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Presione Aquí ANU A RIO 2011 DE L A SEGURID A D REGION A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A Y EL CA RIBE HA NS MA T H IEU / CA T A LIN A NIÑO GU A RNIZO EDITORES ANU A RIO 2011 DE L A SEGURID A D REGION A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A Y EL CA RIBE © Friedrich Ebert Stiftung en Colombia (Fescol) Calle 71 nº 11-90, Bogotá Teléfono 57 (1) 347 30 77 Fax 57 (1) 217 31 15 Correo electrónico [email protected] PRIMER A EDICIÓN Bogotá, octubre de 2011 ISSN 2216-1082 COORDIN A CIÓN EDITORI A L Juan Andrés Valderrama DISEÑO Y DI A GR A M A CIÓN Ángela Lucía Vargas DISEÑO C A RÁTUL A Camila Cesarino Costa CONTENIDO PRESENT A CIÓN . TENDENCI A S Y P ERS P ECTIV A S DE L A SEGURID A D REGION A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A Y EL CA RIBE XIII INTRODUCCIÓN . LA SEGURID A D DE AMÉRIC A LA TIN A : RES P UEST A S FR A GMENT A D A S A DES A FÍOS TR A NSN A CION A LES XVII Catalina Niño Guarnizo PA RTE I GEO P OLÍTIC A Y SEGURID A D REGION A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A Y EL CA RIBE EL CONSEJO DE DEFENS A SUR A MERIC A NO A DOS A ÑOS DE SU INST A L A CIÓN 3 María Inés Ruz DEFENS A Y SEGURID A D EN ARGENTIN A , 2010 11 Juan Manuel Ugarte / Mariano Ciafardini LA P OLÍTIC A DE DEFENS A A RGENTIN A DUR A NTE 2010: CONSOLID A CIÓN DEL RUMBO Y P ROBLEM A S P ENDIENTES 11 José Manuel Ugarte LA CUESTIÓN DE SEGURIDAD EN L A ARGENTIN A EN 2010, A ÑO P REVIO A L A S ELECCIONES DE 2011 20 Mariano Ciafardini V ANU A RIO 2011 DE L A SEGURID A D REGION A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A Y EL CA RIBE BOLIVI A : TENSIONES DE L A A GEND A DE SEGURID A D EN L A TR A NSICIÓN A UN EST A DO P LURIN A CION A L CON A UTONOMÍ A S 26 Gustavo Bonifaz Moreno LA P OLÍTIC A BR A SILEÑ A DE SEGURID A D EN 2010. ACTIVISMO INTERN A CION A L Y B A L A NCE DEL GOBIERNO LUL A EN EL C A M P O DE L A DEFENS A 46 Alcides Costa Vaz / Artur Andrade da Silva Machado AMEN A Z A S A L A SEGURID A D EN EL CA RIBE : REDES CRIMIN A LES Y DES A STRES 59 Paula Rodríguez Arredondo CENTRO A MÉRIC A : LOS DES A FÍOS A CTU A LES DEL TR A T A DO M A RCO DE SEGURID A D DEMOCRÁTIC A 68 Iduvina Hernández CH ILE , 2010: EL NUEVO GOBIERNO Y SUS P RIORID A DES REGION A LES DE SEGURID A D 76 Daniel Asenjo / Boris Yopo Herrera CA MBIOS Y CONTINUID A D EN SEGURID A D Y DEFENS A EN COLOMBI A DUR A NTE 2010: ¿ha CI A UN ESQUEM A DE TR A NSICIÓN ENTRE L A SEGURID A D DEMOCRÁTIC A DE URIBE Y L A P ROS P ERID A D DEMOCRÁTIC A DE SA NTOS ? 89 Sandra Borda Guzmán LA P OLÍTIC A EXTERIOR DUR A NTE EL GOBIERNO DE RA F A EL CORRE A : UN B A L A NCE 114 Beatriz Zepeda MÉXICO : P ERS P ECTIV A S DE L A ESTR A TEGI A DEL COMB A TE A L CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO , O P INIÓN P ÚBLIC A Y SOCIED A D CIVIL 127 Raúl Benítez Manaut / Armando Rodríguez Luna PERÚ EN 2010: AV A NCES EN EL FRENTE EXTERNO Y TRO P IEZOS EN EL INTERNO 142 Eduardo Toche Medrano LA S P OLÍTIC A S DE SEGURID A D EN EL SEGUNDO GOBIERNO DE L A “ER A P ROGRESIST A ” EN URUGU A Y 156 Julián González Guyer VENEZUEL A , 2010: ENTRE LOS DES A FÍOS DE L A SEGURID A D N A CION A L Y L A SEGURID A D CIUD A D A N A 175 Francine Jácome VI CONTENIDO PA RTE II CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A EL CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO EN AMÉRIC A CENTR A L : A CTU A LIZ A CIÓN M ap EO 2009-2010 193 Ana Yancy Espinoza / Javier Meléndez CONFLICTO , CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO Y P ROCESOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE EST A DO EN COLOMBI A 215 Claudia López Capa CID A DES DEL SISTEM A DE JUSTICI A P EN A L EN AMÉRIC A LA TIN A pa R A A SUMIR DELITOS COM P LEJOS 232 Cristián Riego Ramírez / Alberto Gutiérrez Fuentes ARMONIZ A CIÓN DE L A LEGISL A CIÓN CONTR A EL CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO EN CENTRO A MÉRIC A 245 Jaime Edwin Martínez Ventura RESEÑ A S BIOGRÁFIC A S DE LOS A UTORES 269 VII ÍNDICE DE GRÁFIC A S , T A BL A S Y M apa S BOLIVI A : TENSIONES DE L A A GEND A DE SEGURID A D EN L A TR A NSICIÓN A UN EST A DO P LURIN A CION A L CON A UTONOMÍ A S Tabla 1 Distribución de competencias en materia de seguridad y defensa 29 Tabla 2 Número de conflictos sociales por semestre 36 Gráfica 1 Bolivia, delitos comunes, 1995-2008 38 AMEN A Z A S A L A SEGURID A D EN EL CA RIBE : REDES CRIMIN A LES Y DES A STRES Mapa 1 El Caribe insular 60 CA MBIOS Y CONTINUID A D EN SEGURID A D Y DEFENS A EN COLOMBI A DUR A NTE 2010 Gráfica 1 Total de víctimas de los falsos positivos, 2001-2009 91 Gráfica 2 Crecimiento del pie de fuerza pública, 2002, 2006, 2010 108 MÉXICO : P ERS P ECTIV A S DE L A ESTR A TEGI A DEL COMB A TE A L CRIMEN ORG A NIZ A DO , O P INIÓN P ÚBLIC A Y SOCIED A D CIVIL Gráfica 1 Homicidios vinculados al crimen organizado, 2001-2006 128 Gráfica 2 Homicidios vinculados al crimen organizado, 2007-2011 129 Tabla 1 Carteles en México, 2006-2010 130 Tabla 2 Pregunta: “En general, ¿qué tanto aprueba o desaprueba la forma (…) realiza su trabajo?” 134 Tabla 3 Asignación de recursos de la Iniciativa Mérida, por año (2008-2010) y por fuente 135 PERÚ EN 2010. AV A NCES EN EL FRENTE EXTERNO Y TRO P IEZOS EN EL INTERNO Gráfica 1 Cultivo del arbusto de coca en el mundo, 1990-2009 (hectáreas) 151 Gráfica 2 Incremento de los cultivos de coca y producción potencial de cocaína durante el gobierno de Alan García, 2005, 2009, 2010 152 Mapa 1 Perú, zonas de producción de coca 152 LA S P OLÍTIC A S DE SEGURID A D EN EL SEGUNDO GOBIERNO DE L A “ER A P ROGRESIST A ” EN URUGU A Y Gráfica 1 Evolución de todos los delitos, enero-septiembre 2008-2010 160 Gráfica 2 Evolución de los delitos de rapiña, 2008-2010 160 Tabla 1 Evolución del número de funcionarios del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, 1985-2010 169 VIII ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICAS , TABLAS Y MAPAS EL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO EN AMÉRICA CENTRAL : ACTUALIZACIÓN MAPEO 2009-2010 Tabla 1 América Central: decomiso de cocaína, por país, 2006-2010 (en toneladas métricas) 197 Tabla 2 Belice: decomiso de drogas, 2008-2010 198 Tabla 3 Drogas incautadas por autoridades panameñas, según tipo y peso, 2002-2009 199 Tabla 4 América Central: armas inscritas y armas incautadas por país, 2007-2010 201 Tabla 5 Tasas de homicidio por cada 100.000 habitantes en América Central, 2010 202 Tabla 6 Robo y hurto de vehículos en los países de América Central, 2007-2010 206 CONFLICTO , CRIMEN ORGANIZADO Y PROCESOS DE CONSTRUCCIÓN DE ESTADO EN COLOMBIA Gráfica 1 Investigaciones de la Fiscalía por vínculos con el paramilitarismo 221 Tabla 1 Hechos de violencia contra el sector político, 1997-2007 222 Tabla 2 Autoría de los hechos de violencia contra el sector político, 1997-2007 222 Tabla 3 Nivel de riesgo por partido político, por número de curules del Senado, 2006 y 2010, vinculados con parapolítica 226 Tabla 4 Nivel de riesgo por partido político, por número de curules del Senado, 2006 y 2010, vinculados con Farcpolítica 227 CAPACIDADES DEL SISTEMA DE JUSTICIA PENAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA PARA ASUMIR DELITOS COMPLEJO S Tabla 1 Tasas de homicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes, 2000-2009 236 Tabla 2 Porcentaje de casos de homicidios con condenas o personas condenadas por delitos de homicidio sobre el total de casos por homicidio iniciados en un año: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica y Ciudad de México 237 Tabla 3 Colombia: ingresos y salidas de causas para los delitos investigados, 2005-2008 237 Tabla 4 Colombia: casos ingresados al sistema frente a condenas en juicio oral para los delitos seleccionados, 2005-2008 237 Tabla 5 Colombia: entradas de casos frente a condenas para los delitos estudiados, 2005-2008 238 Tabla 6 Chile: número total de ingresos frente a porcentaje de casos que fueron a juicio oral 238 Tabla 7 Perú: productividad de las fiscalías especializadas en criminalidad organizada, 2009 240 ARMONIZACIÓN DE LA LEGISLACIÓN CONTRA EL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO EN CENTROAMÉRIC A Tabla 1 Principales leyes nacionales contra el crimen organizado y leyes conexas 249 Tabla 2 Principales tratados internacionales relativos al crimen organizado vigentes en los países de Centroamérica 250 IX SIGLA S Aiea Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica Alba-TCP Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de nuestra América-Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos Apec Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Foro de Cooperación Económica Asia-Pacífico) ATF U.S.
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