DOCSLIB.ORG

Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000 Part 1: Gibbons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vietnam Primate Conservation Status Review 2000 Part 1: Gibbons VIETNAM PRIMATE CONSERVATION STATUS REVIEW 2000 PART 1: GIBBONS THOMAS GEISSMANN, NGUYEN XUAN DANG, NICOLAS LORMÉE & FRANK MOMBERG FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL, INDOCHINA PROGRAMME HANOI, 2000 THE DESIGNATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ENTITIES IN THIS DOCUMENT AND THE PRESENTATION OF THE MATERIAL DO NOT IMPLY ANY EXPRESSION ON THE PART OF THE AUTHOR OR FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL CONCERNING THE LEGAL STATUS OF ANY COUNTRY, TERRITORY OR AREA, OR ITS AUTHORITIES, OR CONCERNING THE DELINEATION OF ITS FRONTIERS AND BOUNDARIES. THE OPINION OF THE INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE OPINION OF EITHER THE AUTHOR OR FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL. THE AUTHORS AND FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL TAKE NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY MISREPRESENTATION OF MATERIAL THAT MAY RESULT FROM THE TRANSLATION OF THIS DOCUMENT INTO ANY OTHER LANGUAGE. PUBLISHED BY FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL INDOCHINA PROGRAMME OFFICE, IPO BOX 78, 104B PHO HUE, HANOI, VIETNAM COPYRIGHT © 2000 FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL REPRODUCTION OF ANY PART OF THIS PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL, CONSERVATION AND OTHER NON-PROFIT PURPOSES IS AUTHORISED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER, PROVIDED THAT THE SOURCE IS FULLY ACKNOWLEDGED. REPRODUCTION FOR RESALE OR OTHER COMMERCIAL PURPOSES IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER. CITATION: T. GEISSMANN, NGUYEN XUAN DANG, N. LORMÉE & F. MOMBERG. VIETNAM PRIMATE CONSERVATION STATUS REVIEW 2000. PART 1: GIBBONS. FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL, INDOCHINA PROGRAMME, HANOI. ISBN: 1-903703-03-4 PRODUCED BY: FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL, INDOCHINA PROGRAMME OFFICE DESIGN BY: ARIF HASYIM COVER: SUB-ADULT FEMALE SOUTHERN WHITE-CHEEKED CRESTED GIBBON, Nomascus leucogenys sikI (PHOTO BY TILO NADLER) BACK COVER: THE FOLLOWING GIBBONS ARE SHOWN (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT): MALE Nomascus gabriellae; MALE N. concolor (DIGITALLY RENDERED VERSION); FEMALE N. concolor; FEMALE N. gabriellae; FEMALE N. leucogenys leucogenys (IN CENTRE) (PHOTOS BY THOMAS GEISSMANN). AVAILABLE FROM: FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL GREAT EASTERN HOUSE, TENSION ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CB1 2TT, UK TEL: +44 (0) 1223 571000, FAX: +44 (0) 1223 461481 E-MAIL: [email protected], WEBSITE: WWW.FAUNA-FLORA.ORG FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL INDOCHINA PROGRAMME OFFICE IPO BOX 78, 104B PHO HUE HANOI, VIETNAM TEL: +84 (0)4 9432292 / 3, FAX: +84 (0)4 9432254 E-MAIL: [email protected] ii CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS VI IUCN CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA (HILTON-TAYLOR, 2000) VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX CONVENTIONS X 1. INTRODUCTION 11 Primates on the brink of extinction.........................................................................11 Background..............................................................................................................12 Gibbons in Vietnam.................................................................................................12 Previous gibbon surveys in Vietnam.......................................................................13 Vietnam primate conservation status review..........................................................14 Methods.........................................................................................................14 2. GIBBONS (FAMILY: HYLOBATIDAE) 16 2.1 An introduction to the gibbons.....................................................................16 2.2 Splitting the gibbons .....................................................................................17 2.3 An introduction to the crested gibbons (genus Nomascus).........................19 3. GIBBON DISTRIBUTION 24 3.1 Distribution of the genus Nomascus ............................................................24 3.2 Eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus) ..........................26 Distribution in China ....................................................................................26 Distribution in Vietnam................................................................................27 3.3 Western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) ..................................28 Distribution in China ....................................................................................28 Distribution in Laos......................................................................................28 Distribution in Vietnam................................................................................28 3.4 Northern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys) ...................................................................................................29 Distribution in China ....................................................................................30 Distribution in Laos......................................................................................31 Distribution in Vietnam................................................................................31 3.5 Southern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys siki)........32 Distribution in Laos......................................................................................32 Distribution in Vietnam................................................................................32 3.6 Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae)..............................33 Distribution in Cambodia .............................................................................33 Distribution in Laos......................................................................................33 Distribution in Vietnam................................................................................33 iii 4. GIBBON ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 34 4.1 Social organisation ...................................................................................... 34 4.2 Habitat.......................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Diet ............................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Songs ............................................................................................................ 39 5. GIBBON SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 44 5.1 Eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus).......................... 44 5.2 Western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor).................................. 45 5.3 White-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) ............................. 47 5.4 Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae)............................. 48 5.5 What goes on between siki and gabriellae?................................................ 49 6. CRESTED GIBBON RECORDS IN VIETNAM 52 6.1 Eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus).......................... 52 6.2 Western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor).................................. 58 Ho Nam Mu and Che Tao-Nam Pam ............................................................... 65 Importance for primate conservation .................................................................... 67 Threats to biodiversity............................................................................................ 67 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 68 6.3 Northern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys)................................................................................................... 69 6.4 Southern white-cheeked crested gibbon, Nomascus leucogenys siki)........ 76 Pu Mat Nature Reserve ..................................................................................... 80 Topography and forest quality..................................................................... 80 Importance for primate conservation in Vietnam....................................... 80 Conclusion.................................................................................................... 81 6.5 White-cheeked crested gibbon (N. leucogenys siki) or Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (N. gabriellae)?................................................................... 83 6.6 Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae)............................. 86 7. GIBBON STATUS 93 7.1 Eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus).......................... 93 7.2 Western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor).................................. 93 7.3 Northern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys)................................................................................................... 94 7.4 Southern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys siki) ....... 95 7.5 Yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae)............................. 96 8. THREATS TO GIBBONS IN VIETNAM 98 8.1 Hunting and wildlife trade........................................................................... 98 8.2 Habitat disturbance ..................................................................................... 99 9. RECOMMENDATIONS 102 iv 9.1 Hunting and wildlife trade ........................................................................ 102 9.2 Population management............................................................................ 103 9.3 Habitat disturbance ................................................................................... 103 9.4 Protected areas system review .................................................................. 104 9.5 Education and awareness raising ............................................................. 105 9.6 Research and field surveys.......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gibbon Journal Nr
    Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – May 2009 Gibbon Conservation Alliance ii Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – 2009 Impressum Gibbon Journal 5, May 2009 ISSN 1661-707X Publisher: Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zürich, Switzerland http://www.gibbonconservation.org Editor: Thomas Geissmann, Anthropological Institute, University Zürich-Irchel, Universitätstrasse 190, CH–8057 Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Assistants: Natasha Arora and Andrea von Allmen Cover legend Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), adult female, Yangon Zoo, Myanmar, 22 Nov. 2008. Photo: Thomas Geissmann. – Westlicher Hulock (Hoolock hoolock), erwachsenes Weibchen, Yangon Zoo, Myanmar, 22. Nov. 2008. Foto: Thomas Geissmann. ©2009 Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Switzerland, www.gibbonconservation.org Gibbon Journal Nr. 5 – 2009 iii GCA Contents / Inhalt Impressum......................................................................................................................................................................... i Instructions for authors................................................................................................................................................... iv Gabriella’s gibbon Simon M. Cutting .................................................................................................................................................1 Hoolock gibbon and biodiversity survey and training in southern Rakhine Yoma, Myanmar Thomas Geissmann, Mark Grindley, Frank Momberg, Ngwe Lwin, and Saw Moses .....................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Ranging Behavior of Eastern Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock Leuconedys) in a Northern Montane Forest in Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China
    Primates (2014) 55:239–247 DOI 10.1007/s10329-013-0394-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ranging behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) in a northern montane forest in Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China Dao Zhang • Han-Lan Fei • Sheng-Dong Yuan • Wen-Mo Sun • Qing-Yong Ni • Liang-Wei Cui • Peng-Fei Fan Received: 17 December 2012 / Accepted: 17 October 2013 / Published online: 13 November 2013 Ó Japan Monkey Centre and Springer Japan 2013 Abstract Generally, food abundance and distribution was patchily distributed within their total (14-month) home exert important influence on primate ranging behavior. range, and during most months they used only a small portion Hoolock gibbons (genus Hoolock) live in lowland and of their total home range. In order to find enough food, the montane forests in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China. group shifted its monthly home range according to the sea- All information about hoolock gibbons comes from studies sonal availability of food species. To satisfy their annual on western hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) living in food requirements, they occupied a total home range of lowland forest. Between August 2010 and September 2011, 93 ha. The absence of neighboring groups of gibbons and the we studied the ranging behavior of one habituated group of presence of tsaoko cardamom (Amomum tsaoko) plantations eastern hoolock gibbon (H. leuconedys) living in a seasonal may also have influenced the ranging behavior of the group. montane forest in Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China. Results Further long-term studies of neighboring groups living in show that the study group did not increase foraging effort, intact forests are required to assess these effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Spectrum Characteristics of Eastern Black Crested Gibbons
    NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 13 (2): 347-351 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2017 Article No.: e161705 http://biozoojournals.ro/nwjz/index.html Sound spectrum characteristics of Eastern Black Crested Gibbons Huaiqing DENG#, Huamei WEN# and Jiang ZHOU* School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China, E-mail: [email protected] # These authors contributed to the work equally and regarded as Co-first authors. * Corresponding author, J. Zhou, E-mail: [email protected], Tel.:13985463226 Received: 01. November 2016 / Accepted: 07. September 2016 / Available online: 19. September 2016 / Printed: December 2017 Abstract. Studies about the sound spectrum characteristics and the intergroup differences in eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) song are still rare. Here, we studied the singing behavior of eastern black crested gibbon based on song samples of three groups of gibbons collected from Trung Khanh, northern Vietnam. The results show that: 1) Song frequency of both adult male and adult female eastern black crested gibbon is low and both are below 2 KHz; 2) Songs of adult male eastern black gibbons are composed mainly of short syllables (aa notes) and frequency modulated syllables (FM notes), while adult female gibbons only produce a stable and stereotyped pattern of great calls; 3) There is significant differences among the three groups in highest and lowest frequency of FM syllable in males’ song; 4) The song chorus is dominated by adult males, while females add a great call; 5) The sound spectrum frequency is lower and complex, which is different from Hainan gibbon. The low frequency in the singing of the eastern black crested gibbon is related to the structure and low quality of the vegetation of its habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Most Endangered Primates
    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA.
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop Proceedings EXPERIENCES and POTENTIAL for COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT in VIETNAM
    Page 1 of 2 Workshop Proceedings EXPERIENCES AND POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM HANOI, JUNE 1-2, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii Acronyms iv Glossary v Welcoming Speech vii Introduction viii Executive Summary Reports 1 "Current trends of community forestry in Vietnam." Nguyen Hong Quan and To Dinh Mai 6 "The CFM strategy of the Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP)." Nguyen Tuong Van and Ulrich Apel 10 "Linking Government & local forest management: A new approach to CFM being tested in Yen Bai." Edwin Shank 13 "Designing and implementing participatory forest protection & development regulations at the village level (Son La Province)." Nguyen Van Tuan CFM Case Study Summaries 18 "Muong Lum Commune, Yen Chau District, Son La Province (Thai & H’mong minorities)". An Van Bay, Nguyen Hai Nam and Cao Lam Anh Page 2 of 2 22 "Dak Nue Commune, Lak District, Dak Lak (Mnong minority)." Bao Huy, Tran Huu Nghi, Nguyen Hai Nam 26 "Phuc Sen Commune, Quang Hoa District, Cao Bang Province (Nung An minority)." Nguyen Huy Dung, Nguyen Hai Nam and Pham Quoc Hung 30 "Doi and Ke Villages, Hien Luong Commune, Da Bac District, Hoa Binh Province (Muong minority)." Vu Long, Nguyen Duy Phu and Cao Lam Anh 33 "Giang Cai Village, Nam Lanh Commune, Van Chan District, Yen Bai Province (Dao minority)." Bui Dinh Toai, Nguyen Phuc Cuong, Vo Thanh Son, Edwin Shanks and Sheelagh O’Reilly 37 "Cu Jiang Commune, Ea Kar District, Dak Lak Province, (Ede minority)." Bao Huy and Tran Huu Nghi 40 "Dak Tover Commune, Chu Pah District, Gia Lai Province (Jarai
    [Show full text]
  • A White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon Ethogram & a Comparison Between Siamang
    A white-cheeked crested gibbon ethogram & A comparison between siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) Janet de Vries Juli – November 2004 The gibbon research Lab., Zürich (Zwitserland) Van Hall Instituut, Leeuwarden J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 2 A white-cheeked crested gibbon ethogram A comparison between siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) By: Janet de Vries Final project Animal management Projectnumber: 344311 Juli 2004 – November 2004-12-01 Van Hall Institute Supervisor: Thomas Geissmann of the Gibbon Research Lab Supervisors: Marcella Dobbelaar, & Celine Verheijen of Van Hall Institute Keywords: White-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), ethogram, behaviour elements. J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 3 Preface This project… text missing Janet de Vries Leeuwarden, November 2004 J. de Vries: Ethogram of the White-Cheeked Crested Gibbon 4 Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Gibbon Ethograms ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Goal ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CROPWAT Model (Calculate at District Scale) the Amount of Water Demand
    Final Report Attachment 4 AT 4.1.1 Analysis Flow of CROPWAT 8.0 Model - Planting date -Crop season: - Length of individual growth stages + Wet season and dry season for annual crops - Crop Coefficient + New planted tree and standing tree for perennial crops - Rooting depth - Cropping area: - Critical Depletion Fraction + Cropping area for 8 annual crops - Yield response factor + Cropping area for 6 perennial crops - Crop height - Monthly Rainfall - Altitude - Soil & landuse map - Monthly Temperature Crop Characteristics (in representative station) (scale: 1/50.000; (max,min ) Crop Variety (for 8 annual crops - Latitude 1/100.000) - Monthly Humidity and 6 perennial crops) (in representative station) - Soil characteristics. - Monthly Wind Velocity - Longitude - Sunshine (in representative station) Climate data ( 2015- Cropping Pattern 2016; Wet years; Location data Soil data Dry years) Information CROPWAT model (calculate at district scale) The amount of water demand for irrigation for each kind of crop in 3 scenarios: (Present time 2015-2016; Wet years; Dry years). Output are exported by each 10 continuously days time step) Source: Prepared by JICA Survey Team based on the Decrees mentioned in the table. AT 4.1.2 Soil Characteristic Soil Characteristic Initial soil Total available Maximum rain Initial available No Soil Type moisture soil moisture infiltration rate soil moisture depletion (mm/meter) (mm/day) (mm/meter) (%) 1 Red Loamy Soil 180 30 0 180 2 Gray Loamy Soil 160 40 0 160 3 Eroded Gray Soil 100 40 0 100 Source: baotangdat.blogspot.com Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. AT 4.1.1-1 Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Management in Central Highlands Final Report Attachment 4 AT 4.1.3 Soil Type Distribution per District Scale No.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements Abbreviations
    Page 1 of 25 MSc. In RURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 1999 A STUDY OF THE RURAL POVERTY IN DAK LAK PROVINCE-VIETNAM CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALLEVIATION Tran Ngoc Thanh Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MSc in Rural Resources and Environmental Policy, Wye College, University of London, 1999 The views, opinions and recommendations in this Dissertation are those of the Author and do not necessarily represent those of Wye College nor any its staff This Report contains 11,746 words of main text Acknowledgements The author would like to express his grateful appreciation to his teachers at Wye College, University of London for their advice and assistance during the study time. He also would like to thank Dr. Hans Helmrich and Mr. Michael Glueck, leaders of The Sustainable Management of Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin Project provided him with financial and administrative support for the valuable course. Especially, he would like to thank Dr. Graham Woodgate, his supervisor, who has spent a lot of efforts for the study as well as the dissertation. Finally, I also would like to thank my colleagues, classmates, related organizations and the villagers at the pilot sites of the MRC/GTZ project have contributed their knowledge to the study. Abbreviations DLPC The People Committee of Dak Lak Province DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Page 2 of 25 VLSS The Vietnam Living Standard Survey MOLISA Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs GSO Government Statistic Organisation MPI Ministry Of Planning and Investment VND Vietnam Dong (Vietnamese Currency) CEMMA The Committee For Ethnic Minority and Mountainous Areas DOLISA Department Of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Abbreviation 3 Table of contents 4 Introduction 8 Chapter one: Introduction to the physical and socio-economic condition of Dak Lak 10 Province, Vietnam 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Collection Survey on Water Resources Management in Central Highlands
    SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS FINAL REPORT Main Report April 2018 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. VT JR 18-009 SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS FINAL REPORT Main Report April 2018 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. Location Map of Central Highlands Basin Map of Central Highlands Photographs (1/4) 1. Meeting Views Opening Ceremony and Welcome Remarks Japanese ODA to Central Highlands (MARD representative) (Minister, Embassy of Japan in Vietnam) Methodology and Schedule of the Survey Drought situation in Dak Lak and countermeasures (JICA Study Team) (Representative of five provinces: Dak Lak) Open Speech in Progress Workshop in Lam Dong PPC Presentation of Progress Report in Lam Dong PPC (Lam Dong’s Vice Chairman) (JICA Study Team) Source: JICA Study Team 1 Photographs (2/4) 2. Site Photos Pepper field was damaged in the drought event 2015/16. Victim showed the flood water level in 12/2016 (District: Chu Se, Commune: H Bong) (District: Di Linh, Commune: Tam Bo) Drip irrigation system for pepper Private company is purchasing raw coffee from farmers (District: Krong No Commune: Nam Nung) (District: Krong No, Commune: Tan Thanh) Telemetric rainfall and reservoir water level Dak Trit Irrigation Reservoir monitoring system (District: Dak Ha, Commune: Dak La) (District: Ea Sup, Commune: Ya To Mot) Source: JICA Study Team 2 Photographs
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Social System of Northern Gibbons Living in Cold Seasonal Forests
    ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Ecology and social system of northern gibbons living in cold seasonal forests Zhen-Hua Guan1, Chang-Yong Ma2, Han-Lan Fei2, Bei Huang3, Wen-He Ning3, Qing-Yong Ni4, Xue-Long Jiang3, Peng-Fei Fan2,* 1 Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Forest Disaster Warning and Control Key Laboratory, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming Yunnan 650224, China 2 School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510275, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China 4 College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China ABSTRACT China. Gibbons in China represent the northernmost margin Keywords: Northern gibbon; Ecology; Social system; of present day gibbon species distribution (around Adaptation; Group size N25◦). Compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon INTRODUCTION habitats are characterized by low temperatures and Gibbons (Hylobatidae) are small apes that live in tropical remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance. and subtropical forests in southeastern Asia (Bartlett, 2011). How gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal These apes are characterized by several interrelated features, habitats and what ecological factors affect their including long arms for brachiation, terminal branch feeding, sociality are key questions for understanding their frugivory, pair-living, and territoriality (Brockelman, 2009). In ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation tropical forests, gibbons rely heavily on ripe fruit pulp (Chivers, 1984), with fruits including figs comprising >60% of their annual of which will contribute to the conservation of these diet, though siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is more special populations/species. According to preliminary folivorous (reviewed in Bartlett, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Project for Poverty Alleviation Dak Lak Province
    Page 1 of 13 PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM DAKLAK PROVINCE Independence - Freedom - Happiness PROJECT FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION DAK LAK PROVINCE PERIOD 1996 - 2000 December 1996 PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM DAKLAK PROVINCE Independence - Freedom - Happiness No: 2343/CV-UB Buon Ma Thuot, December 25 th 1996 Project For Hunger Eradication And Poverty Alleviation Period 1996 - 2000 PART I Purpose - Significance The Resolution of the 8th national party congress and the 12 th Resolution of the Provincial communist Party on the implementation of the hunger eradication and poverty alleviation (XDGN) of the Party and the government is the aspiration and the genuine right of the peoples as the whole, and of the people of the social policies, in particular, to ensure the vital needs, overcome the constant shortage of food and the shortage of food in the period when the old rice is finished and the new rice is not yet harvested, to enable the people to expand the network of activities and enhance the quality of activities of their production models and services making the people's living standard increasingly developed. Therefore, the hunger eradication and poverty alleviation program is a right guideline having not only a high scientific significance but also an integration of many aspects in conformity with the people's aspirations and having a content of socialist building in this actual situation and an influence on rehabilitating and promoting our revolutionary tradition, and at the same time expressing the humanity and morality of the Vietnamese people, and carrying out the motto: "Rich people, a strong country for an equitable and progressive society".
    [Show full text]
  • Morning Call of Siamang ( Symphalangus Syndactyllus)
    International Journal of Ecophysiology Vol. 01, No. 02, 2019 |125 – 130 Morning call of siamang (Symphalangus syndactyllus) in Subayang River, Riau – Indonesia Zulamri1, Rr Sri Catur Setyawatiningsih1, Sunarto2 1Departement of Biology ,Faculty of Matematic and Natural Sciences, Univercity of Riau, 2World Wide Fund – Indonesia. Abstract. Morning call in siamang is very important for the life of siamang. This behavior is important to mark its territory, communicate with neighboring groups, etc. The this research aims to determine the time of vocalization, the position of trees and the strata canopy used by gibbons in vocalization. This research was conducted in WWF Indonesia Central Sumatra Research Station Subayang Camp at Rimbang Baling Wildlife Reserve for 2 months from July until August 2017 using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method. From this research we knew that morning call in siamang usually occurs from 08.00 am – 10.00 am in the morning. Siamang appears to choose emergent tree in the forest ridge or emergent tree on the hill slope to do vocalization. During vocalization, siamang tends to use the 3rd and the 4th strata or upper canopy layer and emergent layer which are higher than 20 m from the forest surface. This height facilitates the siamang to maximize transmission of the vocalization to the surrounding area and communicate with other groups. Keywords: tree for vocalization, morning call, siamang, Visual Encounter Survey. Received 1 June 2019 | Revised 20 August 2019 | Accepted 31 August 2019 1. Introduction Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) is an arboreal animal, so it uses more sound in communication compared to body movements (Liebal et al.
    [Show full text]