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Los Quetognatos (Animalia: Chaetognatha) Del Caribe Venezolano

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Los Quetognatos (Animalia: Chaetognatha) Del Caribe Venezolano UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA Los quetognatos (Animalia: Chaetognatha) del Caribe venezolano TRABAJO ESPECIAL DE GRADO Presentado ante la ilustre Universidad Central de Venezuela, por la Br. Miraidi Marlene Tuozzo Izaguirre, como requisito parcial para optar al título de Licenciada en Biología. Tutor: Dr. Rubén E. Torres Parra CARACAS, VENEZUELA OCTUBRE, 2018 I AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero agradecer primeramente a Diosito por guiarme y mostrarme que todo lo que pasa tiene un porque y que siempre es para mejor. A mis padres Iraida y José Miguel por ser mi mayor orgullo e inspiración para esforzarme cada día en ser mejor, por todo su esfuerzo y trabajo soy lo que soy y sin ellos no estaría aquí. A mis hermanos Génesis y José Miguel, esas personitas que me llenan de alegría, con los que siempre puedo contar y a quienes quiero servir de ejemplo, en todo lo que realice. A mi familia; mis abuelas Omaira y Teresa (Millita sé que estarías orgullosa), mis tíos y primos, gracias por su cariño y apoyo desde siempre. A mis tíos, especialmente a Alberto, Alexander y Eugenio por desde hace mucho tiempo ser un ejemplo de lucha y perseverancia, además de estar para mi cada vez que necesité ayuda y explicaciones en alguna materia. A los amigos que estos años de universidad me regalaron, especialmente a Esthefany, German, Denise, Víctor L, Elizabeth, Víctor D, Alex, Jesús, Pedro, Nataly, Frank y Roberto. Gracias por su compañía y humor, por ser un impulso en los momentos difíciles y sobre todo por su amistad. A mi compañera de laboratorio y tesis, Deyarling por su compañía y ánimo durante este proceso. A mi tutor Rubén Torres por su guía y enseñanza a lo largo de este camino, gracias infinitas. A mis jurados Sheila Marques Pauls y Evelyn Zoppi por sus consejos y recomendaciones, muy especialmente a Sheila Marques Pauls por su paciencia, apoyo, cariño, bibliografía y su inspiración a partir de la gran pasión que tiene por la Biología. II A la profesora Carmen Ferreira, mi jurado suplente, por sus correcciones y recomendaciones. A todos los profesores que a lo largo de la carrera me hicieron enamorarme, esforzarme y dar todo de mí para llegar a este punto; Andrés Pérez, Jorge Pérez, Ernesto González, Joxmer Scott, Laura Delgado, Ana Bonilla. A todas las personas que de una manera u otra han formado parte de mi vida durante esta etapa y ya no están, gracias por enseñarme a que puedo con esto y más. Finalmente, a mi UCV, a la Facultad de Ciencias, mi segunda casa por permitirme adquirir todo el conocimiento, las experiencias y el amor por la vida que me enseño mi carrera. Un orgullo llamarme UCEVISTA. Simplemente, gracias a todos por todo. Los quiero… III TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ......................................................................................... VI RESUMEN .......................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................. 2 ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................ 9 En el Caribe y golfo de México ..................................................................................................9 En Venezuela .............................................................................................................................10 OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................... 13 Objetivo general .........................................................................................................................13 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................................................13 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................... 14 Área de estudio ..........................................................................................................................14 Métodos de campo ....................................................................................................................21 - Parque Nacional Mochima ...........................................................................................21 - Parque Nacional Morrocoy ...........................................................................................21 - Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves ....................................................................21 Métodos de laboratorio .............................................................................................................22 Análisis de datos........................................................................................................................23 RESULTADOS .................................................................................................. 25 Composición y riqueza..............................................................................................................25 Comparación con otros trabajos realizados en el país ........................................................27 Taxonomía ..................................................................................................................................28 Frecuencia de aparición ...........................................................................................................46 - Parque Nacional Morrocoy ...........................................................................................46 - Parque Nacional Mochima ...........................................................................................47 IV - Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves ....................................................................48 Abundancia del número de individuos ....................................................................................49 - Parque Nacional Morrocoy ...........................................................................................49 - Parque Nacional Mochima ...........................................................................................50 - Refugio de Fauna Silvestre de Isla de Aves ..............................................................51 Estructura poblacional ..............................................................................................................52 - Parque Nacional Morrocoy ...........................................................................................52 - Parque Nacional Mochima ...........................................................................................53 - Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves ....................................................................55 Índices de diversidad y equidad ..............................................................................................56 DISCUSIÓN....................................................................................................... 59 Composición y riqueza..............................................................................................................59 Frecuencia de aparición y abundancia de individuos ...........................................................61 Estructura poblacional ..............................................................................................................64 CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................. 66 RECOMENDACIONES ....................................................................................... 66 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................. 67 ANEXOS ........................................................................................................... 76 V ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura Pág. 1. Morfología de quetognatos………………..…………………………………………6 2. Ubicación de las localidades de muestreo……………………………………….14 3. Localización de las estaciones muestreadas dentro del Parque Nacional Morrocoy………………………………………………….………………………….16 4. Ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo en la bahía de Mochima (Parque Nacional Mochima)………………………………………………………………….18 5. Localización de los puntos de muestreo en el Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves……………………………………………………………………………….20 6. Krohnitta pacifica……………………………………………………………………30 7. Pterosagitta draco…………………………………………………………………..32 8. Flaccisagitta enflata…………………………………..…………………………….34 9. Flaccisagitta hexaptera………………………………….………………………….35 10. Serratosagitta serratodentata………………………….………………………….37 11. Ferosagitta hispida…………………………………………………………………38 12. Parasagitta tenuis………………………………………………..…………………40 13. Parasagitta friderici…………………………………………………………………41 14. Decipisagitta decipiens…………………………………………………………….43 15. Sagitta bipunctata…………………………………………………………………..44 16. Sagitta helenae…………………………………………………..…………………46 17. Abundancia de quetognatos por sitio para el Parque Nacional Morrocoy…...49 18. Abundancia de quetognatos por sitio para el Parque Nacional Mochima……50 19. Abundancia de quetognatos por sitio para el Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Isla de Aves……………………………………………………………………………….51 20. Número de individuos de distintos estadios de las especies más abundantes del Parque Nacional Morrocoy……………………………………………….……53 21. Número de individuos de distintos estadios de las especies más abundantes del Parque Nacional Mochima………………………………………………..……54 22. Número de individuos de distintos estadios de las especies más abundantes
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