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A Practical Guide to CITES

For EU timber traders

Thematic article series no. 3 Published June 2018

The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Developed by NEPCon under the project “Supporting Legal This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not Timber Trade” funded by the LIFE programme of the necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. European Union and UK Aid from the UK government.

Thematic Article Series

Introduction Contents

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Introduction 02 Fauna and Flora – or CITES as it is more commonly known as – is an international agreement that specifies how or if rare and endangered species of plants and animals can be traded internationally. It’s a 1. How does CITES work? 03 system that works via permits. Some species are not allowed to be traded commercially at all, whereas others can be traded if they have 2. How do the EU Wildlife Trade 05 the relevant permit. Regulations work? Read this article to find out:

• How CITES works 3. What timber species are covered by 07 CITES or the EU Wildlife Trade • How the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations (which implement CITES in EU countries) work Regulation? • What main timber species are covered by CITES and the EU 4. What permits do I need? 15 Regulations • What permits you need to import, export or re-export CITES-listed 5. What does a CITES permit look like? 21 timber species

• Other useful, practical information such as what CITES permits look 6. FAQs 23 like, how you apply for one and what the regulations mean in terms of due diligence.

References 25 This article is primarily aimed at timber companies operating in the EU. The information on CITES permits applies to all timber companies in the world, but companies in the US and Australia need to comply with

additional requirements1 which are not discussed here.

Disclaimer: While we’ve done our utmost to ensure that the information in this article is correct at the time of publication, the CITES regulations are complicated and change over time. You should therefore use this article as a guide and not rely on it as a definitive description of your legal obligations.

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The CITES Convention lists 300 additional timber species (all species in three different Dalbergia rosewood and Appendices, each one with a palisander species) were brought different level of protection2. under CITES trade controls, see How does Trade in any of these species to or Box 13. from any country that is party to Species may be listed on one of the convention - which is virtually the Appendices at the level of a all countries in the world – is group of species, an individual regulated as follows: CITES species, a sub-species or a • Species listed on Appendix I geographically distinct are threatened with population4. For example, all extinction. Trade in primates are listed on Appendix II work? specimens of these species is (other than those on Appendix I)5. permitted only in exceptional Sometimes only certain parts of a circumstances. listed species – for example, logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets – • Species listed on Appendix II may be protected whereas other are not necessarily parts may not be protected. threatened with extinction, but trade in them is The full text of the Convention can controlled to protect their be found here. survival.

• Appendix III is a list of species that a country has requested be listed in order to facilitate international cooperation in its trade.

Every three years, the countries that have signed up to the CITES Convention meet and vote on proposals to add or remove species (or sub-species) to Appendices I or II. Countries that have put a species on Appendix III may unilaterally make changes to its listing at any time. For example, at the most recent Convention, in 2017, more than

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If you are based in the EU, then CITES requirements (which is you not only need to abide by the known as a country ‘entering CITES Convention, but also need a reservation’). to abide by the EU Wildlife Trade • Annex D contains all CITES Regulations. How do the Appendix III species for The EU uses the Wildlife Trade which an EU member state Regulations in order to implement has entered a reservation, as the CITES requirements. The well as some non-CITES EU Wildlife Wildlife Trade Regulations list species that are listed in species on one of four Annexes order to be consistent with instead of the three Appendices of other EU regulations, such as CITES6. the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. Trade • Annex A is mostly equivalent

to the species on CITES In some cases, the requirements Appendix I. However, some of the Wildlife Trade Regulations Appendix I species may not are stricter than those of CITES. Regulations be included and some CITES We describe what permits are Appendix II and III species or needed for both CITES and the non-CITES species may be Wildlife Trade Regulations below. included if the EU has The European Commission and adopted stricter protection Traffic have produced a work? measures. comprehensive guide to the • Annex B is mostly equivalent Wildlife Trade Regulations which to the species on CITES can be found here. Appendix II. However, as

above, some Appendix II species may not be included and some CITES Appendix III species or non-CITES species may be included if the EU has adopted stricter protection measures.

• Annex C contains all CITES Appendix III species apart from those where an EU member state has stated that it will not be bound by the

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Roughly 5,800 species of animals Monitoring Centre of the UN and 30,000 species of plants are Environment Programme that currently protected by the CITES lists species protected under Convention. At least 22 genera of both CITES and the EU What commercial timber are protected – Wildlife Trade Regulations. mostly with a single species within Cites and Timber (RBG, Kew) the genus protected; some with includes useful instructions multiple species or the entire for using this site. genus protected. timber Endangered CITES-listed species The tables below show which may sometimes be passed off as a timber species are protected. related, similar-looking but non- Unless otherwise stated, the CITES-listed species. For example, species are information comes from the highly CITES-listed African teak informative guide on CITES and (Pericopsis elata) is sometimes tree species by the Royal Botanic intentionally mislabelled as iroko Gardens, Kew7. If you have (Milicia excelsa)8. You should further questions about this topic, therefore pay close attention to covered by we highly recommend this guide the species determination. Our which provides more detail than article on the laboratory we go into here. techniques to help determine the species (and geographical origin) We have endeavoured to ensure of timber may be of help. CITES or that the main commercial timber species covered by CITES are There are some extra points to included in the tables below, but note about whether or not you will to be sure whether you need a need a permit. In particular: the EU permit or not, especially given • Both CITES and the EU that the number of protected Wildlife Trade Regulation species will change over time, you provide protection for wild should check by: plants and animals. You do Wildlife • Looking in the CITES not need any permits for Appendices plants that were ‘artificially propagated’ 9 * or that come • Looking in the EU Annexes from a commercial Trade • Using the Species+ website plantation. The ‘plantations’ which is a helpful searchable column in the tables below database developed by CITES gives an indication of whether Regulation? and the World Conservation there are known commercial * The exemption only applies if the plants are produced exactly in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15)9, if not permits are required.

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plantations available. see the ‘notes’ section of the Commercial tree species on CITES Appendix I / Species+ website. • If you imported or exported a EU Annex A species before it was covered • The CITES Convention allows by the Convention, you do countries to put a Commercial, international trade in wild-sourced specimens of these not need to retrospectively ‘reservation’ on a species. If species is prohibited. apply for any permits10. this is the case for the species and country you wish Scientific name Common name Distribution Uses Parts and Reservations Suspensions – Are there any • The CITES Convention may populations – countries any national commercial to trade, and you are11: protectedb that have export plantations? only protect certain parts of a stated they suspensions of shall not be CITES tree. For example, only logs,  Exporting to another bound by the international CITES rules13 suspensions. sawn wood and veneer of country which has a Check Species+ for details14 Mongolian oak (Quercus reservation on the Abies Guatemalan Fir, El Salvador, Construction, All None No Yes guatemalensis Mexican fir Guatemala, charcoal, mongolica) are protected, species, or to a country Honduras, Christmas trees Mexico whereas all parts of Swietenia which is not party to Araucaria Monkey puzzle Chile and Construction, All None No Yes humilis (mahogany) are CITES, then you do not araucana tree or Chilean Argentina plywood, pine flooring, paper covereda. We have noted need any CITES permits pulp Balmea stormiaec Ayuque Mexico, Christmas tree, All None No No information on which parts of Guatemala, El ornamental wood  Exporting to a country Salvador the species are currently which is party to CITES Dalbergia nigra Brazilian Brazil15 Furniture, All None No No protected in the table below. rosewood musical and has not put a instruments16 For up-to-date information, reservation on the Fitzroya Alerce Argentina, Furniture, All None Chile None known see the ‘notes’ section of the cupressoides Chile musical species, then you will instruments, Species+ website. Note that construction need an export permit. Pilgerodendron Guaitecas Argentina, Construction, All None No None known in cases where processed uviferum cypress Chile furniture, boat building • The CITES Convention allows timber is allowed to be Podocarpus Parlatore’s Bolivia, House building, All None No None known countries to suspend all trade parlatorei podocarp Argentina, fence posts exported without a permit, Peru logs are sometimes smuggled in a certain species for a by making a rudimentary cut certain period of time12. We in another otherwise have noted information on unprocessed log and claiming current ‘suspensions’ in the the wood to be processed. table below. For up-to-date information, check the • The CITES Convention Species+ website. sometimes only protects species from specific • Countries sometimes set geographical areas. We have export quotas for species, noted this information in the limiting the volume for which tables below. We have noted export permits can be issued. information on which parts of The Species+ website the species are currently contains information on protected in the table below. quotas. For up-to-date information, b All populations are protected unless stated otherwise c Not taken from Cites and Timber (RBG, Kew)

a With some exceptions not applicable to the timber trade, such as seeds and pollen

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Scientific name Common name Distribution Uses Parts and Reservations Suspensions – Are there any populations – countries any national commercial Commercial tree species on CITES Appendix II / protected that have export plantations? stated they suspensions of shall not be CITES EU Annex B bound by international the CITES suspensions. rules17 Check Species+ Commercial, international trade in wild-sourced specimens of these for details18

species is permitted only with the appropriate permits (see section Guibourtia Bubinga West and Furniture, All parts None DR Congo Yes. FSC- demeusei, G. Central Africa musical with a few certified below). pellegriniana, G. instruments exceptions plantations tessmannii – see

Osyris lanceolata African sub-Saharan Essential oil for All parts None DR Congo None known Scientific name Common name Distribution Uses Parts and Reservations Suspensions – Are there any sandalwood Africa the cosmetic and except populations – countries any national commercial pharmaceutical seeds, protected that have export plantations? industries pollen, stated they suspensions of finished shall not be CITES products. bound by international the CITES suspensions. Pericopsis elata Afrormosia or West and Flooring, Logs, sawn None Cote d’Ivoire, No large African teak central Africa furniture, veneer, wood and DR Congo commercial rules17 Check Species+ boat building veneer plantations for details18 sheets Aniba rosaeodora Rosewood, Pau Brazil, Rosewood oil, for Logs, sawn None No One rosa Colombia, perfumes wood, commercial Ecuador, veneer plantation in French Guiana, sheets, Brazil Platymiscium Cristóbal Costa Rica, El Furniture, All parts None No None known Guyana, Peru, plywood pleiostachyum Salvador, flooring, except Nicaragua panelling, fruits, Aquilaria and Agarwood Bangladesh, Oil for perfumes All parts Kuwait, Philippines Yes musical seeds, Gyrinops Bhutan, and cosmetics, except Qatar, Syria, India instruments seedlings, Cambodia, carvings, beads, seeds, UAE – see flowers, China, India, traditional seedlings, Species+ for Indonesia, Lao medicine finished details Prunus africana African cherry Central and Bark for All parts None DR Congo, No People’s products, south Africa medicinal except Equatorial Democratic fruits and purposes fruits, Guinea, Republic, leaves seeds, Tanzania Malaysia, seedlings, Myanmar, Papua New Pterocarpus African West Africa Construction, All None Guinea, Guinea None known erinaceus rosewood, furniture, musical Bissau, Liberia Bulnesia Palo santo, holy Bolivia, Flooring, Logs, sawn None No None known kosso instruments, sarmientoi wood Paraguay, furniture, wood, charcoal, fodder Brazil, handicrafts, oil veneer for livestock Argentina for perfumes and sheets, cosmetics plywood, Pterocarpus Red India, Sri Traditional Logs, wood None India Yes powder and santalinus sandalwood Lanka, instruments. Red chips, extract but Pakistan dye used in powder, cosmetics, food extracts Paubrasilia Pernambuco, Brazil Violin bows Logs, sawn None No No and echinatax pau-brasil wood, pharmaceuticals veneer sheets, Swietenia spp. Mahogany Central and Musical humilis: All None Dominica, Yes unfinished South America instruments, parts except Grenada Caryocar Costus, Ajo Colombia, Construction of All parts None None None known and the veneer, furniture, fruits, costaricensee Costa Rica, bridges, marine except Caribbean panelling seeds, Panama, construction, fruits, seedlings, Venezuela heavy flooring seeds, flowers, seedlings, finished flowers, products

19 Dalbergia spp. Rosewoods Throughout Construction, All parts India DR Congo, No macrophylla (except those the tropics furniture, musical with a few Guinea, India, : logs, sawn included in instruments exceptions Madagascar wood, Appendix I) – see veneer Diospyros spp. Ebony Madagascar, Furniture, Logs, sawn None Madagascar None known sheets, with one musical wood and plywood species (D. instruments veneer Taxus chinensis, Yew Afghanistan, Horticulture, anti All parts None Afghanistan, Yes ferrea) also sheets from T. cuspidata, Bhutan, China -cancer drugs, except India, found in East Madagascar T. fuana, and Taiwan, Chinese seeds, Philippines T. sumatrana, Democratic traditional pollen, Gonystylus spp. Ramin Southeast Asia Furniture, All parts None No None known T. wallichiana Republic of medicine finished veneer, tools, except Korea, India, products handles fruits, Japan, seeds, Malaysia, seedlings, Myanmar, Nepal, Guaiacum spp. Lignum vitae Central and Mechanical All parts None No No large Pakistan, the

d All populations are protected unless stated otherwise e Not taken from Cites and Timber (RBG, Kew) x CITES, Change of taxonomic nomenclature of Caesalpinia echinata and its potential implications for trade 11 Thematic Article no. 3 12 data and control, July 2017, https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/23/E-PC23-31-02.pdf

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Commercial tree species on CITES Appendix III / EU Annex C

Commercial, international trade in wild-sourced specimens of these species is permitted only with the appropriate permits (see section below).

Scientific Common name Listed on Distribution Uses Parts and Reservations Suspensions Are there name Appendix III populations – countries – any any by which protectedf that have national commercial country(s) stated they export plantations? shall not be suspensions bound by the of CITES CITES rules20 international suspensions. Check Species+ for details21 Cedrela spp. Spanish cedars Brazil, Bolivia, Central and Furniture, Logs, sawn None Dominica, Yes Some Colombia, South musical wood and Grenada species are Guatemala, America instruments, veneer on Annex C, Perug and the light sheets some Annex Caribbean construction D Dipteryx Almendro Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Construction All None No Yes panamensis Nicaragua Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia Fraxinus Manchurian ash Russia China, Veneer for Logs, sawn None No Yes mandshurica Republic of furniture, wood and Korea, musical veneer Japan and instruments sheets south east and Russia marquetry (Sakhalin Island) Pinus Korean pine Russia China, Furniture, Logs, sawn None No Yes koraiensis Japan, sports wood and Democratic equipment, veneer People’s musical sheets Republic of instruments, Korea, construction, Republic of boat Korea and building, Russia flooring, plywood, veneer, pulp. Resin is used to produce turpentine. Did you know? Edible pine nuts Compliance with national law is a prerequisite for the issuance of a CITES export permit. However, there are no guidelines for Management Authorities to verify legal compliance and often checks Podocarpus Podocarp Nepal Southeast House All parts None India None known are not conducted*. Thus, a loophole is created within the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR), since products neriifolius Asia building, except boat seeds, with CITES permits are exempt from the due diligence requirements. This issue is in the process of being building, seedlings, addressed, but in the meantime, those committed to sourcing legal timber are advised to apply due furniture, flowers and musical fruit diligence to products with CITES permits too. instruments Quercus Mongolian oak Russia China, Construction, Logs, sawn None No Yes, but To find out more about the EUTR, visit www.nepcon.org/sourcinghub mongolica Japan, sports wood and production Republic of equipment, veneer levels Korea, furniture, sheets unknown Mongolia, boats Russia * Chatham House, The EU Timber Regulation and CITES, 2014 https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/ (Sakalin view/199158 Island)

f All populations are protected unless stated otherwise g For details of which country applies to which species, see Species+

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The information we have compiled below is a summary of what you are most likely to need to know to import, export or re-export a CITES or EU protected species. It is not, however, a full list of all the rules and regulations. If you are ever unsure about whether you need a permit or What not, contact your national CITES Management Authority. Their details are listed here.

Species on CITES • To re-export the specimen: a permits do re-export permit issued by Appendix I or EU the relevant authority in the Annex A country you wish to export from. A re-export permit can I need? Commercial international trade in only be issued if the species on Appendix I / Annex A is specimen was previously not allowed. However, if the trade imported in accordance with is not primarily for commercial the Convention. purposes and if the trade is not • To trade the specimen detrimental to the survival of the internally (within the same species and if the specimen was country or within the EU): no obtained legally, then the trade permits are needed unless may be permitted if the following required by national law. In permits are obtained and the case of the EUh, internal presented at the port of entry or trade is prohibited, although exit22: there are some exemptions • To import the specimen: an to this, including for import permit issued by the artificially propagated plants*, relevant authority in the in which case an intra-trade country you wish to import permit is required23. into. • To export the specimen: an Trade within the EU and export permit issued by the with their overseas relevant authority in the country you wish to export territories from. An export permit can In general, timber can be traded only be issued once an import freely between EU members permit has been obtained. states, though the trade in wild

h Note that Gibraltar is currently part of the EU and that, for the purposes of CITES, San Marino, Ceuta and Melilla are treated as part of the EU * The exemption only applies if the plants are produced exactly in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP15)9, if not permits are required.

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specimens of Annex A species is can only be issued if the main However, some specimens may be likely required and for the latter a banned, as it is outside the EU. reason for the trade is not exempt from these permits. Only CITES export/import permit is commercial. In addition, you France and UK have overseas required. Intra-EU trade in timber on Annex will also need to provide territories with wooden species on B, C or D does not usually require National laws may be stricter than documentary evidence of the the CITES list. Both have some any permits, though in some these requirements, so you will legality of the trade, including territories which are considered cases it may be necessary to show need to check the requirements of the CITES export or re-export part and some which are not that species on Annex B were the countries you are exporting permit. considered part of the EU. So for acquired legally24. from and importing into. the former an intra-trade permit is • To export the specimen: an Only France and UK have export permit issued by the overseas territories with wooden relevant authority in the species on the CITES list. Both country you wish to export have some territories which are from. An export permit can considered part and some which Box 1: What if I’m buying Indian rosewood only be issued only if the are not considered part of the EU. specimen was legally or sissoo? National laws may be stricter than obtained and if the export will these requirements, so you will not be detrimental to the need to check the requirements of survival of the species. In January 2017 over 300 new timber species were listed on CITES Appendix II, these the countries you are exporting included all rosewood and palisander species of the genus Dalbergia26. This caused an • To re-export the specimen: a from and importing into. outcry because two species are not only commonly used in the manufacture of re-export permit issued by musical instruments in India (an important export for the country) but are also the relevant authority in the considered to be readily available27: Indian rosewood and sissoo or northern Indian country you wish to export Species on CITES rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia and Dalbergia sissoo). Thus, the Government of India from. A re-export permit can entered a reservation, they have stated that they shall not be bound by the CITES Appendix II or EU only be issued if the rules for the whole genus. specimen was previously Annex B This means that for entry into the EU (and other CITES Parties) documentation imported in accordance with ‘comparable’ to CITES documentation is required. This is evidence for the legal and International trade is permitted if the Convention. sustainable origin issued by the country’s competent authorities28. For Dalbergia the following permits are obtained • To trade the specimen latifolia and Dalbergia sissoo the Indian authorities are issuing VRIKSH Shipment and presented at the port of entry 29 internally (within the same Certificates . VRIKSH is India’s timber legality assessment and verification scheme, or exit25: country or within the EUi): an established in 2013 and administered by the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH)30. Only VRIKSH certified companies can obtain VRIKSH Shipment Certificates; • To import the specimen: no intra-trade permit is required. to obtain the Shipment Certificates a company need to apply to EPCH detailing the permit is needed unless product(s) being shipped and the material used during manufacture, along with a required by national law. If Trade within the EU and with copy of records documenting in the supply chain. Certificates are generally issued you wish to import the within 10-15 days. specimen into an EU country, their overseas territories then the Wildlife Trade Details of the process, required documents and application forms are available on the For species listed in Appendix B, VRIKSH website: http://vrikshindia.in Regulations require you to an import permit is required. have an import permit which

i Note that Gibraltar is currently part of the EU and that, for the purposes of CITES, San Marino, Ceuta and Melilla are treated as part of the EU. Trade with other overseas territories of EU member states will need

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Species on CITES Regulations require you to from. The export permit can country you wish to export have an ‘import notification’ only be issued only if the from. Appendix III or EU no matter what EU country specimen was legally Figure 1 shows an example of the Annex C or D you’re in. This is a declaration obtained. licensing system for Russian that you fill in and submit • To export the specimen from Mongolian oak (Quercus International trade is permitted if (with other relevant CITES a state that does not list the mongolica), an Appendix III the following permits are obtained documents) to the customs species on Appendix III: a species commonly encountered and presented at the port of entry officials in the EU country you 31 certificate of origin issued by within the European timber trade. or exit : wish to import into. the relevant authority in the National laws may be stricter than • To import the specimen: no • To export the specimen from country you wish to export these requirements, so you will permit is needed unless a country that lists the from. need to check the requirements of required by national law. If species on Appendix III: an • To re-export the specimen: a the countries you are exporting you wish to import the export permit issued by the re-export permit issued by from and importing into. specimen into an EU country, relevant authority in the the relevant authority in the then the Wildlife Trade country you wish to export

Figure 1: Importing timber products containing Russian Mongolian oak into the EU – an example of the licensing system for species on CITES Appendix III

Russian harvester / Russian trader / Chinese trader / Chinese furniture Danish retailer sawmiller (Forest is exporter importer manufacturer Russian, state-owned)

A copy of the CITES Re-export Import Notification Concession and CITES Export Russian CITES Permit sales agreements Permit (required by the Export Permit will issued by the EU Wildlife Trade issued by the need to be passed Chinese Regulations) Russian on submitted by the Management Management importer to the Authority (Federal Authority (The Danish customs Service for Endangered authority prior to Supervision of Species Import and importation, along Natural Resources Export with the Chinese Management) Management Office CITES Re-export applied for by the of the People's Permit trader/exporter Republic of China) applied for by the manufacturer

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Cites and Timber (RBG, Kew) has Figure 2: A fake CITES useful examples of what CITES permits look like. You should permit from Cameroon check that the details on the What does permit are all correct. Fake CITES permits can be an problem. Our guide to how to spot fake documents includes some a CITES real-life examples of forged CITES permits and gives tips on how to spot them. For example, the two supposed permits shown here permit (see Figure 2) get the name of the CITES Convention wrong – one gives it the wrong name and the other gets the spelling wrong. look like? If in doubt about the validity of a permit, check with the office that supposedly issued it – the national Management Authority.

At present, the CITES permit system is still largely paper-based but a project is underway to introduce electronic permits32.

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What should I do if I wish I’m importing timber with to trade with a country a FLEGT licence. What that has not signed up to do I need to do? FAQs CITES? If you are importing CITES-listed 182 countries plus the EU have timber from Indonesia, which at signed up to the CITES the time of writing is the only Convention, so there are very few country with a FLEGT licensing countries which have not signed scheme in operation, into an EU up33. A list of the countries that country then you will need both have signed up is available here. the CITES documentation and the FLEGT licence35. However, if you wish to export from or import into a country that Who should apply for the is not party to the Convention, permit? then you will need to obtain the equivalent permits listed in the If you are importing, exporting or section above. re-exporting a species that needs a CITES permit, then you need to Do I also need to carry apply for the relevant permit, or out due diligence for the ask an agent to do so for you. EU Timber Regulation? Who do I apply for the No. Provided you’ve obtained all permit to? the CITES permits that you have Every country that has signed up to have, then you are allowed to to CITES has a national assume that the timber is a low Management Authority to which risk of being illegally harvested, you should apply for the relevant transported and traded and permit. The Management therefore are not obliged to carry Authorities are listed here. out any further due diligence34. How much does a permit However, the risk of violation of cost? the CITES regulation has been noted in some countries so it is Each national Management advisable to take extra care when Authority sets their own fees, so sourcing CITES species from those the costs vary from country to countries, see the NEPCon country. In UK the fees vary from Sourcing Hub for more details. £59 to £74 for re-export and export permits36; in the US they cost $10037.

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Commission, The differences between EU and CITES provisions in a nutshell, http:// References ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/differences_b_eu_and_cites.pdf

23) European Commission, CITES, Permits, certificates and notifications, http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/cites/info_permits_en.htm 1) See, for example, CIFOR, The role of CITES in the governance of transnational timber 24) European Commission and TRAFFIC, European Union Wildlife Regulations, 2017, http:// trade, 2015, http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-130.pdf ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/referenceguide_en.pdf 2) CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php 25) CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php; European 3) CITES, New CITES trade rules come into effect as 2017 starts, 2 January 2017, https:// Commission, The differences between EU and CITES provisions in a nutshell, http:// www.cites.org/eng/new_CITES_trade_rules_come_into_effect_as_2017_starts_02012017 ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/differences_b_eu_and_cites.pdf

4) CITES, The CITES species, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.php 26) CITES, New CITES trade rules come into effect as 2017 starts, https://www.cites.org/eng/ new_CITES_trade_rules_come_into_effect_as_2017_starts_02012017 5) Primates, CITES, https://primatecarewelfare.wordpress.com/conservation/law-and-policy/ cites-and-cbd/ 27) ITTO, India seeks exemption from the CITES Dalbergia requirements, http://www.itto.int/ mis_detail/id=5418 6) European Commission, The European Union and Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora, http:// ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/legislation_en.htm; Kew Publishing, CITES and timber: a 28) European Commission, Questions and Answers on the Implementation in the EU of the guide to CITES-listed tree species, 2016, https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/ Listing of Rosewood and Palisander Species into CITES Appendix II at CITES CoP17, Cites_and_Timber_ed2016_16Dec2016_1.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/cop17/ implementation_of_cites_cop17_listing_of_rosewood_clean.pdf 7) The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, CITES and timber: a guide to CITES-listed tree species, 2016, https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/ 29) Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Wildlife Cites_and_Timber_ed2016_16Dec2016_1.pdf Division), Uploading the CITES Comparable document i.e. Vriksh Shipment Certificate for export of Dalbergia sissoo and Dalbergia latifolia on CITES Website http:// 8) Deklerck V, Finch K, Gasson P, et al. Comparison of species classification models of mass www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/CITES%20COMPARABLE%20DOCUMENT.pdf see also spectrometry data: Kernel Discriminant Analysis vs Random Forest; A case study of Green Clean Guide, New CITES trade rules for Dalbergia species, http:// Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen). Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2017; greencleanguide.com/new-cites-trade-rules-for-dalbergia-species/ and VRIKSH, 31:1582–1588. https:// org/10.1002/rcm.7939 Process Documentation for Vriksh CITES Shipment

9) CITES, Conf. 11.11, Regulation of trade in plants, https://www.cites.org/sites/default/ Certificate (Dalbergia spp. as per CITES App. II), http://vrikshindia.in/external_file/ files/document/E-Res-11-11-R17.pdf ProcessDocumentation.pdf

10) CITES, Resolution Conf. 13.6, Implementation of Article VII, paragraph 2, concerning ‘pre 30) VRIKSH, About VRIKSH, http://vrikshindia.in/index.php/user/about_us -Convention’ specimens, https://www.cites.org/eng/res/13/13-06R16.php 31) CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php; European 11) The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, CITES and timber: a guide to CITES-listed tree species, Commission, The differences between EU and CITES provisions in a nutshell, http:// 2016, https://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/ ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/differences_b_eu_and_cites.pdf Cites_and_Timber_ed2016_16Dec2016_1.pdf 32) CITES, eCITES, https://cites.org/eng/prog/eCITES 12) CITES, Countries currently subject to a recommendation to suspend trade, https:// www.cites.org/eng/resources/ref/suspend.php 33) CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php

13) Information on reservations taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species 34) Chatham House, The EU Timber Regulation and CITES, April 2014, https://www.illegal- logging.info/sites/files/chlogging/Saunders_and_Reeve_EUTR_and_CITES.pdf 14) Information on suspensions taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species 35) FLEGT, FLEGT, certification and CITES, http://www.flegtlicence.org/flegt-certification-cites 15) IUCN Red List, Dalbergia nigra, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/32985/0 36) Animal and Plant Health Agency, Schedule of fees applicable for CITES applications, 16) IUCN Red List, Dalbergia nigra, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/32985/0 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/602751/cites-gn11.pdf 17) Information on reservations taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species 37) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal fish and wildlife permit application form for the 18) Information on suspensions taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species export/re-export of plants and plant products, https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/ 19) CITES, New CITES trade rules come into effect as 2017 starts, 2 January 2017, https:// permit-application-form-3-200-32-export-re-export-of-plants.pdf www.cites.org/eng/new_CITES_trade_rules_come_into_effect_as_2017_starts_02012017

20) Information on reservations taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species

21) Information on suspensions taken from Species+, https://www.speciesplus.net/species We are thankful to Priyanka Jagdale, Independent Sustainability Consultant- India, Catherine Rutherford, 22) CITES, How CITES works, https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php; European Independent Consultant, and Peter Gasson, Research Leader, Wood and Timbers at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who provided expertise that assisted the development of this thematic article.

25 Thematic Article no. 3 26

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About Supporting Legal Timber Trade

Supporting Legal Timber Trade is a joint initiative run by NEPCon NEPCon (Nature Economy and People with the aim of supporting timber-related companies in Europe Connected) is an international, with knowledge, tools and training in the requirements of the EU non-profit organisation that builds Timber Regulation. Knowing your timber’s origin is not only good commitment and capacity for for the forests, but good for business. The joint initiative is funded mainstreaming sustainability. Together by the LIFE Programme of the European Union and UK Aid from the with our partners, we foster solutions UK Government. for safeguarding our natural resources and protecting our climate.

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