Vegetation Inventory Report:

‘Radio’ property Melbourne Strategic Assessment

© The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2020

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian Coat of Arms, the Victorian Government logo and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) logo. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISBN 978-1-76105-334-4 (online)

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Contents

Introduction ...... 2 Purpose and scope ...... 2 The survey area ...... 3 Previous survey information ...... 3 Survey methods ...... 4 Definitions ...... 4 Survey results ...... 5 EPBC-listed ‘Matters of National Environmental Significance’ ...... 5 FFG-listed values ...... 7 Native vegetation according to Ecological Vegetation Classes ...... 7 Vegetation patterns - Natural Temperate Grassland ‘states’ ...... 8 Plant species ...... 11 Hot spots ...... 12 References ...... 13 Appendix 1: List of vascular plants identified ...... 14

Vegetation inventory: Radio Property 1 Melbourne Strategic Assessment

Introduction

The Victorian Government is establishing a series of Conservation Areas on the periphery of Melbourne for the conservation of threatened plants, animals and ecological communities (DEPI 2013a). They include a network of small areas within Melbourne’s Urban Growth Boundary, as well as the larger Western Grassland Reserve (WGR, 15,000 ha) and the Grassy Eucalypt Woodland Reserve (approximately 1,200 ha). The establishment of the reserves is the result of the Melbourne Strategic Assessment, which aims to mitigate environmental losses caused by the expansion of Melbourne’s Urban Growth Boundary. This expansion will impact ‘Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES)’ listed under the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). A ‘Strategic Impact Assessment’ conducted by the Victorian Government recommended ways of mitigating environmental impacts. The mitigation measures agreed to by the Victorian and Australian governments are outlined in the ‘Program Report’ and the ‘Biodiversity Conservation Strategy’ (DPCD 2009, DEPI 2013a). One of the commitments is regular reporting on ecological outcomes. A Monitoring and Reporting Framework (MRF) provides the logic and basis for monitoring target species and communities (DELWP 2015a). The MRF also gives specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for each listed species and vegetation community. All Conservation Areas are managed to achieve these KPIs, along with other relevant environmental outcomes. The precise management strategy required to achieve the targets varies from place to place. Each Conservation Area is different, and each supports a wide range of plant and animal species, different vegetation patterns, management issues, and other features. Detailed information about the type and distribution of assets and threats is required for each area that is protected. Much of that information will be contained in Fauna Inventory and Vegetation Inventory documents for each area.

Purpose and scope This Vegetation Inventory document forms part of the basic information required to start managing protected land. It should serve as a reference for managers and provide a logical basis for management actions. The specific purpose of this document is to: • identify and map any EPBC-listed plant species or ecological communities that are the targets of conservation measures under the MSA. • provide enough information about the distribution of vegetation on the land to allow management planning to proceed. That information includes the distribution of native vegetation types, significant species, and exotic species which threaten natural values. • fulfil (for the survey area) DELWP’s commitment to produce a detailed inventory of the vegetation values within the WGR (DSE 2011, p38). • provide a qualitative baseline describing the vegetation of the survey area at the time it is brought into the WGR.

This document does not: • constitute a management plan, • describe the fauna of the survey area, • provide the basis for quantitative monitoring of ecological outcomes (although it may be used to determine what outcomes will be measured at a site), • make any claims about the likely presence or absence of values not recorded.

2 Vegetation Inventory: Radio Property Melbourne Strategic Assessment

The survey area This report covers the ‘Radio’ property (hereafter “the property”), at 161-229 Downing Street Mt Cottrell. within the Western Grasslands Reserve. It is so named because the property contains remnants of the 1927 Rockbank Beam Wirelss Station (Moloney, 2007). The total area of the property is 40.4 ha in size. Its location is shown in Figure 1. The property has a long history of stock grazing, with some areas around the radio infrastructure partly protected from grazing by fencing. The property also contains a mown airstrip.

Figure 1. The location of the property.

Previous survey information The property has not been covered by any known previous surveys.

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Survey methods

The property was surveyed for approximately 15 hours in total, over three days between 4th September and the end of November 2019 using the methods described in DELWP (2015b). These methods state that the aims of the survey are to map native vegetation, to document and map significant species and communities, and map vegetation patterns that are relevant to management.

Definitions Native vegetation ‘Native vegetation’ is defined according to DEPI (2013b): “…either…an area of vegetation where at least 25 per cent of the total perennial understory plant cover is native, or any area with three or more canopy trees where the canopy foliage cover is at least 20 per cent of the area”. EPBC-listed communities Communities listed under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999 are described according to the listing advice provided by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee, posted on the Department of Environment website (http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publiclookupcommunities.pl). Plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy follows the Royal Melbourne Botanic Gardens Census of Vascular Plants in Victoria (VicFlora online). Significance of plants Several sources are used to describe the conservation status or significance of plant species: • EBPC listed (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable). Follows the lists of species and communities maintained by the Australian Department of the Environment, available on the internet. • Listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act). Follows the list maintained by DELWP (updated 2013). • Victorian Rare or Threatened (VROT; Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Poorly Known). Defined by inclusion on either the ‘Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria (DEPI 2014)’, maintained by DELWP, or as indicated in the Census (Walsh and Stajsic 2008). • Locally significant. An informal designation assigned by the author. It reflects the perceived rarity of a species in the local area; in this case the basalt Werribee / Keilor Plains. Categories of weeds The Victorian Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 (CaLP Act) lists noxious weeds in several categories: • State Prohibited weeds “either do not occur in Victoria but pose a significant threat if they invade, or are present, pose a serious threat and can reasonably be expected to be eradicated. If present, infestations of a State Prohibited weed are relatively small. They are to be eradicated from Victoria if possible or excluded from the State.” • Regionally Prohibited weeds are “not widely distributed in a region but are capable of spreading further. It is reasonable to expect that they can be eradicated from a region and they must be managed with that goal. Landowners, including public authorities responsible for crown land management, must take all reasonable steps to eradicate Regionally Prohibited weeds on their land”. • Restricted Weeds are “plants that pose an unacceptable risk of spreading in this State and are a serious threat to another State or Territory of Australia. Trade in these weeds and their propagules, either as plants, seeds or contaminants in other materials is prohibited”. • Regionally Controlled weeds are “usually widespread in a region. To prevent their spread, ongoing control measures are required. Landowners have the responsibility to take all reasonable steps to prevent the growth and spread of Regionally Controlled weeds on their land.”

4 Vegetation Inventory: Radio Property Melbourne Strategic Assessment

Survey results

EPBC-listed ‘Matters of National Environmental Significance’ Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) are species or communities listed under the EPBC Act. MNES are the specific environmental values referred to by the Key Performance Indicators and targets (DELWP 2015a). Two MNES related to vegetation occur naturally on the property, as discussed below. Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain (NTG) NTG is a treeless grassland community occurring on heavy soils on basalt terrain. In intact stands, it is dominated by native tussock-forming grasses of the genera Themeda, Poa, Rytidosperma and/or Austrostipa. It also contains a variety of native forbs (notably daisies, Asteraceae), which may be dominant in some cases (TSSC 2008). NTG corresponds closely to ‘Western (Basalt) Plains Grassland Community’ listed under the FFG Act (see below). NTG covers almost all of the property (38.9ha, 96%) (Figure 2). Compred to other areas in the WGR and in the Melbourne area, the NTG on the property is of relatively high quality, however it varies in quality across the property. This is discussed in more detail below, under ‘States’. The extent of NTG is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 2. The distribution of Natural Temperate Grassland on the property.

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Spiny Rice-flower. Spiny Rice-flower (Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens) is a small shrub, growing up to 30 cm high (Figure 3). It is endemic to Victoria, occurring on the volcanic plains, in the Wimmera and the northern plains (James and Jordan 2014). It is Critically Endangered (CR) under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. We found 230 Spiny Rice-flower plants on the property. This is a moderately large population, and Radio thus represents an important site for this species. These plants will be monitored under the MSA’s Monitoring and Reporting Framework. The plants occurred as three dense clusters surrounded by many scattered plants, almost all within the area of grassland that has been protected from heavy grazing by a fence, originally erected to protect the radio infrastructure. The plants spanned the entire region described as ‘Herb-rich Grassland’ below. This area is shown on Figure 6, and adequately represents the distribution of Spiny Rice-flower. There was one prior record of this species on the property, from Biosis Research in 2009, apparently of a single plant in the south-western corner of the property, hundreds of metres away from where we found plants (ALA 1733731.00; -37.7594,144.6388). We searched around that location, but could find no plants there. We acknowledge this species is difficult to detect, and that some plants may be present in that area.

Figure 3. Spiny Rice-flower (photographed outside the property).

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FFG-listed values The Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (FFG Act) is the primary Victorian legislation dedicated to the conservation of threatened species and communities and for the management of potentially threatening processes. Although the structure of the MSA and the goals of NTG management do not directly relate to the FFG Act, FFG-listed assets are the responsibility of Victoria to manage, and they provide a useful structure for considering the status of the values on the property. One FFG-listed community occurs: ‘Western (Basalt) Plains Grassland Community’, which corresponds directly (on this property) with NTG, already discussed above (see Figure 2). One FFG-listed species occurs, Spiny Rice-flower, as described above.

Native vegetation according to Ecological Vegetation Classes The survey area contains 39 ha of native vegetation (97%). All the vegetation is referrable to a single EVC, Plains Grassland (EVC 132) which corresponds directly to NTG on the property. This vegetation was already described above, and is described in more detail under ‘Vegetation paterns’, below. The distribution of Plains Grasland on the property is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 shows the inferred pre-1750 distribution of EVCs. The whole property was covered by Plains Grassland.

Figure 4. The distribution of native vegetation according to Ecological Vegetation Classes on the property.

Vegetation inventory: Radio Property 7 Melbourne Strategic Assessment

Figure 5. The inferred pre-1750 distribution of Ecological Vegetation Classes on the property.

Vegetation patterns - Natural Temperate Grassland ‘states’ To assist the management of NTG, DELWP has created a state-and-transition model (STM) of this ecosystem. This is a conceptual model which describes the structure and dynamics of NTG in a way that is useful for management and planning (Sinclair et al. 2019). Any location within the NTG ecosystem (current native vegetation or cleared land) is in a particular ‘state’. Locations may ‘transition’ (change) between states over time, because of natural disturbance or management. Mapping the states is important because locations in a given ‘state’ share a set of management constraints and opportunities. While some states are generally more intact than others, it is important to acknowledge that condition (or ‘quality’ or ‘value’) may vary substantially within a given state, and that the assignment of a site to a state is not the same as a condition assessment. Certain states (or condition classes within a state) may be degraded to the point that they are no longer part of a listed community (Beeton and McGrath 2009). The NTG on the property may be adequately described using four of the six defined states (Sinclair et al. 2019). These states are described in detail below. Their distribution is shown in Figure 6.

8 Vegetation Inventory: Radio Property Melbourne Strategic Assessment

Figure 6. The current distribution of NTG states on the property.

Herb-rich natve Grassland (HG) This state includes the most intact remaining grasslands. These areas have not been de-rocked, have relatively natural (low) nutrient levels, and retain much of their natural species diversity, including the dominant Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra). This state occurs in a long band running diagonally across the property, in an area that was once fenced, and held the radio mast infrastructure. It is somewhat degraded, having experienced patchy weed invasion, and many native forb species are now only present at very low abundance. The dominant grasses are Kangaroo Grass and Kneed Spear-grass (Austrostipa bigeniculata). Native forbs include Spiny Rice-flower, Lemon Beauty-heads (Calocephalus citreus) and Blue Devil (Eryngium ovinum). The most common exotic species are annual grasses such as Rye Grass (Lolium rigidum) and the perennial Onion Grass (Romulea rosea). This state is referrable to Natural Temperate Grassland and native vegetation. It covers 4 ha (10%) of the property. Themeda Grassland (TG) This state describes areas which have never been ploughed but have been impacted by moderate levels of grazing. They retain a high cover of Kangaroo Grass (the natural dominant) but have lost most of their forb species to grazing. They retain their natural rocky layer and have escaped substantial nutrient accumulation. On the propery, this state persists in a large area of the eastern end of the block. Kangaroo Grass cover is patchy and variable, but generally above 10% cover. The other species in this area are generally native, including Kneed Spear-grass and several Wallaby-grass (Rytidosperma) species. The most common exotic species are annual grasses such as Rye Grass (Lolium rigidum) and the perennial Onion Grass (Romulea rosea). This state is referrable to Natural Temperate Grassland and native vegetation. It covers 9.4 ha (23%) of the property.

Vegetation inventory: Radio Property 9 Melbourne Strategic Assessment

C3 grassland (C3G) This state describes areas which retain their natural rocky layer, but which have lost their forb component and their Kangaroo Grass cover through a history of grazing and light fertiliser application, but have escaped substantial nutrient accumulation. Here, the state describes areas dominated by the native Kneed Spear-grass and Wallaby-grass (Rytidosperma) species, and a range of exotic species, including Serrated Tussock, Rye Grass (Lolium rigidum) and Onion Grass (Romulea rosea). Gnerally exotic cover is low, but in some places in the west of the property, the native species thin out, and exotic annuals reach high cover. This state is referrable to Natural Temperate Grassland and native vegetation. It covers 33.7 ha (83%) of the property. An example is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. An example of C3 Grassland on the Radio property.

Nutrient-enriched Grassland (NG) This state describes areas which have elevated nutrient levels as a result of agriculture. In most cases this is due to regular application of fertiliser, but on this property this stae exists only in a small area around the south-east corner of the property where livestock have gathered to feed, and have concentrated nutrients and grazed very heavily. On the properties surveyed, this state is not referable to native vegetation nor Natural Temperate Grassland (although it may be elsewhere). It covers 0.4 ha (1%) of the property.

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Plant species 71 vascular plants were confirmed on the Radio property. Of these, 36 were native (51%). The abundance of the species was markedly uneven. A very small number of native species covered most of the property (notably the grassland dominant, Kneed Spear-grass). Most species were recorded in few places and in low abundance. Appendix 1 lists all the vascular plant species recorded and describes their estimated abundance. This list is intended to be a useful reference guide for managers. Significant native species Table 1 lists the native species identified on the property that are considered significant by DELWP. Several other species were recorded that should be considered of conservation significance in the local area. These are annotated in Appendix 1.

Table 1: Significant native species that are listed under the EPBC-Act, FFG-Act or on the DEPI Advisory List (DEPI 2014). CR = crticially endangered, EN = endangered, e = endangered in Victoria, v = vulnerable in Victoria, r = rare in Victoria, k = poorly known in Victoria.

Species EPBC FFG VROT Observations Scattered on the property. Despite its status, Convolvulus angustissimus subsp. this species is widespread and common on k omnigracilis (Slender Bindweed) the Werribee plains, and its occurrence is not locally significant. 230 individuals, almost all within the area of Pimelea spinescens (Spiny Rice-flower) CR Y v herb-rich grassland.

Introduced species Generally, the Radio property is relatively free from serious weed invasion, when compared to other properties surveyed nearby. Of the 71 species recorded, 35 are introduced (49%). Some of the introduced species pose serious risks to native vegetation. The identification and mapping of those species is necessary to assist management. Table 2 lists the species recorded on the property which are listed under the CaLP Act, and notes their category of listing in the Port Phillip region.

Table 2. Declared noxious weeds observed on the surveyed land.

CaLP Act Category Weed species Observations on surveyed land

State Prohibited ------

Regionally Prohibited ------

Regionaly Controlled Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle) Scattered, mostly about old troughs and yards

Cynara cardunculus (Artichoke Thistle) Scattered, mostly about old dam

Lycium ferrocissimum (African Boxthorn) Occasional

Marrubium vulgare (Horehound) Occasional, mostly in disturbance around old buildings

Nassella trichotoma (Serrated Tussock) Scattered, not abundant

Xanthium spinosum (Bathurst Burr) Occasional, mostly in disturbance around old buildings

Restricted ------

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Hot spots The information presented above provides a formal spatial assessment of the values. In addition to this, ‘Hot spots’ may be defined which provide a subjective assessment of where these values intersect to create conspicuous concentrations of biological values (and risks). These are the places of particular interest on the property, and places where intensive or intricate management may be justified to protect the values of the site.

One hot spot has been identified on the property, as shown in Figure 10. It covers the large areas of Herb- rich native grassland and Themeda grassland, and includes all but two of the Spiny Rice-flower plants.

Figure 8. The ‘hot spots’ identified on the Radio property.

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References

Beeton RJ & McGrath C (2009) Developing an approach to the listing of ecological communities to achieve conservation outcomes. The Australasian Journal of Natural Resources Law and Policy, 13, 61-92. DELWP (2015a) Monitoring and Reporting Framework: Program Outcomes, for the Melbourne Strategic Assessment. Victorian Government Department of Environment, Lane, Water and Planning, East Melbourne, Victoria. DELWP (2015b) Property Inventory Guidelines, Melbourne Strategic Assessment. Victorian Government Department of Environment, Lane, Water and Planning, East Melbourne, Victoria. DEPI (2013a) Biodiversity Conservation Strategy for Melbourne's Growth Corridors. Department of Environment and Primary Industries, East Melbourne. DEPI (2013b) Permitted Clearing of Native Vegetation: Biodiversity Assessment Guidelines. Department of Environment and Primary Industries, East Melbourne. DEPI (2014) Advisory List of rare or threatened plants in Victoria. Department of Environment and Primary Industries, East Melbourne. DPCD (2009) Delivering Melbourne’s Newest Sustainable Communities. Program Report. Department of Planning and Community Development, East Melbourne. DSE (2011) Western Grassland Reserves: Interim Management. Department of Sustainability and Environment, East Melbourne. Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H (1974) Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley, New York. Moloney D (2007) Shire of Melton Heritage Study: Environmental History. TSSC (Threatened Species Scientific Committee) (2008) Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Ecological Communities under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act): Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain. Canberra, ACT. Walsh NG, Stajsic V (2008) A census of the vascular plants of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.

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Appendix 1: List of vascular plants identified

The list below records all vascular plant species recorded (excluding planted species that are not naturalised). The significance of each species is rated using the following categories: EPBC: EPBC listed (see main text for discussion of species in this category) e VROT: Endangered in Victoria v: VROT: Vulnerable in Victoria r: VROT: Rare in Victoria k: VROT: Poorly known in Victoria Loc: locally significant in the opinion of the author SP: CaLP listed: State Prohibited weed RP: CaLP listed: Regionally Prohibited weed RC: CaLP listed: Regionally Controlled weed Res: CaLP listed: Restricted weed The following categories taken from Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg (1974), describe the observed abundance / distribution of each species in each vegetation type in the survey area. These are qualitative estimates that refer to the abundance of the species across the entire site, and may be assigned in retrospect after numerous site visits. The use of the categories makes no reference to the status of the species outside the study area r Solitary (or at least exceedingly rare) + Few individuals, < 5% cover 1 Numerous or scattered, < 5% cover 2 5-25% cover 3 25-50% cover 4 50-75% cover 5 >75% cover The direct observations above are modified by the following categories which represent the author’s (S. Sinclair) opinion about the former abundance of each taxon in the area before agricultural land use (pre- 1835). The combination of both abundance estimates represents some local measure of depletion: A: Abundant. Once numerous, and probably once contributed > 5% cover within the vegetation type. C: Common. Once numerous, but probably did not contribute > 5% cover within the vegetation type. O: Occasional. Always rare or incidental within the vegetation type. This includes ‘freak’ occurrences which are observable ‘in’ a vegetation type, but are not ‘of’ it. Species marked with a ? are doubtful. The location of the ? denotes the level of uncertainty. Species with a ? before their generic names are of doubtful occurrence; often because they have been reported by other observers without supporting specimens or photographs. Species marked with a ? before their specific or subspecific names are of doubtful identity, usually because mature material could not be obtained that displayed all the characters required for positive identification.

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Family Species name

Status Abundance former Likely NTG NATIVE SPECIES FERNS and allies Isoetes drummondii Loc + O MONOCOTS Cyperaceae Isolepis marginate + O Schoenus apogon + C Juncaceae Juncus subsecundus + O Liliaceae Pauridia glabella Loc r C Poaceae (C3) Austrostipa bigeniculata + C ?Austrostipa setacea Loc + C Rytidosperma carphoides + O Rytidosperma duttonianum 1 A Rytidosperma species 1 A Poaceae (C4) Chloris truncata 1 C Themeda triandra 2 A Walwhalleya proluta 1 C DICOTS Amaranthaceae Ptilotus spathulatus Loc r C Apiaceae Eryngium ovinum + C Asteraceae Brachyscome dentata Loc R C Calocephalus citreus 1 C Cassinia sifton + ? Laphangium luteoalbum 1 O Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata 1 C Chenopodium desertorum subsp. microphyllum Loc + O Maireana enchylaenioides + C Convolvulaceae Convolvulus angustissimus subsp. omnigracilis k 1 C Dichondra repens + C Crassulaceae Crassula decumbens var. decumbens + O Droseraceae Drosera hookeri Loc + O Hypericaceae Hypericum gramineum 1 O Oxalidaceae Oxalis perennans 1 C Onagraceae Epilobium hirtigerum + O Polygonaceae Rumex brownii 1 O Rosaceae Acaena echinate 1 A Rubiaceae Asperula conferta + A Thymeleaceae Pimelea spinescens subsp. spinescens EPBC FFG + C Violiaceae Melicytus angustifolius subsp. divaricatus Loc r O Melicytus dentatus s.s. + O Winteraceae Epilobium billardierianum subsp. billardierianum + O INTRODUCED SPECIES MONOCOTS Iridaceae Moraea flaccida + - Romulea minutiflora + - Romulea rosea var. australis 2 - Poaceae (C3) Ehrharta longiflora + -

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Family Species name

Status Abundance former Likely NTG Lolium rigidum 2 - Nassella trichotoma RC 1 - Phalaris aquatica + - Vulpia spp. ? - DICOTS Aizoaceae Galenaia pubescens var. pubescens ? - Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare RC + - Arctotheca calendula + - Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens RC 1 - Gamochaeta calviceps + - Helminthotheca echioides + - Hypochaeris radicata + - Sonchus oleraceus + - Xanthium spinosum RC 1 - Brassicaceae Brassica fruticulosa + - Lepidium africanum + - Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus + - Medicago polymorpha + - Trifolium arvense + - Trifolium repens var. repens + - Geraniaceae Erodium botrys 1 - Erodium cicutarium + - Erodium moschatum + - Malvaceae Malva parviflora + - Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgare RC + - Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae 1 - Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca octandra r - Plantago coronopus + - Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare + - Rumex conglomeratus + - Solanaceae Lycium ferocissimum RC + - Solanum ?nigrum + -

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