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Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna Dissertation Prospectus Amalia Skilton * March 31, 2017

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Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna Dissertation Prospectus Amalia Skilton * March 31, 2017 Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna Dissertation Prospectus Amalia Skilton * March 31, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Background 4 2.1 Classification and demographics . 4 2.2 Dialectology . 5 2.3 Field site . 6 2.4 Vitality . 7 2.5 Data . 7 3 Preliminaries: morphosyntactic and theoretical categories 8 3.1 Theoretical framework and descriptive vocabulary . 8 3.2 Morphosyntactic profile . 9 3.2.1 Word classes . 10 3.2.2 The verb . 10 4 Phonological inventory 11 4.1 Segmental phonemes and phonotactics . 11 4.1.1 Consonants . 11 4.1.2 Vowels . 14 4.2 Contrastive tone . 15 4.2.1 Tonology of native vocabulary words: Level tones . 15 4.2.2 Tonology of native vocabulary words: Contour tones . 17 4.2.3 Tonology of native vocabulary words: Disyllabic free words . 19 4.2.4 Tonology of native vocabulary words: Other disyllabic morphs . 20 4.2.5 Loanword tonology . 20 4.2.6 Phonological status of the tones . 21 *I thank all of my Ticuna consultants, especially Ling Candido Serra, Marcelo Farías Caetano, Deoclesio Guerrero Gomez, Katia Salate Candido, Sotil Suarez Gonzalez, and LWG, who has chosen to remain psuedonymous. Special thanks to Deoclesio for allowing me to live in his home, and to his daughter Becsabe Guerrero Witancourt for helping me make important connections in Caballococha and Cushillococha. I also thank all the many other Ticuna people who have contributed to my learning, and learning about, their language (even if they didn't mean to help!). This description benefited from comments from the committee members; the audiences at the 2017 LSA, Berkeley's Fieldwork Forum, and Larry Hyman's spring 2017 grammatical tone seminar; Berkeley students and visiting students Bernat Bardagil, Myriam LaPierre, and Zach O'Hagan; Denis Bertét (DDL), on tonology and comparisons to San Martín de Amacayacu Ticuna; and Marc Dingemanse (MPI Nijmegen), on noun class. 1 Skilton Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna 2 4.3 Contrastive laryngealization . 22 4.4 Nasality . 23 4.5 Phonotactics . 25 4.5.1 Segmental phonotactics . 25 4.5.2 Laryngeal phonotactics . 26 4.6 The functional load of suprasegmental features . 27 5 Word prosody 28 5.1 Syllable structure . 28 5.2 Foot structure . 28 5.3 The Prosodic Word and the morphological word . 30 5.3.1 Minimally inflected verbs . 31 5.3.2 Verbs with pre-proclitics . 34 5.3.3 Verbs with incorporated alienably possessed nouns . 35 6 Phonological processes 37 6.1 Postlexical phonology . 37 6.1.1 /ɟ/-lenition . 38 6.1.2 Glide formation . 38 6.1.3 /ɨ/-fronting . 39 6.1.4 /u/-lowering . 39 6.1.5 Laryngealization spreading . 40 6.1.6 Nasal spreading . 41 6.2 Lexical phonology . 41 6.2.1 /b/-spirantization . 41 6.2.2 Assimilation of /ɨ/ . 42 6.2.3 Assimilation of /a/ . 45 6.2.4 Dissimilation of /1̰1̰/ and /1̰1/ sequences . 45 6.3 Morphologically conditioned phonology . 47 6.3.1 Monophthongization of tʃau¹ ........................... 47 6.3.2 The nominalizer tone circle . 47 6.3.3 More topics in morphologically conditioned phonology . 56 6.3.4 Phenomena that could be viewed as morphologically conditioned phonology 59 6.4 The phonology of glottal stop . 60 6.4.1 Word-initial glottal stop . 60 6.4.2 Word-final glottal stop . 60 6.4.3 Word-medial coda glottal stop . 61 6.4.4 Word-medial onset glottal stop: underlying sources . 61 6.4.5 Word-medial onset glottal stop epenthesis: proclitic-verb root hiatus . 62 6.4.6 Word-medial onset glottal stop epenthesis: tautomorphemic hiatus . 63 6.4.7 Glottal stop alternations in certain verb roots . 64 7 Word classes 65 7.1 Definitions of word classes . 65 7.2 Deixis and word class . 67 8 Noun types 67 8.1 Form classes . 68 Skilton Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna 3 8.1.1 Defining form class by nominal possession . 68 8.1.2 Form class and semantics . 73 8.2 Animacy . 74 8.3 Agreement classes . 75 9 Noun class agreement 77 9.1 Noun class agreement in the noun phrase . 78 9.1.1 Noun class agreement on nominal deictics . 78 9.1.2 Noun class agreement on pronouns . 80 9.1.3 Noun class agreement on wɨ⁴³ʔi⁴ 'a/one' . 80 9.1.4 Noun class agreement on noun class particles . 81 9.2 Noun class agreement in the verb phrase and nominalizations . 82 9.2.1 Noun class agreement on subject proclitics . 83 9.2.2 Noun class agreement on the existential verb . 84 9.2.3 Noun class agreement on deverbal nominalizations . 85 9.3 The noun class membership of first and second person pronouns . 87 10 Noun class skewing 88 10.1 Conveying social gender: Between Classes I, II, and IV . 89 10.2 Conveying non-specificity: Classes II and IV to Class I . 90 10.3 Conveying social deixis: Classes II and IV to Class I . 92 10.4 Conveying social deixis: Class I to ŋi¹- paradigm . 95 10.5 Conveying information status: Classes I, II, III to Class IV . 96 11 Case and other nominal morphology 97 11.1 Nominal case markers . 97 11.1.1 Nominative case . 98 11.1.2 Accusative case . 98 11.1.3 Intransitive beneficiary case . 103 11.1.4 Purposive case . 104 11.1.5 Recipient case . 108 11.1.6 Comitative/instrumental case . 108 11.1.7 Locative case . 110 11.1.8 Allative case . 112 11.2 Case on pronouns . 119 11.2.1 Allomorphy of pronouns . 120 11.2.2 Caseless pronouns . 121 11.2.3 Locality of pronominal allomorphy . 121 11.3 Non-inflectional nominal morphology . 122 11.3.1 Clitics specific to the noun phrase . 122 11.3.2 Clitics with different readings on nouns . 125 Skilton Phonology and Nominal Morphology of Cushillococha Ticuna 4 1 Introduction The immediate goal of this prospectus is to describe the phonology and morphology of nouns in Cushillococha Ticuna (CT), a language of Peru, based on my primary fieldwork. This description will support further research on the form and meaning of deictic expressions in the language. Phonological and morphological description is a prerequisite to work on deixis because (a) most deictic words in CT are morphologically complex and (b) many deictics contrast with each other only in suprasegmental features such as tone. The description is organized as follows. §2 provides background information about the social setting in which Ticuna is spoken and the data in this paper. §3 lays out preliminaries to the discussion of phonology and morphology in the folliowing sections. This section includes an overview of the morphosyntactic profile of the language, and it also includes definitions ofthe theoretical concepts which I use in the body of the sketch. §§4-6 discuss phonology. §4 describes the surface segment and tone inventory of the language, proposes a phonemic analysis of the inventory, and discusses the phonotactics of underived words. This section also discusses the relative functional load of segmental phonology, suprasegmental phonology, and morphology. §5 describes word-prosodic phenomena other than tone. §6 de- scribes all productive phonological processes, including morphologically conditioned phonology. §§7-11 turn to morphology. §7 defines the word classes, as relevant to distinguishing nouns from other word classes. §8 discusses morphologically relevant divisions between nouns: noun class, form class, and animacy. §10 describes the noun class system, including noun class skewing,.
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