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Tesis Doctoral TESIS DOCTORAL JAPÓN EN LA ENCRUCIJADA NUCLEAR. UN ESTUDIO CRÍTICO DE LAS IMPLICACIONES DE LA ENERGÍA NUCLEAR PARA LA POLÍTICA DE SEGURIDAD MEDIOAMBIENTAL DE JAPÓN TRAS EL DESASTRE DE FUKUSHIMA María Francisca Casado Claro Licenciada en Filología Inglesa Magister en Relaciones Internacionales UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: D. ANTONIO MARQUINA BARRIO Codirector: D. JAVIER MORALES HERNÁNDEZ Tutora: Dª ALICIA GIL GIL 2015 TESIS DOCTORAL JAPÓN EN LA ENCRUCIJADA NUCLEAR. UN ESTUDIO CRÍTICO DE LAS IMPLICACIONES DE LA ENERGÍA NUCLEAR PARA LA POLÍTICA DE SEGURIDAD MEDIOAMBIENTAL DE JAPÓN TRAS EL DESASTRE DE FUKUSHIMA María Francisca Casado Claro Licenciada en Filología Inglesa Magister en Relaciones Internacionales UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO GENERAL GUTIÉRREZ MELLADO Director: D. ANTONIO MARQUINA BARRIO Codirector: D. JAVIER MORALES HERNÁNDEZ Tutora: Dª ALICIA GIL GIL 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi director y a mi codirector de tesis, por recorrer conmigo este camino, arduo aunque gratificante, y ayudarme en mi proceso de aprendizaje y maduración académica. A la Sasakawa Peace Foundation por confiar en mí y concederme una beca para estudiar japonés en un momento en que en España las posibilidades de aprender la lengua japonesa eran muy limitadas. Los tres meses que pase en Tokio en 1994 fueron la semilla de todo lo que vino posteriormente. A la Embajada del Japón en España, por confiar en mí y concederme una beca de investigación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura, Deportes, Ciencia y Tecnología (MEXT) gracias a la cual puede estudiar en la Universidad de Tokio durante dos años y profundizar mis conocimientos de la lengua y la cultura japonesas. Al Profesor Keiichi Tsunekawa por ser mi anfitrión durante la estancia la Universidad de Tokio, por toda la atención y ayuda que me prestó incondicionalmente, así como por ser el primero en proponer el medio ambiente como tema de investigación. Así como a mis compañeros japoneses e internacionales de la Universidad de Tokio y de la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas, así como de la Residencia de Estudiantes de Soshigaya, por todos los grandes momentos y conversaciones que compartimos. A la Familia Kurita, que en el verano de 2002 me acogió en su casa, en el pueblecito de Daito en Shizuoka, y me mostró qué significa que cuatro generaciones convivan bajo el mismo techo y además de tradiciones y costumbres que se escapan a quienes vienen de fuera. A mis profesores y compañeros de la Escuela Diplomática. A los primeros por todo el conocimiento que nos transmitieron, y a los últimos por todos los momentos que compartimos juntos en el curso de estudios internacionales. Gracias en especial a mis compañeros japoneses Aya Kaneko y Kazuhiko Miura Al fallecido Masahiko Nisawa, funcionario del Ministerio de Hacienda de Japón, fiel amigo y enamorado de España, que me ayudó de muchas maneras. A todos mis compañeros de Universidad Europea, en especial a los que en los últimos tiempos al igual que yo han estado trabajando intensamente en su doctorado y con su esfuerzo me han animado a trabajar en el mío. En especial, a María Concepción Saavedra por ser mi apoyo en momentos de motivación y desmotivación. A Hanako Fujino y Yoshie Yoshimoto, amigas y compañeras del Departamento de Traducción e Interpretación de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales de la Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, por mostrarme Japón a través de vuestro trabajo. A mi compañero y locutor del curso de español de la Radio NHK, Takuya Kimura, profesor de la Universidad de Sophia. A todos mis profesores de lengua y cultura japonesa, en España y en Japón, por ayudarme a progresar en el conocimiento de Japón a través de su lengua. A todos los amigos y amigas japoneses que me han acompañado durante todo este tiempo, la lista es tan larga que podría olvidar a alguno si os nombrará uno por uno, sin embargo no puedo dejar de mencionar a Tomoko y Mio. A los profesores, coordinadores y mis compañeros del curso de la Escuela Complutense de Verano, ―Asia en el siglo XXI‖ por todos los conocimientos y habilidades transmitidos, asi como por el debate y la amistad que surgieron espontáneamente. A William Feliciano Cruz, por su ayuda y amistad incondicional, a pesar del tiempo y la distancia. A mis compañeros y alumnos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico, por todo el apoyo y ayuda que me brindaron durante los tres años que trabajé allí como profesora y coordinadora del Grado de Turismo. Así como a todos los amigos que estuvieron a mi lado en los buenos y los malos momentos, en especial a mi querida amiga venezolana Irene Elvira. A todas las bibliotecarias y bibliotecarios que me han orientado y ayudado, tanto en el IUGM como en el CRAI-Biblioteca de la Universidad Europea. Gracias en especial a Inmaculada Mateo por su exhaustiva orientación sobre el estilo APA, 6th Edition. A mis amigos del Club de Literatura Japonesa Honobono, por un su ilusión, su perseverancia y los buenos momentos de tertulia que hemos compartido en estos años. Asimismo, por invitarme a hablar de la sociedad civil japonesa. A la Profesora de la Universidad Jaume I, Eloisa Nos Aldás, por toda la orientación que amablemente me ha brindado en torno a la sociedad civil y a los medios ciudadanos. A mis compañeros de la Dirección General de Turismo por todos los momentos que compartimos y que hacen el día a día más agradable. A la gente de Fukushima, que ha sufrido y está sufriendo lo indecible, siempre estáis y estaréis en un mis pensamientos. Por último, aunque bien debería ser lo primero, a mi marido José Carlos y a mis hijos Joaquín e Irene, a mis hermanos, a mis sobrinos, a mis cuñados y a mis suegros, Irene y José Luis, así como a mis padres que viven en el cielo. ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE SISTEMÁTICO GLOSARIO LISTA DE FIGURAS Y TABLAS Introducción PARTE I. MARCO TEÓRICO CAPÍTULO 1. Los enfoques críticos de la seguridad y la teoría de la securitización CAPÍTULO 2. Seguridad medioambiental CAPÍTULO 3. Un marco analítico para la seguridad ambiental en Japón PARTE II. ESTUDIO DE CASO CAPÍTULO 4. El contexto CAPÍTULO 5. Los agentes CAPÍTULO 6. Las implicaciones de la energía nuclear para la seguridad medioambiental de Japón Conclusiones generales BIBLIOGRAFÍA 1 TABLA DE CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................... 1 ÍNDICE GENERAL .................................................................................................................... 1 GLOSARIO .............................................................................................................................. 7 ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS ............................................................................................................ 11 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ................................................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................... 13 SEGURIDAD MEDIOAMBIENTAL ............................................................................................ 15 HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................................ 18 METODOLOGÍA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................................................................... 19 SELECCIÓN DEL CASO DE ESTUDIO ......................................................................................... 22 ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS ..................................................................................................... 23 PARTE I – DESARROLLO DE UN MARCO ANALÍTICO ............................................................... 25 CAPÍTULO 1. LOS ENFOQUES CRÍTICOS DE LA SEGURIDAD Y LA TEORÍA DE LA SECURITIZACIÓN ............................................................................................................................................ 26 1.1. LOS ESTUDIOS CRÍTICOS DE SEGURIDAD .................................................................................. 27 1.2. LA ESCUELA DE COPENHAGUE Y LA SECURITIZACIÓN.................................................................... 33 1.2.1. ¿EN QUÉ CONSISTE LA SECURITIZACIÓN? ....................................................................................... 34 1.2.2. DESECURITIZACIÓN ................................................................................................................... 43 1.2.3. MÁS QUE UN ACTO DEL LENGUAJE: LAS CRÍTICAS AL MARCO ORIGINAL ............................................... 49 CAPÍTULO 2. UN ACERCAMIENTO CRÍTICO A LA SEGURIDAD MEDIOAMBIENTAL .................... 59 2.1. ¿ES EL MEDIO AMBIENTE UNA CUESTIÓN DE SEGURIDAD? ............................................................ 60 2 2.2. EL SECTOR MEDIOAMBIENTAL DENTRO DEL MARCO DE LA TEORÍA DE LA SECURITIZACIÓN ..................... 66 2.2.1. DOS AGENDAS: CIENTÍFICA Y POLÍTICA ........................................................................................... 68 2.2.2. COMUNIDADES EPISTÉMICAS ....................................................................................................... 69 2.2.3. ACTORES ................................................................................................................................. 70 2.2.4. OBJETOS DE REFERENCIA ...........................................................................................................
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