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Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Indicators and Multivariate Analyses of the Old Brahmaputra River

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Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Indicators and Multivariate Analyses of the Old Brahmaputra River Pollution, 4(3): 481-493, Summer 2018 DOI: 10.22059/poll.2018.246865.350 Print ISSN: 2383-451X Online ISSN: 2383-4501 Web Page: https://jpoll.ut.ac.ir, Email: [email protected] Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Indicators and Multivariate Analyses of the Old Brahmaputra River Bhuyan, M.S.1*, Bakar, M.A.2, Sharif, A.S.M.3, Hasan, M.1 and Islam, M.S.1 1. Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh 2. Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chittagong, Bangladesh 3. Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Ramu, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Received: 28.11.2017 Accepted: 02.02.2018 ABSTRACT: The study has been carried out to assess surface water quality of Old Brahmaputra River from September 2015 to March 2016. DO, BOD5, COD, pH, EC, Chloride, Alkalinity, and Hardness concentrations in water samples have been found to range within 0.66-2.9 mg/L, 21-138 mg/L, 45-250 mg/L, 7.1-7.8, 185-1080 uS/cm, 10-98 mg/L, 85-197 mg/L, and 84-148 mg/L, respectively. Multivariate statistical analyses such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Matrix (CM) reveal significant anthropogenic intrusion of pollutants in water, while Cluster Analysis (CA) gives decent results that render three different groups of resemblance between the two sampling sites, reflecting the different water quality indicators of the river system. Very strong positive linear relations have been found between Alkalinity vs. Chloride (0.998), COD vs. BOD (0.994), Chloride vs. EC (0.981), Alkalinity vs. EC (0.976), and Hardness vs. EC (0.952) at the significance level of 0.01, which direct their common origin from industrial effluents, municipal wastes, and agricultural activities. River Pollution Index (RPI) indicates that the water of the Old Brahmaputra River varies from low to high pollution. Keywords: Assessment, Anthropogenic, Multivariate Analyses, RPI, Brahmaputra River INTRODUCTION sources that include industrial effluents Bangladesh, commonly known as the land (pulp and paper mills, steel plants, food of rivers, is endowed with 700 rivers, processing plants, etc.), municipal sewage including tributaries (Chowdhury, 2001). and combined sewage–storm-water Water is the most valuable and important overflows, resource extraction, and land compound for sustenance of life and for disposal sites (landfill sites, industrial any kinds of developmental activity impoundments, etc.) (Ritter et al., 2002). (Kataria et al., 2011; Manjare et al., 2010; On the other hand, non-point-sources of Kumar et al., 2010); however, rivers are pollution include agricultural runoff being polluted continuously, becoming a (pesticides, pathogens, and fertilizers), matter of concern all over the world (May storm water and urban runoff, and et al., 2006; Noori et al., 2010; Ouyang et atmospheric deposition (wet and dry al., 2010). Pollutants come from point- throughput of persistent organic pollutants) (Ritter et al., 2002). *Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] 481 Bhuyan, M.S. et al. Diverse usages of rivers have been 2007, Venkastesharaju et al., 2010, Noori extremely impaired by pollution and even et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2012, Selle et al., contaminators like the industry suffer from 2013, Jiang-Qu et al., 2013; Wang et al., augmented river pollution (Joshi et al., 2014; Talukder et al., 2016). 2009). Playing a vital role in carrying off Nevertheless, rivers are key water municipal and industrial wastewater and sources for domestic, industrial, and run-off from farm lands, rivers are one of agricultural irrigation purposes (Yu & the most vulnerable water bodies to Shang, 2003), thus the quality of their pollutants (Singh et al., 2004; Singh et al., water is one of important factors, directly 2005; Wang et al., 2007), wherein concerned with the health of humans and continuous discharge of domestic and other living beings (Bhuyan et al., 2016; industrial wastewater and seasonal surface Kazi et al., 2009). Therefore, it is run-off, have a strong effect on river imperative and vital to have trustworthy discharge and water quality. Rivers are information on the characteristics of water clogged with industrial effluents and quality for effective pollution control and untreated sewage through several outfalls sustainable water resource management. (Khan, 1999). A polluted river firstly As a consequence, it is hugely necessary to affects its chemical water quality and then assess river water quality. steadily destroys the community structure, disrupting the subtle food web (Joshi et al., MATERIALS AND METHOD 2009). Land use activities (urbanization The Old Brahmaputra River, located close and agriculture) severely affect water to Narsingdi District, is one of the most quality and aquatic ecosystem of rivers, important ecosystems with much streams, lakes, and estuaries (Ayers & aquaculture potential, playing a very Westcot, 2000). Several chemicals important role in minimizing rural poverty (pesticides, metals, therapeutic drugs, and and supplying food to the poor fishing other environmental contaminants) community as well as the local people. It is (National Academy of Sciences, 1983) an active river, whose role in bringing have been identified from surface and morphological changes to other groundwater resources to function as the downstream rivers is significant, too main source of drinking water (Larson et (Amacher et al., 1989). Continuous al., 1997; Nowell et al., 1999; Allen et al., variations in the river's course constitute a 1993; Gustafson, 1993). Chemicals under significant factor in the hydrology of suitable environments of exposure, can Brahmaputra. pose developmental and reproductive In order to carry out the present study, difficulties in wildlife and humans being water samples were collected form two (Colborn et al., 1996). points: 1. Belanagar (abundant with Water quality can be assessed by using various industries) and 2. Drenerghat River Pollution Index (RPI) (Chen et al., (characterized with agriculture and fewer 2012; Lai et al., 2013; Hoseinzadeh et al., industries) 40 km away from Belanagar of 2014; Rim-Rukeh, 2016). Multivariate the Old Brahmaputra River (Fig. 1). statistical methods can be very effective Sampling procedures were performed in tools for easy and clear understanding of three phases: firstly, in September 2015 the complex data sets, recognizing (the rainy season); secondly, in January pollution factors and assessing water 2016 (the winter season); and thirdly, in quality parameters (Singh et al., 2004, March 2016 (the pre-monsoon season). Kowlkowski et al., 2006, Quadir et al., 482 Pollution, 4(3): 481-493, Summer 2018 Fig. 1. Map of the sampling sites of Old Brahmaputra River After selecting the sampling points, a analysis was done via the same method. total of 12 water samples were collected, Also, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand with 6 samples, collected from Belanagar, (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand and 6 from Drenerghat (40 km away from (COD) were analyzed by the method,* Belanagar). Two liters of surface water stated by APHA (2005). sample were regularly collected in the One Way Analysis of Variance (Post- morning, from 10 to 11 AM, in polythene hoc LSD test) was conducted to show the bottles for each season. Immediately after variations in concentration of water collection, the water samples were parameters in terms of seasons and sites, transferred to the laboratory of Bangladesh using SPSS (v.22). And in accordance with Council of Scientific and Industrial Dreher (2003), Principal Component Research (BCSIR), Chittagong. During the Analysis (PCA) was performed on the sampling of water, pH and dissolved original data set (without any weighting or oxygen were measured. standardization). Component Analysis The value of Hydrogen-ion- (CA) is an effective tool to find out the Concentration (pH) of water was similarities and variations of influential determined with pH paper (color pH factors on different data sets (Wang et al., indicators strips, Cat.9585, made in 2014). Moreover, CA is an important tool Germany). As for the Dissolve Oxygen for the characterization and simplification (DO), the collected samples in BOD bottles of data sets based on their behavior. PCA were fixed inside, according to Azide was executed to sort out the principle Modification of Winkler (1988) and the features of variations in dataset with 483 Bhuyan, M.S. et al. simplification and classification of raw index scores (Si = 1, 3, 6, or 10). data. According to Singh et al. (2004), Particularly, RPI referred to arithmetic PCA delivers strategies on spatial and average of these index scores, with respect temporal distribution of resultant factors. to the water quality (Bhuyan & Bakar, Pearson’s product moment correlation 2017; Islam et al., 2017; Sharif et al., 2017; matrix was done to identify the relation Bhuyan et al., 2017). among the parameters in order to obtain The River Pollution Index (RPI) was strong results from multivariate analysis. computed, using the following equation Cluster analysis (Dendogram) was (Liou et al., 2004). performed to not only show the similarity 4 among variables but identify their sources RPI 1/ 4 Si i1 of origin, via PRIMER (v.6). where Si represents the index scores and Each water quality variable, used to the RPI value ranges from 1 to 10. determine RPI, was turned into one of four Table 1. River Pollution Index (RPI) Chart (Chen et al., 2012; Liou et al., 2004) Items/ ranks Good Less polluted Moderately polluted Highly polluted DO (mg/L) >6.5 4.6-6.5 2.0-4.5 <2.0 BOD5 (mg/L) <3.5 3.0-4.9 5.0-15 >15 SS (mg/L) <2.0 20-49 50-100 >100 NH3-N (mg/L) <0.5 0.5-0.9 91.0-3.0 >3.0 Index scores (Si) 1 3 6 10 Sub-index <2 2.0-3.0 3.1-6.0 >6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION et al. (2015), Gasim et al. (2007), Alam et Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of al.
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