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Emmaus 2019-2020 20 EmmausA JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL, THEOLOGICAL, AND HUMANISTIC STUDIES Una Chiesa sinodale: un modo d’essere ecclesiale e una profezia per il terzo millennio 3 Christian and Homosexual A dichotomy or a harmonious possibility? 13 Mariophanies in the life of the Church 41 Social Media and Youth Leaders within the Catholic Church 55 Salmi 1 u 2: Kuntest u interpretazzjoni 93 Sacred Heart Seminary Gozo - Malta Academic Year 2019 - 2020 Emmaus 20 (2019 - 2020) • 1 Emmausa journal of philosophical, theological, and humanistic studies published by the Sacred Heart Seminary - Gozo - Malta. Founded 1999 No. 20 (Academic Year 2019-2020) ISSN 1563-0137 Editorial Board: Major Seminary Academic Council (Anton Borg, Daniel Grech, Matthew Bajada, Noel Debono, Trevor Sultana, Richard-Nazzareno Farrugia) All correspondence to be addressed to: The Editor Emmaus Sacred Heart Seminary Victoria–Gozo VCT 2042 MALTA. Printed by Gozo Press • Gozo–Malta © Sacred Heart Seminary, Gozo–Malta 2020 2 MARIO GRECH * UNA CHIESA SINODALE: UN MODO D’ESSERE ECCLESIALE E UNA PROFEZIA PER IL TERZO MILLENNIO La pandemia come krisis e come chairós Ormai da molti mesi la pandemia scuote l’umanità da un capo all’altro del pianeta, facendoci toccare con mano un aspetto a dir poco inquietante della globalizzazione: grazie all’accresciuta mobilità internazionale, circolano con incredibile rapidità non soltanto informazioni, merci e stili di vita, ma anche i virus. Non c’è dubbio che ci troviamo di fronte a una crisi: molti addirittura sostengono che si tratti della crisi mondiale più grave dall’ultimo dopoguerra a questa parte. Mi sembra tuttavia importante evidenziare che la parola krisis, nel suo significato originario, non assume necessariamenteun’ accezione funesta, come avviene invece presso molte lingue moderne. Nel greco antico * His Eminence Cardinal Mario Grech, born in Qala, Gozo, ordained priest in 1984, holds a doctorate in Canon Law from the Pontifical University of St Thomas in Rome (1997) and served as Vicar Judicial for the diocese of Gozo. In 2006 he was ordained bishop and served as the eight bishop of the diocese of Gozo until 2019. He was appointed Pro-Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops in October 2019 until he became Secretary General in September 2020 and was created Cardinal in November of the same year. Emmaus 20 (2019 - 2020) • 3 il sostantivo krisis – dal verbo krino – richiama l’idea di separare, discernere, giudicare. Il termine possiede in tal modo una sfumatura positiva, nel senso che la crisi può diventare un’occasione di riflessione, di valutazione, di discernimento, trasformandosi nel presupposto necessario per un miglioramento, una rinascita, un nuovo inizio. Volendo utilizzare un linguaggio più vicino alla Sacra Scrittura, si potrebbe sostenere che ogni krisis porti con sé anche un chairós, cioè un’opportunità, un tempo prezioso misteriosamente attraversato da Dio, una stagione propizia che interrompe il ciclo sempre identico dei giorni e degli anni (il kronos) e che ci chiede di assumere un atteggiamento diverso, cioè di vivere una conversione. Si possono comprendere in quest’orizzonte le parole con cui Papa Francesco ha concluso la sua omelia di Pentecoste il 31 maggio scorso: «Peggio di questa crisi, c’è solo il dramma di sprecarla». Il Santo Padre ha ribadito con u n’e spressione di efficacia immediata una convinzione da lui espressa più volte in questi mesi e ben radicata nella dottrina cristiana: la convinzione che il tempo della croce sia anche il tempo della grazia, che anche nella notte più oscura Dio non faccia mancare la sua stella, e che allora spetti agli uomini saper trarre dal male il bene possibile. La teologa italiana Stella Morra ha paragonato la stagione che stiamo vivendo a un tempo di bassa marea.1 La bassa marea lascia emergere, da un lato, le straordinarie bellezze dei fondali: pensiamo, in quest’ultimo periodo, alla preghiera più intensa in tante famiglie, al riavvicinamento di tanti alla spiritualità, alla ricerca di modalità nuove di espressione della fede, alla fantasia pastorale di molti ministri e laici impegnati, alla carità più generosa verso i “vecchi” e i “nuovi” poveri, alla nascita di nuove relazioni fraterne e all’approfondimento di conoscenze prima superficiali e affrettate. Ma la 1 Cfr il saggio raccolto in Centro Fede e Cultura «Alberto Hurtado», «Vedo la notte che accende le stelle». Sentieri in tempo di pandemia, Bologna 2020. 4 bassa marea, al tempo stesso, porta a galla anche i detriti, depositandoli sulle spiagge, come vetri rotti, bottiglie di plastica, rifiuti di ogni sorta: mi riferisco qui, fuori di metafora, alla fragilità dei rapporti coniugali e familiari, alla debolezza dei nostri percorsi di catechesi, alla perdita del senso dell’Eucaristia domenicale, al disorientamento interiore di tanti che pure si sono sempre ritenuti credenti, non esclusi alcuni pastori. Se gli aspetti positivi debbono convincerci che non possiamo ritornare alle modalità pastorali che impiegavamo prima della pandemia, quelli negativi rivelano tra alcuni cristiani, consacrati e laici che siano, un’impostazione profondamente clericalista.2 Ci rendiamo conto che, nonostante i ripetuti inviti di Papa Francesco a promuovere una “Chiesa in uscita” in grado di farsi carico degli uomini e delle donne di questo tempo come un “ospedale da campo”, la nostra è spesso ancora una “Chiesa della sagrestia”, ritirata dalle strade o tentata di proiettare la sagrestia nella strada. La sinodalità come risorsa per andare oltre la pandemia Non è esagerato sostenere che proprio il tempo della pandemia, lungi dal distogliere l’attenzione dall’agenda delle riforme ecclesiali, stia rilanciando con forza il tema della sinodalità come “stile” della Chiesa. Il teologo francese Christoph Théobald è noto per aver parlato, tra molte altre cose, del cristianesimo come stile.3 Con ques t’e spressione egli intende affermare, richiamandosi contemporaneamente al Vangelo e al Concilio Vaticano II, che il cristianesimo non si rivolge solo ad alcuni aspetti della vita umana, bensì tocca l’e sistenza nella sua integralità. Lo stile cristiano, si potrebbe dire, è un modo di abitare il mondo, un modo specifico che prende spunto dall’e sempio offerto da Gesù e imitato dai suoi discepoli lungo la storia della Chiesa. 2 Cfr “La Chiesa sulla frontiera” intervista a mons Mario Grech, A. Spadaro sj - S. Sereni. in La Civiltà Cattolica, 3/17 ottobre 2020, 82-91. 3 Cfr Christoph Théobald, Il cristianesimo come stile. Un modo di fare teologia nella postmodernità, 2 voll., Bologna 2009. 5 Papa Francesco, fin dall’inizio del suo pontificato, ci sta appunto aiutando a riscoprire che lo stile cristiano è, irrinunciabilmente, uno stile sinodale. La sinodalità non è affatto un’invenzione di questo Pontefice. Al contrario, essa è antica quanto la Chiesa stessa, visto che già il Nuovo Testamento e l’epoca dei Padri ci mostrano il volto di una Chiesa pluriministeriale, attenta a valorizzare i doni e i carismi distribuiti a ciascuno dallo Spirito Santo, e pronta a risolvere le questioni più complesse con il concorso di tutti, come nel “Sinodo” paradigmatico di Gerusalemme descritto nel capitolo 15 degli Atti degli Apostoli. Ci troviamo dunque in presenza di un “ritorno alle fonti” (un ressourcement), anche se nuovi possono apparire taluni accenti, soprattutto se messi a confronto con i modelli di Chiesa predominanti negli ultimi secoli, innegabilmente caratterizzati dalla prevalenza di un assetto piramidale. Se è vero, come ha affermato il Papa nell’importante discorso per il 50° anniversario del Sinodo dei Vescovi, che «il cammino sinodale è il cammino che Dio si aspetta dalla Chiesa del terzo millennio» (Discorso 17 ottobre 2015), la sinodalità si rivela un dono prezioso anche per il tempo eccezionale che stiamo vivendo, nel quale il “problema comune” della pandemia potrà essere affrontato e superato solo attraverso un “cammino comune”. Come sappiamo, Sinodo significa proprio “camminare insieme” (Syn-hodos): in esso si fondono l’idea del cammino – cioè di una Chiesa non immobile, ma dinamica e protesa sui sentieri della storia – e l’idea dello stare insieme – cioè del sostenersi reciprocamente, sperimentando di essere un unico Popolo di Dio. È quanto spiega molto bene la Commissione Teologica Internazionale in un documento pubblicato due anni or sono: La sinodalità esprime l’e ssere soggetto di tutta la Chiesa e di tutti nella Chiesa. I credenti sono synodoi, compagni di cammino, chiamati a essere soggetti attivi in quanto partecipi dell’unico sacerdozio di Cristo e destinatari dei diversi carismi elargiti dallo Spirito Santo in vista del bene comune. La vita sinodale testimonia una Chiesa costituita da soggetti liberi e diversi, tra loro uniti in comunione, che si manifesta in forma dinamica come un solo soggetto comunitario il quale, poggiando sulla pietra angolare che è Cristo e sulle colonne che sono gli Apostoli, 6 viene edificato come tante pietre vive in una “casa spirituale” (cfr. 1Pt 2,5), “dimora di Dio nello Spirito” (Ef 2,22).4 Lo stile sinodale come proposta per la società civile Parlare di sinodalità, nel contesto della pandemia attuale, non significa trincerarsi dietro una parola per addetti ai lavori. Infatti, pur essendo un termine che appartiene al lessico ecclesiastico, la sinodalità può diventare una vera e propria proposta fatta alla società civile. È, del resto, quanto anche il Santo Padre ha lasciato intendere nelle parole conclusive del citato discorso per il 50° del Sinodo: Il nostro sguardo si allarga anche all’umanità. Una Chiesa sinodale è come vessillo innalzato tra le nazioni (cfr. Is 11,12) in un mondo che – pur invocando partecipazione, solidarietà e trasparenza nell’amministrazione della cosa pubblica – consegna spesso il destino di intere popolazioni nelle mani avide di ristretti gruppi di potere. Come Chiesa che “cammina insieme” agli uomini, partecipe dei travagli della storia, coltiviamo il sogno che la riscoperta della dignità inviolabile dei popoli e della funzione di servizio dell’autorità potranno aiutare anche la società civile a edificarsi nella giustizia e nella fraternità, generando un mondo più bello e più degno dell’uomo per le generazioni che verranno dopo di noi.
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