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AUSTRALIAN BLACKWOOD Acacia Melanoxylon R. Br

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AUSTRALIAN BLACKWOOD Acacia Melanoxylon R. Br FRI BULLETIN No. 119 PROPERTIES AND UTILISATION OF EXOTIC SPECIALITY TIMBERS GROWN IN NEW ZEALAND PART 11: AUSTRALIAN BLACKWOOD Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. A. N. Haslett This FRI Bulletin is of particular relevance to tree growers, and wood processors and users. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NEW ZEALAND FOREST SERVICE PRIVATE BAG, ROTORUA, NEW ZEALAND 1986 2 PREFACE This series of booklets details the properties and potential uses of speciality timbers grown in New Zealand. Each booklet discusses one tree species or distinct group of related species under the following headings: The Tree, Wood Properties, Processing, Uses, and Glossary. The first booklet describes briefly the tests conducted, the properties evaluated, and the commercial significance of these properties. The booklets are based on data obtained over many years of research and they represent work from many sections of the Wood Technology Division of FRI, along with input from Forest Service Utilisation Foresters and representatives of the forest industries. ISSN 0111-8129 ODC 83:81 3 ABSTRACT This booklet summarises the properties and recommended utilisation procedures for New Zealand­ grown blackwood. Blackwood timber is easy to process. The wood is similar to that of Australian­ grown material, with its attractive colour, and medium density and texture making it suitable for a range of high quality uses including furniture, cabinets, veneers, and others. KEYWORDS: Australian blackwood, Acacia melanoxylon, wood properties, density, shrinkage, stability, mechanical properties, processing, sawing, drying, machining, uses. THE TREE Natural Distribution and Availability Australian blackwood is a native of the south-eastern Australian mainland and Tasmania. It has been introduced to South Africa and over the last century small plantings have been made throughout New Zealand (less than 200 ha in total). Since being listed in the New Zealand Forest Service "Policy on Exotic Special Purpose Species" (1981) blackwood has been planted in increasing quantities in New Zealand, but substantial volumes of timber will not be available until trees currently being planted and tended mature. Target Tree The ideal final crop tree or 'target tree' for Australian blackwood (Fig. 1) should have a diameter at breast height (1.4m) of approximately 60 cm and a clear bole of 5-6 m to maximise the yield of full length clear wood from the bottom 5-6 m and to obtain short clear cuttings from higher up the stem. Preliminary research suggests that well-tended blackwood can be grown to this size in 30-40 years. Blackwood's high heartwood composition means that logs as small as 30 cm small-end-diameter can be sawn. Blackwood has a tendency to develop forks and heavy branching so silvicultural techniques must be used to obtain a straight clear butt log. When grown in pure stands, pruning and the removal of competing leaders and/or branches (form-pruning) will encourage a single straight stem. Alternatively, blackwood may be grown in gaps in existing vegetation or in mixed plantings, to encourage the development of a single leader by forcing the trees to grow up towards the light. Ignoring these silvicultural techniques will result in poorly formed trees which will yield sawn timber with severe cross-grain, which in turn will cause "pick-out" during machining and warp during drying. Details on recommended silvicultural regimes may be obtained from Forest Service Advisory Officers. Tony Haslett (B.For.Sc.Hons) is a scientist in the Wood Technology Division of the Forest Research Institute. He is co-ordinating utilisation research on speciality timbers, his specific interests being wood quality, drying and sawmilling. 4 FIG. 2- Typkal heartwood colour and figure in flat-sawn (lower) and quarter-sawn (upper) blackwood. The distinctive figure of FIG. ]-Target tree for Australian blackwood the grain is emphasised in the flat -sawn material. WOOD PROPERTIES General Description Timber from New Zealand-grown blackwood resembles that grown in Australia in appearance and shows a similar large colour variation. In Australia this colour variation is accepted as being "natural" and so only a slight attempt is made at colour matching. Colour: The heartwood varies considerably in colour from yellow to reddish-brown, to almost black. This wide colour variation is a result of combined genetic and site factors. Brown splotches, caused by an incomplete distribution of extractives, are scattered through the timber. Figure 2 shows typical heartwood colour in flat­ and quarter-sawn material. The sapwood has a distinct white to straw colour and is usually only 20-50 mm in width. Grain and Texture: The grain is primarily straight, but areas of wavy grain give the wood a very attractive appearance (Fig. 2). Poor stem form can result in severe cross-grain which is difficult to machine successfully. The wood has a medium even texture with a distinctive figure caused by pronounced growth rings and tension wood. Density: In general, the density of New Zealand-grown blackwood is within the range considered suitable for furniture and cabinet work. The species can be classed as a "medium-density hardwood". A comprehensive survey of 70-year-old trees revealed that whole-tree basic density ranged from 465 to 670 kg/m 3 (mean: 593 kg/m 1) . These values are similar to those for Australian-grown blac'.cwood. Within a tree, basic density varied little vertically. However, for the radial profile, basic density increas­ ed steeply by over the first 150 mm then levelled off, and finally decreased slightly in the sapwood. Green and air dry density were 1040 kg/m 3 and 680 kg/m 3 respectively. 3 Young (15-year-old) fast-grown blackwood may have an average basic density as low as 400 kg/m , with over 500Jo sapwood by volume. 5 Strength New Zealand-grown blackwood is at least as strong and stiff as tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa), and Australian-grown blackwood. The New Zealand timber has above average hardness which is important for furniture timbers, and it is moderately tough. However, these strength properties vary considerably between trees, reflecting the wide variation in density (for example, the tree of lowest strength had a Modulus of Rupture 200Jo lower than the between tree mean). Furthermore within-tree trends in strength properties parallel the trends in density. There is little variation in strength up the tree, but strength increases noticeably in the rjidial direction, to reach a maximum at about 15 cm from the pith, then decreases slowly. This wide variation of strength properties need not detract from blackwood's high suitability for furniture. However, it may reduce its suitability for demanding end uses such as impact handles. TABLE 1: Strength properties of blackwood compared with tawa Species/Source Modulus of Modulus of Compression Hardness Rupture Elasticity parallel (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (kN) Green 1207o Green 12% Green 12% Green 12% Black wood New Zealand 76.4 129.9 9.95 14.4 29.4 62.5 NA 6.60 Australia! 75.0 115.0 9.27 13.2 29.8 60.3 4.23 4.89 Taw a New Zealand2 69.8 114.4 10.2 13.2 31.4 39.2 4.28 4.76 NA = data not available ' Bolza, E. and Kloot, N.H. I%3: The mechanical properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Division ofForest Products Technological Paper No. 25. CSIRO, Australia. 1 Bier, H. 1983: Strength properties of small clear specimens of New Zealand grown timbers. New Zealand Forest Service, FRI Bulletin No.41 Shrinkage, Dimensional Stability, and Related Properties Blackwood has a low shrinkage. Shrinkage from green to 12% m.c. is 3.6% tangentially, 1.8% radially. Because blackwood is more impermeable than radiata pine, it has better short-term stability. However, radiata pine has superior long-term stability probably because of the very low shrinkage intersection point for blackwood. Australian-grown blackwood has a reputation for dimensional instability, which can result in glue-line failures. To minimise this problem, timber should be dried to the correct moisture content and correctly glued, artd wide cross-sections should be avoided. These recommendations apply equally to New Zealand-grown blackwood. TABLE 2: Dimensional stability (in%) of blackwood and radiata pine Blackwood Radiata pine Shrinkage Intersection Point 25.4 28.7 e.m.c. at 90% RH 19.2 21.2 e.m.c. at 60% RH 12.0 12.3 Long-term movement tangential movement from 60% RH to 90% RH 2.7 2.0 radial movement from 60% RH to 90% RH 1.3 1.0 ·short-term movement tangential swelling after 24 h at 95 OJo RH 1.6 2.2 m.c. increase after 24 h at 95% RH 4.6 7.4 6 PROCESSING Sawmilling and Grade Recoveries Blackwood is not difficult to saw successfully and can be sawn with band saws normally used for radiata pine, provided the saw pitch is 45-70 mm. An acceptably smooth finish can be obtained at a range of feed speeds but, because the density of blackwood is higher than that of radiata pine, slower feed speeds are advised. As would be expected, blackwood's higher density results in blunting properties that are somewhat higher than those of radiata pine, but they are no reason for concern. Growth stress can cause some splitting of logs and movement of sawn-timber, but stress levels of blackwood are low compared to some other hardwoods (e.g., ash eucalypts, tawa). Logs may be either flat- or quarter-sawn but flat-sawing is preferred because it does not require large logs or specialised sawing equipment, and it produces a more figured board (Fig. 2). However, the poor long-term stability of blackwood means that the wide flat-sawn boards may cause problems with subsequent movement in use.
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