Group Composition and Behavior Preliminary Study of Laotian Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus Concolor Lu) Near Ban Toup, Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao Pdr)

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Group Composition and Behavior Preliminary Study of Laotian Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus Concolor Lu) Near Ban Toup, Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao Pdr) GROUP COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOR PRELIMINARY STUDY OF LAOTIAN BLACK CRESTED GIBBON (NOMASCUS CONCOLOR LU) AROUND BAN TOUP, NAM KAN NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA, LAO PDR Singphone Luangleuxay A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environment Biology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2016 การศึกษาโครงสร้างกลุ่มและพฤตกิ รรมเบื้องต้นของชะนีแก้มดา บริเวณบ้านตูบ ป่าสงวนแห่งชาติน ้าก่าน สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว นายสิงพร หลวงลือไช วทิ ยานิพนธ์นีเ้ ป็ นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตรปริญญาวทิ ยาศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาชีววิทยาสิ่งแวดล้อม มหาวทิ ยาลัยเทคโนโลยสี ุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2559 I สิงพร หลวงลือไช : การศึกษาโครงสร้างกลุ่มและพฤติกรรมเบ้ืองตน้ ของชะนีแกม้ ดา NOMASCUS CONCOLOR LU บริเวณบา้ นตูบ ป่าสงวนแห่งชาติน้า ก่าน สาธารณรัฐ ประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว (GROUP COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOR PRELIMINARY STUDY OF LAOTIAN BLACK CRESTED GIBBON (NOMASCUS CONCOLOR LU) NEAR BAN TOUP, NAM KAN NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA, LAO PDR). อาจารย์ที่ปรึกษา : ผชู้ ่วยศาสตราจารย ์ดร.พงศ์เทพ สุวรรณวารี, 96 หน้า. ชะนีแก้มด ำลำวเป็ นส่ิงมีชีวิตที่ถูกคุกคำม และพบอำศัยในภำคเหนือของสำธำรณรัฐ ประชำธิปไตยประชำชนลำวเท่ำน้นั กำรศึกษำสมำชิกในฝงู และพฤติกรรม กระทำ โดยกำรติดตำมชะนี จำนวน 4 ฝูง เป็นเวลำ 4-7 วัน จำกเดือนสิงหำคมถึงพฤศจิกำยน พ.ศ. 2556 บริเวณบ้ำนตูบ ในป่ำสงวน แห่งชำติน้ำ ก่ำน กำรศึกษำพบชะนีท้งั สิ้น 20 ตวั เฉลี่ย 5 ตวั ต่อฝูง มี 2 ฝูงที่พบตวั ผูต้ วั เดียวแต่มีตวั เมีย สองตัว ในขณะที่อีก 1 ฝงู ไมม่ ีลูกออ่ น หรือวยั เด็กเลย จำกกำรเฝ้ำมองเป็นช่วง ๆ ชะนีเต็มวัยตัวผู้และตัวเมียใช้เวลำในกำรเดินทำงมำกที่สุด ร้อยละ 25 รองลงมำคือ กำรกินอำหำรและกำรเฝ้ำระวงั แตช่ ะนีวยั หนุ่มสำว วยั เด็ก และวยั ทำรกกลบั ใช้เวลำส่วนใหญ่ในกำรเล่น รองลงมำคือ กำรเดินทำงและกำรเฝ้ำระวงั กำรที่ชะนีใช้เวลำจำ นวน มำกในกำรเดินทำงหำอำหำรและกำรกินอำหำร อำจเนื่องมำจำกมีแหล่งอำหำรไม่เพียงพอ และมีกำร รบกวนจำกมนุษยม์ ำกในพ้ืนที่ศึกษำ มีเพียงชะนีตวั โตเต็มวยั และวยั หนุ่มสำวเท่ำน้ันที่ร้อง ชะนีชนิดน้ีส่งเสียงร้องในตอนเช้ำ ต้งั แต่ 06:04 ถึง 07:36 โดยร้องเป็นเวลำนำน 28 ± 5 นำที จำกต้นไม้ที่ชะนีใช้ร้องจำนวน 35 ต้น พบวำ่ เป็นพืช 9 ชนิด ชนิดที่มีจำนวนมำกที่สุดคือ Spondias lakhonensis Pierre ร้อยละ 22.9 ตำมด้วย Ficus benjamina ร้อยละ 20.0 และ Spondias axillaris Roxb ร้อยละ 17.1 ตำมล ำดับ ชะนีกินพืช 15 ชนิด จำกพืชที่พบ 131 ต้น พืชที่ชะนีชอบที่สุดคือ Spondias lakhonensis Pierre ร้อยละ 27.9 รองลงมำคือ Ficus hispida L. ร้อยละ 15.1 Ficus benjamina ร้อยละ 11.6 และ Choerospondias axillaris ร้อยละ 10.5 ตำมลำ ดบั โดยชะนีท้งั ตวั ผูแ้ ละตวั เมียเลือกที่จะกินผลมำกที่สุด ร้อยละ 72.9 รองลงมำคือ ใบออ่ น ร้อยละ 14.7 ดอก ร้อยละ 6.9 และใบแก่ ร้อยละ 5.4 ตำมลำดับ ชะนีเดินทำง 1.4-3.0 กิโลเมตรต่อวนั เฉลี่ย 2.3±0.6 กิโลเมตรต่อวนั พวกมนั ออกหำอำหำร คิดเป็ นพ้ืนที่ 9.0-37.4 เฮกแตร์ต่อวนั เฉลื่ย 19.1±7.9 เฮกแตร์ต่อวนั พ้ืนที่หำกินต่อวนั น้ีมีควำม แตกตำ่ งอยำ่ งมีนยั สำ คญั ในชะนีแตล่ ะฝงู SINGPHONE LUANGLEUXAY : GROUP COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOR PRELIMINARY STUDY OF LAOTIAN BLACK CRESTED GIBBON (NOMASCUS CONCOLOR LU) AROUND BAN TOUP, NAM KAN NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA, LAO PDR. THESIS ADVISOR : ASST. PROF. PONGTHEP SUWANWAREE, Ph.D. 96 PP. GIBBON/ NOMASCUS CONCOLOR LU/ BEHAVIOR/ NAM KAN Laotian black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor lu) is a globally threatened species and only lives in northern Lao PDR. Group compositions and behavior of this gibbon was investigated by following 4 gibbon groups for 4-7 days from August to November 2013 at Ban Toup, Nam Kan National Protected Area. A total of 20 individuals were found with mean group size of 5. 0 individuals. Interestingly, two groups had one adult male and two adult females while one group had no juvenile or infant. From scan sampling technique, adult males and adult females spent most time on travelling (25%), followed by feeding and watching but sub adults, juveniles and infants spent most time on playing, followed by traveling and feeding. Gibbon spent most time on feeding and traveling more than other behaviors, due to not enough food patches and high human disturbance. Only adults and sub adults call. They sang early morning calls after dawn between 06:04 to 07:36. The calls lasted 28 ± 5 minutes. From 35 singing trees found, nine plant species were identified. The highest number was Spondias lakhonensis IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am sincerely grateful to Asst. Prof. Dr. Pongthep Suwanwaree, my thesis advisor, and Dr. Phaivanh Phiapalath for their invaluable helps, encouragement and financial support throughout the course of this research. I will be forever grateful. I wish to thank Suranaree University of Technology for supporting scholarship and many thanks to Mr. Jean-francois Reumaux, the Gibbon Experience, ecotourism forest conservation project in Nam Kan National Protected Area in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR, for supporting scholarship and payment cost of my study and research field worked and support for a good accommodation, foods and staffs for their assistance in this research field worked. I would like to express my gratitude for the permission to undertake the field survey in Nam Kan National Protected Area to the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR (permission No. 88). Thanks to Dr. Pongrit Krubphachaya, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Griangsak Eumkeb and Dr. Pantip Piyadasananon for their advices as academic mentors in the preparation of this dissertation. I would like to thank Mr. Kham Youanechuexian, Mr. Warin Boonriam, Ms. Jirapa Suwanrat, and Miss Manuswee Phanichnok for their assistances in field and warm friendship during the course of my studies. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their unfaltering faith in my ability and encouragement throughout the period of this research. Singphone Luangleuxay VI CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT IN THAI .................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH ..........................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... V CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... X CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 1.1 Backgrounds and Problem ................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objectives ..........................................................................................3 1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study....................................................................3 II LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................4 2.1 Gibbons .............................................................................................................4 2.2 Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor) [Harlan, 1826] ...........................7 2.2.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................7 2.2.2 Description ...............................................................................................7 2.2.3 Population and Distribution .....................................................................9 2.2.4 Habitats ..................................................................................................11 2.2.5 Group Structure ......................................................................................11 VII CONTENT (Continued) Page 2.2.6 Foraging Area ........................................................................................14 2.2.7 Reproduction ..........................................................................................14 2.2.8 Food and Feeding Behavior ...................................................................14 2.2.9 Sleeping Trees ........................................................................................17 2.2.10 Singing .................................................................................................18 III MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................20 3.1 Study Area ......................................................................................................20 3.1.1 Climate ...................................................................................................20 3.1.2 Topography ............................................................................................22 3.1.3 Land Cover.............................................................................................24 3.1.4 Flora and Fauna......................................................................................25 3.2 Methods...........................................................................................................26 IV RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION ........................................................................29 4.1 Group Composition .........................................................................................29 4.2 Group Composition .........................................................................................32 4.3 Activity by Time ..............................................................................................38 4.4 Singing Behavior .............................................................................................41
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