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From Tongue to Text: the Transmission of the Salem Witchcraft Examination Records
KU ScholarWorks | http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu Please share your stories about how Open Access to this article benefits you. From Tongue to Text: The Transmission of the Salem Witchcraft Examination Records by Peter Grund 2007 This is the author’s accepted manuscript, post peer-review. The original published version can be found at the link below. Grund, Peter. 2007. “From Tongue to Text: The Transmission of the Salem Witchcraft Examination Records.” American Speech 82(2): 119–150. Published version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-2007-005 Terms of Use: http://www2.ku.edu/~scholar/docs/license.shtml This work has been made available by the University of Kansas Libraries’ Office of Scholarly Communication and Copyright. Peter Grund. 2007. “From Tongue to Text: The Transmission of the Salem Witchcraft Examination Records.” American Speech 82(2): 119–150. (the accepted manuscript version, post-peer review) From Tongue to Text: The Transmission of the Salem Witchcraft Examination Records1 Peter Grund, Uppsala University Introduction In the absence of audio recordings, scholars interested in studying the characteristics of spoken language in the early Modern period are forced to rely on written speech-related sources.2 These sources include, among others, drama and fiction dialogue, trial proceedings, and witness depositions. However, at the same time, it has been shown that, although purporting to represent spoken conversation, these texts probably reflect actual spoken language only partially and to different degrees (for the evaluation of the degree of “spokenness” of these text categories, see Culpeper and Kytö 2000; see also Kryk-Kastovsky 2000; Moore 2002). Drama and fiction dialogue, for example, represents constructed speech produced by an author who may have been more or less successful in mimicking contemporaneous spoken conversation. -
I. Movie Title, Release Date, Subject Matter: the Crucible (1996) 123 Minutes Screenplay by Arthur Miller, Adapted from His Play
I. Movie Title, Release Date, Subject Matter: The Crucible (1996) 123 Minutes Screenplay by Arthur Miller, adapted from his play. The movie is based on the Salem, MA, Witchcraft Trials of 1692. The movie contains characters and events drawn from history, but many details have been fictionalized for dramatic effect including the precise ordering of the timeline, the motivations of the accusers, and the ages of the accusers. Some characters are composites of historical figures; Abigail Williams (Winona Ryder) is a composite of the historical Williams who was 11 years old at in 1692, and Ann Putnam, who had been a servant in the home of John and Elizabeth Proctor. Other characters are entirely fictional –the Reverend Hale—and some important historical figures are absent –Cotton Mather. In Miller’s version of the story, a small group of teenage girls are the primary accusers. While their initial lies are motivated by their own self-interest, the lie grows out of control as they are encouraged by the adults. There are a variety of motivating factors, some of which will be useful for discussing the social and political history of 17th century Massachusetts: greedy preachers, ambitious landowners, grieving parents. II. Suggested curriculum tie-ins and interdisciplinary possibilities 1. This resource guide will focus on using The Crucible in the context of a history class unit on colonial life in New England. If interdisciplinary planning is possible, English teachers may wish to assign the original Arthur Miller play or the novel, The Scarlet Letter, in conjunction with the history unit Old 2. -
The Crucible, Arthur Miller, and the Salem Scenic Designer‘S Notes Witch Trials
TPAC Education’s Humanities Outreach in Tennessee presents THE CRUCIBLE Teacher Guidebook 2 Adventure 3 Properties, G.P. Country Music Association Allstate Corrections Corporation of America American Airlines Creative Artists Agency Bank of America Curb Records Baulch Family Foundation The Danner Foundation AT&T Davis-Kidd Booksellers, Inc. BMI Dell Computers Bridgestone Firestone Trust Fund DEX Imaging, Inc. Brown-Forman Dollar General Corporation Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation Enterprise Rent-A-Car Foundation CBRL Group Foundation Patricia C. & Thomas F. Frist Designated Central Parking Corporation Fund* The Coca-Cola Bottling Company Gannett Foundation The Community Foundation of Middle Gaylord Entertainment Foundation Tennessee Gibson Guitar Corp. The Joel C. Gordon & Bernice W. Gordon Family Foundation The HCA Foundation on behalf of the HCA and TriStar Family of Hospitals The Hermitage Hotel Ingram Arts Support Fund* THANK Ingram Charitable Fund Martha & Bronson Ingram Foundation* Lipman Brothers, Inc. YOU Juliette C. Dobbs 1985 Trust Tennessee Performing Arts LifeWorks Foundation Center gratefully The Memorial Foundation acknowledges the generous Metro Action Commission support of corporations, Metropolitan Nashville Arts Commission foundations, government Miller & Martin, LLP agencies, and other groups Nashville Gas, a Piedmont Company and individuals who have Nashville Predators Foundation contributed to TPAC National Endowment for the Arts in partnership Education in 2007-2008. with the Southern Arts Federation New -
The Salem Witch Trials Quick Questions
The Salem Witch Trials Quick Questions 11 The Salem witch trials were arrests made in the town of 1. In which country did the Salem witch trials 19 Salem, USA, between February 1692 and May 1693. occur? 29 They began when two little girls, Betty Parris (aged 9) 38 and Abigail Williams (aged 11), began to have seizures, 46 which would make them twitch and scream – moving 55 their bodies in an unusual way and making strange 2. Find two words which the author uses to show 64 noises. The village doctor, William Griggs, said that they that the girls’ movements and noises were not 74 were ‘bewitched’ and people began to hunt for the ‘witch’ normal. 79 that had cursed the girls. 88 Three women were accused: Sarah Good, a local homeless 98 person; Sarah Osborne, an old lady who did not attend 3. Why might the village doctor have said that the 108 church; and Tituba, a servant. Over the course of the girls had been ‘bewitched’? 117 trials, over 150 innocent people were put into prison 122 after being accused of witchcraft. 4. How does William Griggs’ diagnosis compare to what a doctor might say today? visit twinkl.com visit twinkl.com The Salem Witch Trials Answers 11 The Salem witch trials were arrests made in the town of 1. In which country did the Salem witch trials 19 Salem, USA, between February 1692 and May 1693. occur? Accept: ‘USA’ or ‘United States of America’ 29 They began when two little girls, Betty Parris (aged 9) only. -
A Comprehensive Look at the Salem Witch Mania of 1692 Ashley Layhew
The Devil’s in the Details: A Comprehensive Look at the Salem Witch Mania of 1692 __________ Ashley Layhew Nine-year-old Betty Parris began to convulse, seize, and scream gibber- ish in the winter of 1692. The doctor pronounced her bewitched when he could find no medical reason for her actions. Five other girls began ex- hibiting the same symptoms: auditory and visual hallucinations, fevers, nausea, diarrhea, epileptic fits, screaming, complaints of being bitten, poked, pinched, and slapped, as well as coma-like states and catatonic states. Beseeching their Creator to ease the suffering of the “afflicted,” the Puritans of Salem Village held a day of fasting and prayer. A relative of Betty’s father, Samuel Parris, suggested a folk cure, in which the urine of the afflicted girls was taken and made into a cake. The villagers fed the cake to a dog, as dogs were believed to be the evil helpers of witches. This did not work, however, and the girls were pressed to name the peo- ple who were hurting them.1 The girls accused Tituba, a Caribbean slave who worked in the home of Parris, of being the culprit. They also accused two other women: Sarah Good and Sarah Osbourne. The girls, all between the ages of nine and sixteen, began to accuse their neighbors of bewitching them, saying that three women came to them and used their “spectres” to hurt them. The girls would scream, cry, and mimic the behaviors of the accused when they had to face them in court. They named many more over the course of the next eight months; the “bewitched” youth accused a total of one hundred and forty four individuals of being witches, with thirty sev- en of those executed following a trial. -
Robynne Rogers Healey on Tituba, Reluctant Witch Of
Elaine G. Breslaw. Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem: Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies. New York: New York University Press, 1996. xxv + 243 pp. $24.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8147-1227-6. Reviewed by Robynne Rogers Healey Published on H-Women (March, 1998) During the spring and summer of 1692, the an whose confession initiated them. On one level, lives of the residents of Salem and surrounding this is a biography of Tituba and the circum‐ area were thrown into upheaval. This was the stances surrounding her confession and subse‐ time of the infamous Salem witchhunts. Between quent recantation. On another level, however, March and October, over a hundred and ffty peo‐ Breslaw's work is an example of how biography ple were arrested on suspicion of witchcraft. can be used successfully to tell a story much larg‐ When Governor Phips called for a stop to the exe‐ er than the story of one life. Historians, especially cutions in early October, twenty-four people had social historians, have a nasty habit of looking died: nineteen were hanged, one was pressed to askance at biography as a tool of political histori‐ death, and four died of other causes while in ans used to tell the story of influential men and prison. The effects of the witchhunts were far- occasionally famous women. But skilfully done, reaching. As Elaine Breslaw notes, "[h]undreds of biography can offer a window through which we lives [were] disrupted by jailings, the loss of prop‐ can peer into the past and gain an appreciation of erty, and the absence of needed labor on the farm events through the life of an individual and the and in the household. -
Perjurium Maleficis: the Great Salem Scapegoat
Perjurium Maleficis: The Great Salem Scapegoat by Alec Head The Salem Witch Trials, often heralded as a sign of a religious community delving too deep into superstition, were hardly so simple. While certainly influenced by religion, the trials drew upon numerous outside elements. Though accusations were supposedly based in a firm setting of religious tradition, an analysis of individual stories—such as those of Rebecca Nurse, John Alden, and George Burroughs—shows that the accused were often targeted based on a combination of either fitting the existing image of witches, personal feuds, or prior reputations. The Puritans of Salem considered themselves to be “God’s chosen people,” building a new land, a heaven on earth.1 As with many endeavors in the New World, the Puritans faced innumerable struggles and hardships; their path would never be an easy one. However, rather than accepting their hurdles through a secular perspective, the Puritans viewed matters through a theological lens to explain their difficulties. While other, non-Puritan colonies faced similar challenges, the Puritans took the unique stance that they lived in a “world of wonders,” in which God and Satan had hands in the daily lives of humanity.2 In effect, this led to desperate—eventually deadly— searches for scapegoats. Upon his arrival in Salem, Reverend Samuel Parris publicly insisted that the hardships were neither by chance nor mere human hand. After all, if they were God’s chosen people, any opposition must have been instigated by the devil.3 Satan would not simply content himself with individual attacks. Rather, Parris insisted, grand conspiracies were formed by diabolical forces to destroy all that the Puritans built. -
Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: an Authoritative Edition
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 1-12-2005 Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: An Authoritative Edition Paul Melvin Wise Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Recommended Citation Wise, Paul Melvin, "Cotton Mathers's Wonders of the Invisible World: An Authoritative Edition." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2005. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COTTON MATHER’S WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD: AN AUTHORITATIVE EDITION by PAUL M. WISE Under the direction of Reiner Smolinski ABSTRACT In Wonders of the Invisible World, Cotton Mather applies both his views on witchcraft and his millennial calculations to events at Salem in 1692. Although this infamous treatise served as the official chronicle and apologia of the 1692 witch trials, and excerpts from Wonders of the Invisible World are widely anthologized, no annotated critical edition of the entire work has appeared since the nineteenth century. This present edition seeks to remedy this lacuna in modern scholarship, presenting Mather’s seventeenth-century text next to an integrated theory of the natural causes of the Salem witch panic. The likely causes of Salem’s bewitchment, viewed alongside Mather’s implausible explanations, expose his disingenuousness in writing about Salem. Chapter one of my introduction posits the probability that a group of conspirators, led by the Rev. -
Martha Corey Arrest Warrant Salem Witch Trials
Martha Corey Arrest Warrant Salem Witch Trials Is Dwane sugarless or exact after propellant Wilden tellurized so stagnantly? Suspect Sandy sometimes clamp his allegorizers then and expect so bureaucratically! Clint cinchonise foamingly while pulsing Nev retted Jacobinically or gives moltenly. Edit did choke on trial arrest warrants were witches with corey was a witch. Issue warrants to arrest Sarah Good Sarah Osborne and Tituba for afflicting. Use hathorne in reading sentence RhymeZone. Before Salem the late American Witch Hunt HISTORY. He serves the arrest warrants to the persons charged with witchcraft. Betty told you manage or arrested upon reaching adulthood she denies it was created some of trials that she had arrest warrants continued to again. Not only nineteen were. Their punishment for defaulting on this information about your husband and went on three days later obtained for daily life? Salem Witch Trials A Chronology of Events. The girls learned of her attacks they quickly responded by accusing her of witchcraft. Small planet communications, salem witch trial. Goody corey arrested by witches existed and trials, is a witch trials, pointing out that good lord and. Warrant longer the Apprehension of Martha Corey and loop's Return. More than 300 years later the Salem witch trials testify to when way fear. There were arrested again and arrests, or virtual cemetery to arrest, politics merged into two? Burroughs arrested and. The Salem witch trials were a out of hearings before local. By 1692 however peace was far from the responsible of heritage day. The Salem Witch Trials from proper Legal Perspective W&M. -
Arthur Miller's the Crucible: the Burning Truth Jason Bradshaw
Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: The Burning Truth Jason Bradshaw Clifton Middle School INTRODUCTION When I go to the theatre, I try to enter with no expectations but with many hopes. I hope to be entertained. I hope to be moved. Most of all I hope to learn. Perhaps I will learn some history or philosophy. Perhaps I will learn to see a different point of view. If it is good theatre or good art, I will undoubtedly learn something about myself. Theatre has been a part of my life for as long as I can remember. I was actually in a play years before I was an audience member. I played the White Rabbit in our fourth grade production of “The Trail of Alice in Wonderland.” I spoke my lines and sang my song as directed by our music teacher, Mrs. Mott. I don’t remember being aware of my fellow actors or of the play as a whole. My tasks as actor consumed my little fourth- grade mind. For the next few years, my experience in the world of theatre consisted only of attempts to make the nearest family member (usually my cousin Jennifer, who was the same age as me and an indiscriminant giggler) laugh. Then my parents took me to see a production of Alice in Wonderland at the Alley Theatre. I was entranced by the show. Somehow, an entire other existence – another world – had been created on that arena stage. This world was full of vibrant, three-dimensional characters who interacted with the world and each other. -
The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: the Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: The Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered Susan Kay Ocksreider College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Law Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Ocksreider, Susan Kay, "The Salem Witch Trials from a Legal Perspective: The Importance of Spectral Evidence Reconsidered" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625278. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-7p31-h828 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE; THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECTRAL EVIDENCE RECONSIDERED A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of Williams and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Susan K. Ocksreider 1984 ProQuest Number: 10626505 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10626505 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). -
Sarah Wildes: an Accused Witch and a Victim of Witch-Hunting in Salem
SARAH WILDES: AN ACCUSED WITCH AND A VICTIM OF WITCH-HUNTING IN SALEM A PAPER BY KYUNG M. KIM SUBMITTED TO DR. MINKEMA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE CH 8000: WITCHCRAFT AND WITCH-HUNTING AT TRINITY EVANGELICAL DIVINITY SCHOOL DEERFIELD, ILLINOIS, MAY 2014 Puritans founded New England communities with a vision of building a holy kingdom. During the early period, religious life was closely tied with the socio-political life of the community. When this tie was threatened by new merchants and when ideas emerged into the community, the witch-hunting started. Other factors such as Indian attacks, famines and diseases contributed to the witch-hunting. These factors placed fear upon the community. Also, ministers were worried of spiritual and moral decline in the community. The hysteria at Salem was a complex event; thus, an investigation of an individual or incident is fitting for this subject. People of Salem would probably have traced their heritage back to Puritanism, and their ideology shaped their society and culture. This ideology was also evident in the Salem witch- huntings. One evidence is seen through the ratio of accused male witches to accused female witches. According to Brian Levack, "The image of the witch as morally weak and sexually inclined may very well have encouraged members of the educated and ruling classes to suspect and prosecute women as witch, especially when they were engaged in religiously inspired campaigns to reform popular morality."1 Levack’s statement also properly describes the New England community and their ideology. The promoters of Salem witch-hunting were religiously inspired groups who had a vision of establishing God’s kingdom; their Puritan perspective considered women as weaker vessels.2 For this reason, in Essex County between 1560 and 1675, 290 out of 313 accused witches were female.3 1 Brian P.