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AL NASHIRI V. ROMANIA

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AL NASHIRI V. ROMANIA FIRST SECTION CASE OF AL NASHIRI v. ROMANIA (Application no. 33234/12) JUDGMENT STRASBOURG 31 May 2018 FINAL 08/10/2018 This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. AL NASHIRI v. ROMANIA JUDGMENT i PROCEDURE ..........................................................................................................1 THE FACTS.............................................................................................................4 I. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS.............................................................4 II. EVIDENCE BEFORE THE COURT..............................................................5 III. BACKGROUND TO THE CASE...................................................................6 A. Terrorist attacks of which the applicant has been suspected .........................6 1. USS Cole bombing in 2000 ..................................................................................6 2. MV Limburg bombing in 2002.............................................................................6 B. The so-called “High-Value Detainee Programme”........................................7 1. The establishment of the HVD Programme..........................................................8 (a) The US President’s memoranda ...................................................................8 (i) Memorandum of 17 September 2001.....................................................8 (ii) Memorandum of 7 February 2002 ........................................................9 (b) Abu Zubaydah’s capture and transfer to a CIA covert detention facility in March 2002................................................................................10 (c) Setting up the CIA programme “to detain and interrogate terrorists at sites abroad” ...........................................................................................10 2. Enhanced Interrogation Techniques ...................................................................11 (a) Description of legally sanctioned standard and enhanced interrogation techniques.............................................................................11 (b) Expanding the use of the EITs beyond Abu Zubaydah’s interrogations .............................................................................................13 3. Standard procedures and treatment of “high-value detainees” in CIA custody (combined use of interrogation techniques) ........................................14 4. Conditions of detention at CIA “black sites” .....................................................19 5. The scale of the HVD Programme......................................................................20 6. Closure of the HVD Programme ........................................................................20 C. The United States Supreme Court’s judgment in Rasul v. Bush..................21 D. Role of Jeppesen Dataplan, Richmor Aviation and other air companies in the CIA rendition operations .................................................21 1. Jeppesen Dataplan Inc. .......................................................................................21 2. Richmor Aviation ...............................................................................................22 3. Other companies .................................................................................................22 E. Military Commissions..................................................................................24 1. Military Order of 13 November 2001.................................................................24 2. Military Commission Order no. 1.......................................................................25 3. The 2006 Military Commissions Act and the 2009 Military Commissions Act..............................................................................................28 4. Publicly expressed concerns regarding the procedure before the military commission .......................................................................................................29 ii AL NASHIRI v. ROMANIA JUDGMENT F. Review of the CIA’s activities involved in the HVD Programme in 2001-2009 by the US Senate .......................................................................31 1. Course of the review...........................................................................................31 2. Findings and conclusions....................................................................................32 IV. THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE......................36 A. The applicant’s capture, transfer to the CIA’s custody, his secret detention and transfers from mid-October 2002 to 6 June 2003, as established by the Court in Al Nashiri v. Poland and supplemented by the 2014 US Senate Committee Report..................................................36 B. The applicant’s transfers and detention between his rendition from Poland on 6 June 2003 and his alleged rendition to Romania on 12 April 2004 as reconstructed on the basis of the 2014 US Senate Committee Report and other documents and as corroborated by experts heard by the Court...........................................................................37 1. Transfer from Poland to Morocco and detention in Morocco (from 6 June to 23 September 2003)...........................................................................38 2. Transfer from Morocco to Guantánamo and detention in Guantánamo (from 23 September 2003 to 12 April 2004) ....................................................40 C. The applicant’s alleged secret detention at a CIA “black site” in Romania from 12 April 2004 to 6 October or 5 November 2005 as described by the applicant, reconstructed on the basis of the 2014 US Senate Committee Report and other documents and as corroborated by experts heard by the Court......................................................................42 1. The applicant’s initial submissions.....................................................................42 2. The applicant’s alleged rendition to Romania on the plane N85VM on 12 April 2004 .........................................................................................................43 3. Detention and treatment to which the applicant was subjected..........................46 4. The applicant’s alleged rendition from Romania on 6 October or 5 November 2005..............................................................................................49 D. The applicant’s further transfers during CIA custody (until 5 September 2006) as reconstructed on the basis of the 2014 US Senate Committee Report and other documents and as corroborated by experts heard by the Court......................................................................53 E. The applicant’s detention in Guantánamo Bay and his trial before the military commission from 6 September 2006 to present.............................54 1. Hearing before the Combatant Status Review Tribunal .....................................54 2. Trial before the military commission .................................................................54 F. Psychological effects of the HVD Programme on the applicant..................56 G. Identification of locations of the colour code-named CIA detention sites in the 2014 US Senate Committee Report by experts .........................57 H. “Detention Site Black” in the 2014 US Senate Committee Report .............57 I. Parliamentary inquiry in Romania ................................................................59 J. Criminal investigation in Romania ...............................................................62 1. Submission by the Government of confidential documents from the investigation file................................................................................................63 AL NASHIRI v. ROMANIA JUDGMENT iii 2. The course of the investigation according to documentary evidence produced by the Government............................................................................63 V. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW ....................................................................68 A. Criminal Code..............................................................................................68 1. Territorial jurisdiction.........................................................................................68 2. Prohibition of torture and offence of unlawful deprivation of liberty ................69 B. Code of Criminal Procedure ........................................................................69 VI. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LAW ......................................................70 A. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties .................................................70 Article 26 “Pacta sunt servanda” ......................................................................70 Article 27 Internal law and observance of treaties............................................70 B. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ..................................70 C. The UN Torture Convention ........................................................................70 D. UN Geneva Conventions .............................................................................71 1. Geneva (III) Convention.....................................................................................71 2. Geneva (IV) Convention.....................................................................................72 E.
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