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Contested Names: (Re-)Naming and Place-Name Politics in Post-Socialist Countries

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Contested Names: (Re-)Naming and Place-Name Politics in Post-Socialist Countries Ideology and Politics Journal ―Issue 1(15), 2020 Natalia Kudriavtseva and Mykola Homanyuk, editors ІДЕОЛОГІЯ І ПОЛІТИКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И ПОЛИТИКА IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS © 2020 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 Contested Names: (Re-)Naming and Place-Name Politics in Post-Socialist Countries ― Issue 1(15), 2020 Editors of this issue: Natalia Kudriavtseva and Mykola Homanyuk Ideology and Politics Journal © 2019 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 Address: via Giuseppe Compagnoni, 33, Milan 20129 Italy IPJ Editorial Board IPJ Editorial Team Korine Amacher, University of Genève Mikhail Minakov, editor-in-chief Natalya Amelchenko, National University “Kyiv- Mykhailo Koltsov, deputy editor-in-chief Mohyla Academy” Christopher Donohue, deputy editor-in-chief Dominique Arel, University of Ottawa Tetyana Bezruk, editor Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna Pavlo Bakhmut, editor Valer Bulgakau, Arche Magazine, Minsk Christy Monet Brandly, editor Vitaly Chernetsky, University of Kansas Emily Couch, editor Alexander Etkind, European Institute University Oleksandr Holubov, editor Vladimir Fadeev, Institute of Philosophy, Kyiv Halyna Vasylenko, editor Alexander Filonenko, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Rory Finnin, University of Cambridge George Grabowicz, Harvard University Sergiy Kurbatov, Institute of Higher Education, NAES of Ukraine Pavlo Kutuev, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute Vadym Menzhulin, National University “Kyiv- Mohyla Academy” Serhii Plokhii, Harvard University Olga Shparaga, European College of Liberal Arts in Belarus/Center for European Studies Maxim Trudolubov, School of Civic Enlightenment, London Andreas Umland, Institute for Central and Easter European Studies, Eichstätt, Alexander Woell, Potsdam University № 1(15), 2020 2 ІДЕОЛОГІЯ І ПОЛІТИКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И ПОЛИТИКА IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS © 2020 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 Contested Names: (Re-)Naming and Place-Name Politics in Post-Socialist Countries ― Issue 1(15), 2020 Contents Natalia Kudriavtseva CONTESTED NAMES IN THE TOPONYMIC LANDSCAPES & Mykola Homanyuk OF POST-SOVIET SPACE. Introduction 4 Thematic articles Mykola Homanyuk VERNACULAR REGIONS AND STATE IDEOLOGIES: THE TAVRIA CASE (in Russian) 12 Alexander Golikov (RE-)NAMING AND DECOMMUNIZATION IN UKRAINIAN: MACROPOLICIES, HISTORICAL MEMORY AND RISKS OF MEDIATIZATION (KHARKIV CASE) (in Russian) 33 Natalia Kudriavtseva RECONFIGURING IDENTITIES WITHIN THE CITYSCAPE: IDEOLOGIES OF DECOMMUNIZATION RENAMING IN UKRAINE (in English) 63 Oleksiy Gnatiuk & SPATIAL-TEMPORAL ASPECTS OF TOPONYMY Anatoliy Melnychuk DECOMMUNIZATION IN THE CITY OF KYIV (in Ukrainian) 83 Lyudmyla Males & THE DISCOURSE OF KYIV’S DECOMMUNIZATION IN Artemiy Deineka THE FRAME OF TOPONYMIC RENAMING (in Russian) 115 Augusto Dala Costa TOPONYMY AND THE ISSUES OF MEMORY AND IDENTITY ON THE POST-SOVIET TBILISI CITYSCAPE (in English) 148 Yurii Kaparulin JEWISH AGRARIAN SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN UKRAINE: ORIGIN AND CHANGE OF TOPONYMS UNDER THE IMPACT OF STATE POLICY (in Ukrainian) 172 Irуna Pavlenko DESOVETIZATION AND DECOMMUNIZATION OF THE UKRAINIAN URBANIMICON (ON THE MATERIAL OF ZAPORIZHZHIA PLACE NAMES) (in Ukrainian) 188 № 1(15), 2020 3 ІДЕОЛОГІЯ І ПОЛІТИКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И ПОЛИТИКА IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS © 2020 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 CONTESTED NAMES IN THE TOPONYMIC LANDSCAPES OF POST-SOVIET SPACE Introduction Natalia Kudriavtseva Kherson National Technical University ORCid: 0000-0001-7641-9543 Mykola Homanyuk Kherson State University ORCid: 0000-0002-9625-1968 https://doi.org/10.36169/2227-6068.2020.01.00001 Ever since the ancient discussion on the "correctness of names" and up until Pierre Bourdieu's explication of the symbolic power exercised by the state through "legitimate naming" (Bourdieu 1991), language, in the social sciences and the humanities, was not viewed as in some manner entangled with power relations. Traditionally, research in linguistics, geography and neighboring fields did not go beyond the politically innocent systematization. It drew either upon etymology or descriptive taxonomies of various kinds. A critical approach to toponymy, marking the "cultural turn" in respective disciplines, aims to show that "to take language seriously" is important with respect to the power of language over place and in terms of the "always-already power-laden character" of (re-)naming places (Vuolteenaho & Berg 2009: 1). Place name studies, usually scattered around a number of different fields, came in the light of critical theories which emphasized political power in the relations of the state, space and language. The process of post-socialist toponymic renaming, in its turn, has provided a rich empirical base for research studies. While the case of Ukraine, due to its transitional nature and the on-going process of "decommunization", has yielded particularly interesting data. This case is even more rewarding because of the relative accessibility of material available, such as enacted laws, renaming lists, toponymic commissions meeting records, media clippings and social media debates, petitions, city guides, etc. A great number of studies on renaming in Ukraine that appeared right after the start of the decommunization, tended to give a rather emotional, sometimes even biased, appreciation of events, reflecting an uncritical view of the changes often presented as ideologically neutral. The present issue of the Ideology and Politics Journal is the first interdisciplinary, multilingual collection of case studies that give a critical appraisal of these renaming events, as suggested earlier by the volumes (Vuolteenaho & Berg 2009; Rose-Redwood, Alderman & Azaryahu 2017), but which also draw upon the empirical material of the post-Soviet states. The contributions in this issue illustrate the toponymic № 1(15), 2020 4 ІДЕОЛОГІЯ І ПОЛІТИКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И ПОЛИТИКА IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS © 2020 Foundation for Good Politics ISSN 2227-6068 processes occurring in Ukraine and in Georgia. This enables a comparison of the place name politics within Ukraine (the articles in the issue survey the renaming processes in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Kryvyi Rih and in the south of Ukraine) as well as their juxtaposition with similar processes that took place in Tbilisi. Conceptually, the present issue on the contestation of geographical (re-)naming is also diverse. Instrumental to the reshaping of historical narrative, collective memory and national identity, (re-)naming is analyzed here in the critical framework of Pierre Bourdieu's post-structuralist interpretation of "symbolic and political capital", Louis Althusser's "theory of ideological state apparatuses", Benedict Anderson's "constructivism", Pierre Nora's conception of "lieu de mémoire" and Judith Irvine and Susan Gal's "language ideologies", Bruno Latour's "actor-network theory" and Henri Lefebvre's "theory of space as a social product". Methodological approaches include traditional classificatory descriptions involving detailed renaming quantifications, as well as qualitative methods employed within the critical framework, such as discourse analysis, oral history, Geertz's "thick description", in-depth interview, etc. The focus, therefore, is on national and local toponymic strategies, motivations and patterns of (re-)naming, politicization of the toponymic landscape, actors and objects of symbolic transformations, hegemonic and alternative discourses of (re-)naming. The results of the studies point to the simultaneous existence of two phenomena: on the one hand, the toponymic landscapes of post-Soviet space are still "run by the state" which sometimes is rather brutally administering respective affairs. On the other hand, more and more structures (e.g. media, NGOs, civil society institutes, educational establishments, even non-human participants), and particular individuals are getting involved in the renaming, thus evidencing a certain democratization of the process. The authors also reveal the historical backgrounds of the current toponymic modifications as they analyze the genetic relation of the ongoing modification with the historical events of the nineteenth (and even) eighteenth centuries. The authors expose the pre-Soviet, imperial origin of a number of post-Soviet renamings, which suggests a decolonization of place names as such, as well as a decolonization of toponymy as a field of study. An important takeaway message put up for discussion by the authors of this issue is the ideologically quasi-neutral and power-laden character of place names. This is often ignored not only by the actors of toponymic changes, but also by those who attempt at their scientific, though uncritical, review. The issue's array of case studies begins with an illustration of the relation between vernacular (perceptual) regions and their respective names, and the ideological state apparatuses in action. Using the example of the Tavria region case, Mykola Homanyuk shows how the change in the political connotations of the respective toponymy accords with the changing ideologies of the states comprising Tavria at various historical periods. In the times of the Russian Empire, Tavrida/Tavria, was conceptualized as a part of the ancient world. This justifies, the author shows, an ideology that accounts for Russian expansion into the south. During the Soviet times, Tavria symbolized the victory in the Civil War, as well as the successful socialist transformation of the nature. № 1(15),
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