DOCSLIB.ORG

Unix Users's Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unix Users's Guide Unix Users’s Guide i Unix Users’s Guide September 13, 2021 Unix Users’s Guide ii Copyright © 2013 Jason W. Bacon, Lars E. Olson, SeWHiP, All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute the Unix User’s Guide for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted in perpetuity, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph appear in all copies. Unix Users’s Guide iii COLLABORATORS TITLE : Unix Users’s Guide ACTION NAME DATE SIGNATURE WRITTEN BY Jason W. Bacon September 13, 2021 Unix Users’s Guide iv Contents 1 Using Unix 1 1.1 Keep It Simple, Stupid . .1 1.2 What is Unix? . .2 1.2.1 Aw, man... I Have to Learn Another System? . .2 1.2.2 Operating System or Religion? . .4 1.2.3 The Unix Standard API . .7 1.2.4 Shake Out the Bugs . .8 1.2.5 The Unix Standard UI . .9 1.2.6 Freedom of Choice . .9 1.2.7 Fast, Stable and Secure . .9 1.2.8 Sharing Resources . 10 1.3 Self-test . 10 1.4 Unix User Interfaces . 10 1.4.1 Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) . 10 1.4.2 X11 on Mac OS X . 13 1.4.3 Command Line Interfaces (CLIs): Unix Shells . 13 1.4.4 Terminals . 15 1.4.5 Basic Shell Use . 16 1.4.6 Self-test . 17 1.5 Still Need Windows? Don’t Panic! . 18 1.5.1 Cygwin: Try This First . 18 1.5.2 Windows Subsystem for Linux: Another Compatibility Layer . 31 1.6 Logging In Remotely . 32 1.6.1 Unix to Unix . 32 1.6.2 Windows to Unix . 33 Cygwin . 33 PuTTY .................................................... 33 1.6.3 Terminal Types . 36 1.6.4 Self-test . 36 1.7 Unix Command Basics . 37 Unix Users’s Guide v 1.7.1 Self-test . 38 1.8 Basic Shell Tools . 38 1.8.1 Common Unix Shells . 38 1.8.2 Command History . 39 1.8.3 Auto-completion . 40 1.8.4 Command-line Editing . 40 1.8.5 Globbing (File Specifications) . 40 1.8.6 Self-test . 41 1.9 Processes . 41 1.9.1 Self-test . 42 1.10 The Unix File system . 42 1.10.1 Unix Files . 42 Text vs Binary Files . 42 Unix vs. Windows Text Files . 43 1.10.2 File system Organization . 43 Basic Concepts . 43 Absolute Path Names . 44 Current Working Directory . 45 Relative Path Names . 45 Avoid Absolute Path Names . 46 Special Directory Names . 47 1.10.3 Ownership and Permissions . 47 Overview . 47 Viewing Permissions . 48 Setting Permissions . 48 1.10.4 Self-test . 49 1.11 Unix Commands and the Shell . 51 1.11.1 Internal Commands . 51 1.11.2 External Commands . 51 1.11.3 Getting Help . 52 1.11.4 A Basic Set of Unix Commands . 53 File and Directory Management . 53 Shell Internal Commands . 55 Text File Processing . 56 Text Editors . 57 Networking . 57 Identity and Access Management . 58 Terminal Control . 58 1.11.5 Self-test . 58 Unix Users’s Guide vi 1.12 Unix Command Quick Reference . 59 1.13 POSIX and Extensions . 59 1.14 Special Unix Tools . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unix Introduction
    Unix introduction Mikhail Dozmorov Summer 2018 Mikhail Dozmorov Unix introduction Summer 2018 1 / 37 What is Unix Unix is a family of operating systems and environments that exploits the power of linguistic abstractions to perform tasks Unix is not an acronym; it is a pun on “Multics”. Multics was a large multi-user operating system that was being developed at Bell Labs shortly before Unix was created in the early ’70s. Brian Kernighan is credited with the name. All computational genomics is done in Unix http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/aosref/ritchie84evolution.pdfMikhail Dozmorov Unix introduction Summer 2018 2 / 37 History of Unix Initial file system, command interpreter (shell), and process management started by Ken Thompson File system and further development from Dennis Ritchie, as well as Doug McIlroy and Joe Ossanna Vast array of simple, dependable tools that each do one simple task Ken Thompson (sitting) and Dennis Ritchie working together at a PDP-11 Mikhail Dozmorov Unix introduction Summer 2018 3 / 37 Philosophy of Unix Vast array of simple, dependable tools Each do one simple task, and do it really well By combining these tools, one can conduct rather sophisticated analyses The Linux help philosophy: “RTFM” (Read the Fine Manual) Mikhail Dozmorov Unix introduction Summer 2018 4 / 37 Know your Unix Unix users spend a lot of time at the command line In Unix, a word is worth a thousand mouse clicks Mikhail Dozmorov Unix introduction Summer 2018 5 / 37 Unix systems Three common types of laptop/desktop operating systems: Windows, Mac, Linux. Mac and Linux are both Unix-like! What that means for us: Unix-like operating systems are equipped with “shells”" that provide a command line user interface.
    [Show full text]
  • Freenas® 11.0 User Guide
    FreeNAS® 11.0 User Guide June 2017 Edition FreeNAS® IS © 2011-2017 iXsystems FreeNAS® AND THE FreeNAS® LOGO ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF iXsystems FreeBSD® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF THE FreeBSD Foundation WRITTEN BY USERS OF THE FreeNAS® network-attached STORAGE OPERATING system. VERSION 11.0 CopYRIGHT © 2011-2017 iXsystems (https://www.ixsystems.com/) CONTENTS WELCOME....................................................1 TYPOGRAPHIC Conventions...........................................2 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 NeW FeaturES IN 11.0..........................................3 1.2 HarDWARE Recommendations.....................................4 1.2.1 RAM...............................................5 1.2.2 The OperATING System DeVICE.................................5 1.2.3 StorAGE Disks AND ContrOLLERS.................................6 1.2.4 Network INTERFACES.......................................7 1.3 Getting Started WITH ZFS........................................8 2 INSTALLING AND UpgrADING 9 2.1 Getting FreeNAS® ............................................9 2.2 PrEPARING THE Media.......................................... 10 2.2.1 On FreeBSD OR Linux...................................... 10 2.2.2 On WindoWS.......................................... 11 2.2.3 On OS X............................................. 11 2.3 Performing THE INSTALLATION....................................... 12 2.4 INSTALLATION TROUBLESHOOTING...................................... 18 2.5 UpgrADING................................................ 19 2.5.1 Caveats:............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Linux on the Road
    Linux on the Road Linux with Laptops, Notebooks, PDAs, Mobile Phones and Other Portable Devices Werner Heuser <wehe[AT]tuxmobil.org> Linux Mobile Edition Edition Version 3.22 TuxMobil Berlin Copyright © 2000-2011 Werner Heuser 2011-12-12 Revision History Revision 3.22 2011-12-12 Revised by: wh The address of the opensuse-mobile mailing list has been added, a section power management for graphics cards has been added, a short description of Intel's LinuxPowerTop project has been added, all references to Suspend2 have been changed to TuxOnIce, links to OpenSync and Funambol syncronization packages have been added, some notes about SSDs have been added, many URLs have been checked and some minor improvements have been made. Revision 3.21 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh Some more typos have been fixed. Revision 3.20 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh Some typos have been fixed. Revision 3.19 2005-11-14 Revised by: wh A link to keytouch has been added, minor changes have been made. Revision 3.18 2005-10-10 Revised by: wh Some URLs have been updated, spelling has been corrected, minor changes have been made. Revision 3.17.1 2005-09-28 Revised by: sh A technical and a language review have been performed by Sebastian Henschel. Numerous bugs have been fixed and many URLs have been updated. Revision 3.17 2005-08-28 Revised by: wh Some more tools added to external monitor/projector section, link to Zaurus Development with Damn Small Linux added to cross-compile section, some additions about acoustic management for hard disks added, references to X.org added to X11 sections, link to laptop-mode-tools added, some URLs updated, spelling cleaned, minor changes.
    [Show full text]
  • La Sécurité Informatique Edition Livres Pour Tous (
    La sécurité informatique Edition Livres pour tous (www.livrespourtous.com) PDF générés en utilisant l’atelier en source ouvert « mwlib ». Voir http://code.pediapress.com/ pour plus d’informations. PDF generated at: Sat, 13 Jul 2013 18:26:11 UTC Contenus Articles 1-Principes généraux 1 Sécurité de l'information 1 Sécurité des systèmes d'information 2 Insécurité du système d'information 12 Politique de sécurité du système d'information 17 Vulnérabilité (informatique) 21 Identité numérique (Internet) 24 2-Attaque, fraude, analyse et cryptanalyse 31 2.1-Application 32 Exploit (informatique) 32 Dépassement de tampon 34 Rétroingénierie 40 Shellcode 44 2.2-Réseau 47 Attaque de l'homme du milieu 47 Attaque de Mitnick 50 Attaque par rebond 54 Balayage de port 55 Attaque par déni de service 57 Empoisonnement du cache DNS 66 Pharming 69 Prise d'empreinte de la pile TCP/IP 70 Usurpation d'adresse IP 71 Wardriving 73 2.3-Système 74 Écran bleu de la mort 74 Fork bomb 82 2.4-Mot de passe 85 Attaque par dictionnaire 85 Attaque par force brute 87 2.5-Site web 90 Cross-site scripting 90 Défacement 93 2.6-Spam/Fishing 95 Bombardement Google 95 Fraude 4-1-9 99 Hameçonnage 102 2.7-Cloud Computing 106 Sécurité du cloud 106 3-Logiciel malveillant 114 Logiciel malveillant 114 Virus informatique 120 Ver informatique 125 Cheval de Troie (informatique) 129 Hacktool 131 Logiciel espion 132 Rootkit 134 Porte dérobée 145 Composeur (logiciel) 149 Charge utile 150 Fichier de test Eicar 151 Virus de boot 152 4-Concepts et mécanismes de sécurité 153 Authentification forte
    [Show full text]
  • Building a SAN-Less Private Cloud with IBM Powervm and IBM Powervc
    Front cover Building a SAN-less Private Cloud with IBM PowerVM and IBM PowerVC Javier Bazan Lazcano Stephen Lutz Redpaper International Technical Support Organization Building a SAN-less Private Cloud with IBM PowerVM and IBM PowerVC July 2018 REDP-5455-02 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page v. Third Edition (July 2018) This edition applies to Version 1, Release 4, Modification 1 of IBM Cloud PowerVC Manager for Software-Defined Infrastructure V1.1 (product number 5765-VCD). © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2017, 2018. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Notices . .v Trademarks . vi Preface . vii Authors. vii Now you can become a published author, too! . viii Comments welcome. viii Stay connected to IBM Redbooks . viii Chapter 1. Architecture of a software-defined infrastructure solution with IBM Power Systems servers and IBM PowerVC . 1 1.1 Software-defined infrastructure . 2 1.2 The motivation behind software-defined infrastructure . 2 1.3 Use cases . 4 1.3.1 Use case 1: Building a storage area network-less cloud . 4 1.3.2 Use case 2: Building an iSCSI-backed cloud . 5 1.3.3 More use cases. 5 1.4 Rack topologies and components . 6 1.4.1 Starter cloud . 7 1.4.2 Mini cloud . 8 1.4.3 Rack scale . 9 1.4.4 Storage/management switches. 10 1.4.5 Data switches . 10 1.4.6 Network nodes .
    [Show full text]
  • Unix/Linux Command Reference
    Unix/Linux Command Reference .com File Commands System Info ls – directory listing date – show the current date and time ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files cal – show this month's calendar cd dir - change directory to dir uptime – show current uptime cd – change to home w – display who is online pwd – show current directory whoami – who you are logged in as mkdir dir – create a directory dir finger user – display information about user rm file – delete file uname -a – show kernel information rm -r dir – delete directory dir cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information rm -f file – force remove file cat /proc/meminfo – memory information rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir * man command – show the manual for command cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2 df – show disk usage cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it du – show directory space usage doesn't exist free – show memory and swap usage mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2 whereis app – show possible locations of app if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into which app – show which app will be run by default directory file2 ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file Compression touch file – create or update file tar cf file.tar files – create a tar named cat > file – places standard input into file file.tar containing files more file – output the contents of file tar xf file.tar – extract the files from file.tar head file – output the first 10 lines of file tar czf file.tar.gz files – create a tar with tail file – output the last 10 lines
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Unix
    Introduction to Unix Rob Funk <[email protected]> University Technology Services Workstation Support http://wks.uts.ohio-state.edu/ University Technology Services Course Objectives • basic background in Unix structure • knowledge of getting started • directory navigation and control • file maintenance and display commands • shells • Unix features • text processing University Technology Services Course Objectives Useful commands • working with files • system resources • printing • vi editor University Technology Services In the Introduction to UNIX document 3 • shell programming • Unix command summary tables • short Unix bibliography (also see web site) We will not, however, be covering these topics in the lecture. Numbers on slides indicate page number in book. University Technology Services History of Unix 7–8 1960s multics project (MIT, GE, AT&T) 1970s AT&T Bell Labs 1970s/80s UC Berkeley 1980s DOS imitated many Unix ideas Commercial Unix fragmentation GNU Project 1990s Linux now Unix is widespread and available from many sources, both free and commercial University Technology Services Unix Systems 7–8 SunOS/Solaris Sun Microsystems Digital Unix (Tru64) Digital/Compaq HP-UX Hewlett Packard Irix SGI UNICOS Cray NetBSD, FreeBSD UC Berkeley / the Net Linux Linus Torvalds / the Net University Technology Services Unix Philosophy • Multiuser / Multitasking • Toolbox approach • Flexibility / Freedom • Conciseness • Everything is a file • File system has places, processes have life • Designed by programmers for programmers University Technology Services
    [Show full text]
  • Github: a Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft's
    1 FLOSS != GitHub: A Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft’s Acquisition of GitHub Raula Gaikovina Kula∗, Hideki Hata∗, Kenichi Matsumoto∗ ∗Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan {raula-k, hata, matumoto}@is.naist.jp Abstract—In 2018, the software industry giants Microsoft made has had its share of disagreements with Microsoft [6], [7], a move into the Open Source world by completing the acquisition [8], [9], the only reported negative opinion of free software of mega Open Source platform, GitHub. This acquisition was not community has different attitudes towards GitHub is the idea without controversy, as it is well-known that the free software communities includes not only the ability to use software freely, of ‘forking’ so far, as it it is considered as a danger to FLOSS but also the libre nature in Open Source Software. In this study, development [10]. our aim is to explore these perceptions in FLOSS developers. We In this paper, we report on how external events such as conducted a survey that covered traditional FLOSS source Linux, acquisition of the open source platform by a closed source and BSD communities and received 246 developer responses. organization triggers a FLOSS developers such the Linux/ The results of the survey confirm that the free community did trigger some communities to move away from GitHub and raised BSD Free Software communities. discussions into free and open software on the GitHub platform. The study reminds us that although GitHub is influential and II. TARGET SUBJECTS AND SURVEY DESIGN trendy, it does not representative all FLOSS communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Adventures with Illumos
    > Adventures with illumos Peter Tribble Theoretical Astrophysicist Sysadmin (DBA) Technology Tinkerer > Introduction ● Long-time systems administrator ● Many years pointing out bugs in Solaris ● Invited onto beta programs ● Then the OpenSolaris project ● Voted onto OpenSolaris Governing Board ● Along came Oracle... ● illumos emerged from the ashes > key strengths ● ZFS – reliable and easy to manage ● Dtrace – extreme observability ● Zones – lightweight virtualization ● Standards – pretty strict ● Compatibility – decades of heritage ● “Solarishness” > Distributions ● Solaris 11 (OpenSolaris based) ● OpenIndiana – OpenSolaris ● OmniOS – server focus ● SmartOS – Joyent's cloud ● Delphix/Nexenta/+ – storage focus ● Tribblix – one of the small fry ● Quite a few others > Solaris 11 ● IPS packaging ● SPARC and x86 – No 32-bit x86 – No older SPARC (eg Vxxx or SunBlades) ● Unique/key features – Kernel Zones – Encrypted ZFS – VM2 > OpenIndiana ● Direct continuation of OpenSolaris – Warts and all ● IPS packaging ● X86 only (32 and 64 bit) ● General purpose ● JDS desktop ● Generally rather stale > OmniOS ● X86 only ● IPS packaging ● Server focus ● Supported commercial offering ● Stable components can be out of date > XStreamOS ● Modern variant of OpenIndiana ● X86 only ● IPS packaging ● Modern lightweight desktop options ● Extra applications – LibreOffice > SmartOS ● Hypervisor, not general purpose ● 64-bit x86 only ● Basis of Joyent cloud ● No inbuilt packaging, pkgsrc for applications ● Added extra features – KVM guests – Lots of zone features –
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Hamilton C Shell
    EXAMINING ROO M Examining the Hamilton C Shell Unix power for OS/2 Scott Richman tarting OS/2 for the first time was, file system), long filenames, and threads. in the background and the server will for me, like unlocking a Ferarri, Additionally, the Shell supports large be kept busy. sitting behind its wheel and find­ command lines and pipes (up to 64K) ing a Yugo's dash. What a disap­ and includes faster and more powerful Supporting Procedures pointment. Sure, the engine and utilities than those supplied with OS/2. Script programmers can create C Shell suspensionS were first rate, but the con­ This is more than Unix - this is a pow­ procedures, which are more like func­ trols were minimal, the clutch was stiff, erful requirement for development un­ tions: They accept a parameter list and and the pedals were nonresponsive! der OS/2. The ability to execute C shells return a value. These procedures are OS/2 comes with great stuff, but CMD simultaneously in different Presenta­ compiled into C Shell memory and are .EXE, the default command-line pro­ tion Manager (PM) text windows con­ then executed as new shell commands. cessor, is poor compared to the pow­ verts your PC into a flexible workstation. Procedures can greatly extend the erfuloperating system beneath. CMD.EXE The Hamilton C Shell comes with power and flexibility of your environ­ appears to be a port of the MS-DOS many programs and shell scripts. To ment. COMMAND.COM and lacks the major install the Shell, you simply copy the As an example, consider ZCW.CSH features of a serious front end.
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Pocket Guide.Pdf
    3rd Edition Linux Pocket Guide ESSENTIAL COMMANDS Daniel J. Barrett 3RD EDITION Linux Pocket Guide Daniel J. Barrett Linux Pocket Guide by Daniel J. Barrett Copyright © 2016 Daniel Barrett. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebasto‐ pol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promo‐ tional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribook‐ sonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Nan Barber Production Editor: Nicholas Adams Copyeditor: Jasmine Kwityn Proofreader: Susan Moritz Indexer: Daniel Barrett Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest June 2016: Third Edition Revision History for the Third Edition 2016-05-27: First Release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491927571 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Linux Pocket Guide, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellec‐ tual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Berkeley Software Distribution
    Free berkeley software distribution Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was a Unix operating system derivative developed and . The lawsuit slowed development of the free- software descendants of BSD for nearly two years while their legal status was in question, and as a OS family​: ​Unix. Software Central is a consolidation of several IST sites that offer software to UC Berkeley faculty, staff and students. The products available through this site are ​Productivity Software · ​Mathematics & Sciences · ​VMware · ​Stata. Software Central. The API department runs the Campus Software Distribution Service, which: Runs a distribution service through (link is. Free Speech Online Blue Ribbon Campaign. Welcome to ! UNIX! Live free or die! Google. Custom Search. What is this page all about? This page is. BSD stands for “Berkeley Software Distribution”. which is available on CD-ROM and for free download from FTP sites, for example OpenBSD. All of the documentation and software included in the BSD and As you know, certain of the Berkeley Software Distribution ("BSD") source. Template:Redirect Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, sometimes called many other operating systems, both free and proprietary, to incorporate BSD code. BSD (originally: Berkeley Software Distribution) refers to the particular version of the UNIX operating system that was developed at and distributed fro. Short for Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD is a Unix-like NetBSD is another free version of BSD compatible with a very large variety of. Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is a prominent version of the Unix operating system that was developed and distributed by the Computer Systems. Early in , Joy put together the "Berkeley Software Distribution.
    [Show full text]