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Lake Erie Basin

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Lake Erie Basin LAKE ERIE BASIN Description of the Basin The Lake Erie Basin covers an area of approximately 2,300 square miles (1.5 million acres) in the far western portion of New York State. The entire Lake Erie Basin includes portions of Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan, but in this report the basin is the section of the Lake Erie Basin in New York State. The basin spans 3 ecoregions: Great Lakes, Western Allegheny Plateau, and High Allegheny Plateau. The boundary between these ecoregions is physiographically distinct, with an abrupt escarpment between the Appalachian Plateau to the southeast and the Great Lakes Plain closer to Lake Erie. The largest rivers of the basin, with the exception of rivers in the northern portion like Tonawanda Creek, typically pass through steep-sided gorges in this escarpment. Four sub-watersheds are found in the Lake Erie Basin as defined by the U.S. Geological Survey’s hydrologic unit code (HUC) system at the 8-digit scale. They are the Buffalo River in the central portion of the basin; Tonawanda Creek/Niagara River in the north; Cattaraugus Creek in the southeast; and Chautauqua Creek/Lake Erie in the southwest. The Niagara River drains a large part of western New York, and is the conduit for waters exiting the 4 Great Lakes upstream of Lake Ontario. Underlying bedrock geology is primarily calcareous shales and siltstones, while the surficial geology is primarily till in the Appalachian uplands and fine lacustrine sediments in the Lake Plain (NYNHP). Precipitation is high relative to other areas of the state due to lake effects. The major municipalities within the basin are Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Dunkirk. There are all or part of 6 counties in the basin (Erie, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Genesee, Niagara, and Wyoming), and there was an estimated population of 1.4 million people basin-wide in 2000. Buffalo and Niagara Falls account for most of the basin’s population and contain the largest concentration of heavy industry in New York. Heavy industry in the basin is no longer as significant as it was in former times, but there is still active industry in the area, and lingering effects from inactive sites are also still present. Both the Buffalo River and the Niagara River are designated as Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin by the International Joint Commission. The Lake Erie Basin varies from heavily developed areas in the west along the lake to suburban areas in the central portion and rural/agricultural in the east. Urban sprawl, both residential and commercial, is a significant issue in this basin. Fragmented forests are the primary land cover in the southeastern portion of the basin. The predominant land cover classifications are agricultural lands (46%) and deciduous and mixed forest (42% combined) lands, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s multi-resolution land classification (MRLC) map information (Lake Erie Table 1, Lake Erie Figure 1). Agricultural lands are classified as row crops or pasture/hay lands based on MRLC interpreted data. The MLRC national data distinguishes between natural grassland and old fields, hay, pasture, and row crops. There are no lands classified as natural grasslands in the basin. In NY, our pasture/hay lands and row crops are often referred to as grasslands by many management agencies, including DEC. Over 10% of the basin is classified as developed land. As land use changes, urban areas are expected to develop primarily on agricultural land (Ohio River Basin Commission, 1980). The data provided here relates to the entire Lake Erie basin. However, where available, more detailed information is provided below for the lake itself, and the 4 sub- watersheds mentioned above. Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy for New York 235 LAKE ERIE BASIN Lake Erie is the smallest of the Great Lakes and has the second smallest surface area. The New York portion of the lake consists of 380,000 acres and is the shallowest of the Great Lakes. Compared to the rest of the Great Lakes, Lake Erie warms quickly in the spring and summer and cools quickly in the fall. However, compared to most other lakes in New York, Lake Erie actually warms and cools slowly. The shallowness and warmer temperatures of Lake Erie make it the most biologically productive of the Great Lakes. Lake Erie also has the fastest flushing rate of any of the Great Lakes (2.6 years), compared to Lake Ontario which is estimated at 6.0 years and Lake Superior which is estimated at 191 years. Lake Erie is naturally divided into 3 basins, eastern, western and central, with the NY portion of the lake being in the eastern basin. The eastern basin is the deepest, with an average depth of 82 feet, and a maximum depth of 210 feet. Because of this depth, the eastern basin provides cold-water habitat which supports a cold- water fish community. In comparison, the western basin is very shallow; average depth is 24 feet and maximum depth is 62 feet. The central basin is fairly uniform in depth, with the average being 60 feet and the maximum being 82 feet. The central and eastern basins thermally stratify every year, while stratification in the shallow western basin is very rare and very brief if it does occur. Stratification affects the dynamics and physical characteristics of the lake, which cause it to function as virtually 3 separate lakes. Lake Erie’s long, narrow orientation parallels the direction of the prevailing southwest winds. These strong winds cause extreme seiches, or oscillation of the water surface, creating a difference in water depth as high as 14 feet between Toledo and Buffalo. Overall, current and wave patterns are complex and highly variable in Lake Erie, and as a result of such wave action and ice scouring, the NY side of Lake Erie is a very high energy shoreline. Eighty percent of the Lake’s total water inflow comes from the Detroit River; 11% is from precipitation; and the remaining 9% comes from direct tributaries to the lake from Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. Approximately 1/3rd of the total population of the Great Lakes basin resides within the Lake Erie watershed. This equals 11.6 million people and 17 large metropolitan areas. The lake provides drinking water for 11 million people. Obviously, with such urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural lands, Lake Erie is the most highly stressed of the Great Lakes. The following descriptions of the sub-watersheds or portions thereof were taken from the 2002 NYNHP document Lake Erie Gorges Biodiversity Inventory and Landscape Integrity Analysis summarizing the study. The northwest portion of the Buffalo River sub-watershed includes much of the Buffalo metropolitan area, while the southern and eastern portions are dominated by agricultural and forested lands. The study area was focused on the less developed southeastern portion of the sub-watershed, which accounts for approximately 70% of its total land area. The study area was further refined into 5 separate 11-digit resolution HUC sub-watersheds from west to east; Big Sister Creek; Little Sister Creek; Eighteenmile Creek; Cazenovia Creek; and Buffalo Creek. Big Sister Creek is approximately 32,000 acres with moderate forest cover (45%). The main stem has low water quality. The middle reaches are shallow, rocky streams with a bordering shale cliff and talus community. Other tributaries in the middle to upper portions of the watershed include marsh headwater streams in fair condition and with little to no forest buffer. A beech-maple mesic Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy for New York 236 LAKE ERIE BASIN forest in fairly good condition and Great Lakes dunes are found at the mouth of the creek. Little Sister Creek watershed is only about 6,000 acres with 52% forest cover. It flows through a suburban setting within a successional southern hardwood forest matrix. The main stem is of low quality and a short, rocky, headwater stream. Eighteenmile Creek watershed is large (77,000 acres), with 49% forest cover. It is heavily logged and cleared for agriculture, with many residential and urban areas throughout. Dominant second-growth forest types include beech-maple mesic forest, maple-basswood rich mesic forest, and successional northern and southern hardwoods. Good quality is found in headwater streams, the middle sections are in residential and commercial areas, and the lower sections are of moderate to low quality. Cazenovia Creek is large (89,000 acres) with 56% forest cover. Fair to good examples of headwater streams are present due to several contiguous forest areas of moderate size. The lower reaches are small, moderately deep midreach streams, and the main stem is of moderate quality. Buffalo Creek is large (93,000 acres) with 42% forest cover. Rocky headwater streams of high quality are found in the more heavily forested upper portions of the watershed. The lower reaches are wide, shallow midreach streams with an adjacent floodplain forest. The Cattaraugus Creek sub-watershed was studied as a whole at the 8-digit HUC scale. It encompasses about 358,000 acres, or 550 square miles, in the southeast portion of the Lake Erie basin. It has moderately high (56%) natural cover, including forests, wetlands, and open water. The remainder of the sub-watershed is primarily agricultural lands with scattered rural residential sites and small villages. The main matrix forests include both climax (hemlock-northern hardwood forest; beech-maple mesic forest; maple-basswood forest) and successional (mix of northern and southern hardwoods) forest types. There are a large number of intermittent and perennial streams flowing into the main stem of the Cattaraugus Creek. This main stem is about 50 miles long, the largest river in the gorge study area.
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