiplano ............................................................ 12 2.5 Climate Change in the Altiplano .................................................................................... 17 2.6 Survey Regions ............................................................................................................... 19 2.6.1 Regional Context: Umala ....................................................................................... 21 2.6.2 Regional Context: Ancoraimes ............................................................................... 26 iii 2.7 Concluding Remarks....................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Socio-Ecological Systems ............................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Complex Systems ................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 The Adaptive Cycle ................................................................................................. 38 3.1.3 Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) Models.................................................................. 39 3.2 The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework ....................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Household Economics ............................................................................................ 42 3.2.2 Livelihoods Models ................................................................................................ 46 3.2.3 The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) framework ......................................................... 47 3.3 Sustainable Livelihoods within Socio-Ecological Systems .............................................. 52 Chapter 4: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Model .............................................................. 55 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 55 4.3 Empirical Model ............................................................................................................. 63 4.3.1 Explanatory Variables ............................................................................................ 64 4.3.2 Response Variables ................................................................................................ 69 4.3.3 Canonical Correlation Analysis ............................................................................... 76 4.3.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis of the Empirical Model ......................................... 81 4.3.5 Definitions .............................................................................................................. 82 iv Chapter 5: Analysis and Results ..................................................................................................... 84 5.1 Test of the Livelihoods Model and for Significance of Location .................................... 84 5.2 Analysis of the Relationships between Livelihoods and SES Resilience ........................ 95 5.2.1 Regional Analysis .................................................................................................... 96 5.2.2 Community Level Analysis ................................................................................... 114 5.2.3 Summary .............................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 6: Conclusions, Limitations, and Further Research ........................................................ 126 6.1 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 126 6.2 Discussion and Policy Implications .............................................................................. 134 6.3 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 139 6.4 Further Research .......................................................................................................... 141 Appendix I: Data Collection.......................................................................................................... 143 Appendix II: Focus Groups ........................................................................................................... 149 Appendix III: Income composition in Umala and Ancoraimes, Bolivia ........................................ 157 Appendix IV: Canonical Correlation Analysis using a Dummy Variable for Region ..................... 160 Appendix V: The Impact of Resampling on Canonical Correlation Analysis. ............................... 165 Appendix VI: Auxiliary tables for canonical analysis .................................................................... 168 References ..................................................................................................................................
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