DOCSLIB.ORG

Late Quaternary Sedimentary Record and Holocene Channel Avulsions of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River Valleys in the Upper Bengal Delta Plain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Late Quaternary Sedimentary Record and Holocene Channel Avulsions of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River Valleys in the Upper Bengal Delta Plain GEOMOR-04501; No of Pages 14 Geomorphology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Late Quaternary sedimentary record and Holocene channel avulsions of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River valleys in the upper Bengal delta plain Jennifer L. Pickering a,⁎, Steven L. Goodbred a,MeredithD.Reitzc,ThomasR.Hartzoga, Dhiman R. Mondal b, Md. Saddam Hossain b a Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA b Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh c Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA article info abstract Article history: The first Holocene stratigraphic record of river-channel occupation and switching between the Brahmaputra– Received 1 June 2013 Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra paleovalleys is presented here. Motivated by the Brahmaputra River's historic Received in revised form 13 September 2013 avulsion from the Old Brahmaputra channel to its present-day Jamuna course, we have obtained sediment and Accepted 20 September 2013 radiocarbon samples from 41 boreholes along a 120 km transect crossing these two braided-river valleys. The Available online xxxx stratigraphy along this transect reveals sand-dominated Holocene channel systems, each bound by remnant, Keywords: mud-capped Pleistocene stratigraphy. Using sediment lithology and bulk strontium concentration as a prove- fi Quaternary nance indicator, we de ne the geometry and channel-occupation history of each paleovalley. The western Paleovalleys Brahmaputra–Jamuna valley is broad and somewhat deeper compared with the Old Brahmaputra valley, the lat- Avulsion stratigraphy ter actually comprising a composite of two narrower sub-valleys bifurcated by an antecedent topographic rem- Valley geometry nant. The gently sloped valley margins (slope: 0.002 to 0.007) and high width-to-thickness ratio (W/T: ~1000) of Brahmaputra delta the Brahmaputra–Jamuna valley suggest that it was filled primarily through lateral channel migration and the reworking of braidbelt and overbank deposits. Conversely, the two Old Brahmaputra sub-valleys have compar- atively steeper valley margins (slope: 0.007 to 0.022) and lower width-to-thickness ratios (W/T: ~125 and ~250), indicating that these were filled primarily through vertical aggradation of channel sands. We attribute this disparity in valley geometry and fill processes to the different occupation histories for each valley. In this case, the much larger Brahmaputra–Jamuna valley represents the principal, if not singular, river course during the last lowstand of sea-level, with a prominent gravel lag underlying the valley. In contrast the smaller Old Brah- maputra valleys do not appear to have been present, or at least well developed, at the last lowstand. Rather these courses were first occupied during the early Holocene transgression, and we infer that the river had been previ- ously excluded from this region by the relatively higher elevation between the Madhupur Terrace and the Shillong Massif. We also demonstrate that the Brahmaputra River experienced 3–4 major avulsions during the Holocene, with considerably longer occupation times within the principal Brahmaputra–Jamuna valley. Together these observations indicate that occupation history and antecedent topography have been important controls on river course mobility and avulsion behavior. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction average sediment load of 590 Mt/yr (Delft Hydraulics and Danish Hydraulic Institute, 1996) and currently migrates laterally at rates The Bengal basin is a continually evolving depositional environ- N100m/yr (EGIS, 1997). Such river-channel behavior can result in a com- ment comprising unconsolidated muds and sands that have been plex alluvial stratigraphy that lacks lateral continuity. Borehole stratigra- transported and deposited by fluvial processes, principally from the phy, therefore, may be difficult to decipher due to rapid reworking Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. As a function of active Himalayan relative to the rate of burial of these sediments. uplift, South Asia's intense monsoon climate, and the resulting sus- In the Bengal basin, channel evolution can occur over a single season ceptibility to seasonal flooding in the delta, these rivers are sediment and major rivers are known to avulse relatively frequently (e.g., Morgan laden and highly mobile through lateral migration and avulsion. The and McIntire, 1959; Coleman, 1969; Umitsu, 1987; Bristow, 1999; Brahmaputra–Jamuna River channel, for example, has an estimated Sarker et al., 2003), yet current understanding of Holocene delta forma- tion is based on relatively few, widely spaced (50–200 km) boreholes (e.g., Goodbred and Kuehl, 2000; Goodbred et al., 2003; Sarkar et al., ⁎ Corresponding author at: Vanderbilt University, PMB 351805, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. Tel.: +1 615 500 0264. 2009). To properly understand the history and behavior of this system, E-mail address: [email protected] (J.L. Pickering). densely sampled core transects were strategically positioned to capture 0169-555X/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.021 Please cite this article as: Pickering, J.L., et al., Late Quaternary sedimentary record and Holocene channel avulsions of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River valleys in the upper Bengal delta plain, Geomorphology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.021 2 J.L. Pickering et al. / Geomorphology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx the full extent of the Holocene river valleys and underlying stratigraphy. have suggested that the Brahmaputra River has avulsed between these This effort is part of a 5-year, collaborative project designed to under- courses several times during the Holocene, but observational data stand fluvio-deltaic processes under the influence of active tectonics; pertaining to the history of these recurring avulsions are lacking. results herein are from the first transect of closely spaced boreholes In this paper we present the alluvial stratigraphy (up to 100 m drilled across the Bengal basin (Fig. 1). depth) that overlies the latest Pleistocene sea-level lowstand (LPSL) The placement of this core transect was intended to capture the surface in the upper delta plain. The LPSL surface reflects maximum complete Holocene stratigraphic record of the Brahmaputra River valley incision by the latest Pleistocene paleo-Brahmaputra and the cor- and its valley systems in the upper Bengal delta. A major river avul- responding highlands that were exposed as base level lowered in sion, detailed in Section 1.3, occurred in the late eighteenth to early response to the global advance of glaciers during the Last Glacial nineteenth century as the Brahmaputra River diverted discharge from Maximum (LGM). This surface is coincident with but not limited its Old Brahmaputra course east of the Madhupur Terrace into the pres- to the “laterite” of Goodbred and Kuehl (2000),thefine-grained Last ent Brahmaputra–Jamuna River course west of the Madhupur Terrace Glacial Maximum paleosol (LGMP) of McArthur et al. (2008),and (Fergusson, 1863; Oldham, 1899)(Fig. 1). Within Bangladesh, the cur- both the paleo-channels and paleo-interfluves of Hoque et al. (2012). rent course is called the Jamuna River (referred to as the Brahmaputra– We propose the collective term “LPSL surface”, which acknowledges Jamuna River in this paper; “Brahmaputra” is used when referring to the time-transgressive nature of these deposits, to incorporate each of the river in general, without regard to its channel position), and the these surfaces. channel occupied prior to ~1800 CE is called the Old Brahmaputra After identifying the LPSL surface and placing it in stratigraphic con- River. Borehole studies (Umitsu, 1987; Goodbred and Kuehl, 2000) text, we compare the morphology and the width-to-thickness (W/T) 88° E 89° E 90° E 91° E 92° E 26° N 25° N 24° N 23° N 22° N river channel Bangladesh-India border 0 12.512.5 2525 5050 7575 100100 MiMi N Pleistocene terrace uplands 0 2020 4040 8080 120120 160160 KmKm Tista alluvial fan Fig. 1. Physiographic map of the Bengal basin including location of borehole Transect A, which begins at the eastern edge of the Barind Tract, intersects the Brahmaputra–Jamuna River, and terminates at the Dauki Fault north of the Madhupur Tract. Please cite this article as: Pickering, J.L., et al., Late Quaternary sedimentary record and Holocene channel avulsions of the Jamuna and Old Brahmaputra River valleys in the upper Bengal delta plain, Geomorphology (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.021 J.L. Pickering et al. / Geomorphology xxx (2013) xxx–xxx 3 aspect ratios of the different Brahmaputra paleo-valleys to infer domi- nant processes of formation and infilling, e.g., vertical aggradation- incision cycles or lateral migration. We also use the valley stratigra- phy to identify channel fill deposits separated by preserved overbank deposits as an indication of the number of channel occupations at a par- ticular location. Finally, from these results we estimate first-order avul- sion frequencies and channel-occupation timescales for the two major courses of the Brahmaputra River. 1.1. Contribution to geomorphology Theoretical and experimental approaches (e.g., Schumm et al., 1987; Whipple et al., 1998; Cazanacli et al., 2002; Bryant et al., 1995; Hoyal and Sheets, 2009) aimed at understanding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Initial Environmental Examination
    Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 53382-001 May 2021 Bangladesh: South Asia Sub regional Economic Cooperation Dhaka-Sylhet Corridor Road Investment Project Main report vol. 1 Prepared by the Roads and Highways Division, Bangladesh, Dhaka for the Asian Development Bank. Page i Terms as Definition AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ADB Asian Development Bank AMAN Rice (grown in wet season) APHA American Public Health Association ARIPA Acquisition and Requisition of Immoveable Property Act As Arsenic BD Bangladesh BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority BNBC Bangladesh National Building Code BOQ Bill of Quantities Boro Rice (grown in dry season) BRTA Bangladesh Road Transport Authority BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CITES Convention on Trade in Endangered Species CO Carbon Monoxide CoI Corridor of Impact CPRs Community Property Resources DMMP Dredged Material Management Plan DC Deputy Commissioner DO Dissolved Oxygen DoE Department of Environment DoF Department of Forest EA Executive Agency ECA Environmental Conservation Act ECR Environmental Conservation Rules EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan Engineer The construction supervision consultant/engineer EPAS Environmental Parameter Air Sampler EPC Engineering Procurement and Construction EQS Environmental Quality Standards ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESSU Environmental and Social Safeguards Unit FC Faecal Coliform
    [Show full text]
  • (PSI) Project Name Mymensingh Kewatkhali Bridge Project Country
    Project Number: 000163 Project Summary Information (PSI) Project Name Mymensingh Kewatkhali Bridge Project Country People’s Republic of Bangladesh Sector Transport Project No. 0000163 Borrower People’s Republic of Bangladesh Implementation Agency Ministry of Road Transport and Bridges Environmental and Social Category A Date of PSI prepared or updated Sep. 5, 2018 Date of Concept Decision Approved on Sep. 4, 2018 Estimated Date of Board Consideration Aug., 2019 I. Introduction Mymensingh Kewatkhali Bridge is part of the Dhaka-Mymensingh-India border corridor, which is strategically important for both regional and local connectivity. Three land ports have been developed along the Indian border in Mymensingh Division, namely Nakugaon Land port in Sherpur district, Gobrakura Land Port and Haluaghat Land Port in Mymensingh District. Traffic from the three land ports must cross Old Brahmaputra River at Mymensingh City in order to reach Dhaka and other parts of Bangladesh. As with other land ports on the northern border with India, the main import items are coal, lime stone, boulder, stone, glass sand, fruits and raw hides. Export items are food and beverage items, plastic goods and bricks. Given the proximity to the Indian border (around 60-80 km from Mymensingh to the three land ports), the road passing through Mymensingh serves international trade by carrying the major import/export items from/to India. The improved crossing at Mymensingh will help facilitate cross-border trade with northeast India. On the other hand, the Mymensingh Kewatkhali bridge will provide crossing over the Old Brahmaputra River to connect the landlocked north central and northeast Bangladesh with Dhaka.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Action Plan the Ganges River Dolphin
    THE CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR THE GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN 2010-2020 National Ganga River Basin Authority Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India Prepared by R. K. Sinha, S. Behera and B. C. Choudhary 2 MINISTER’S FOREWORD I am pleased to introduce the Conservation Action Plan for the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in the Ganga river basin. The Gangetic Dolphin is one of the last three surviving river dolphin species and we have declared it India's National Aquatic Animal. Its conservation is crucial to the welfare of the Ganga river ecosystem. Just as the Tiger represents the health of the forest and the Snow Leopard represents the health of the mountainous regions, the presence of the Dolphin in a river system signals its good health and biodiversity. This Plan has several important features that will ensure the existence of healthy populations of the Gangetic dolphin in the Ganga river system. First, this action plan proposes a set of detailed surveys to assess the population of the dolphin and the threats it faces. Second, immediate actions for dolphin conservation, such as the creation of protected areas and the restoration of degraded ecosystems, are detailed. Third, community involvement and the mitigation of human-dolphin conflict are proposed as methods that will ensure the long-term survival of the dolphin in the rivers of India. This Action Plan will aid in their conservation and reduce the threats that the Ganges river dolphin faces today. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. R. K. Sinha , Dr. S. K. Behera and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment on the Impact of the Tripura Earthquake
    www.gi.sanu.ac.rs, www.doiserbia.nb.rs J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 2021, 71(1), pp. 1–13 Original scientific paper UDC: 911.2:5580.34(540)“2017” https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2101001D Received: October 8, 2020 Reviewed: March 15, 2021 Accepted: March 22, 2021 ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF THE TRIPURA EARTHQUAKE (JANUARY 3, 2017, MW = 5.6) IN NORTHEAST INDIA Jimmi Debbarma1, Jatan Debnath1* 1Tripura University, Department of Geography & Disaster Management, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India; e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: The northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, considered as the most active seismic zone of the Indian subcontinent, was hit by an earthquake of Mw 5.6 on January 3, 2017. The epicenter of this earthquake was Kanchanbari located in the Dhalai district of Tripura. The present study aims to assess the environmental and socio-economic impact of this earthquake in the vicinity of the epicenter. To assess and determine the level of damage, the affected areas were visited during the first week of the 2017 earthquake. Various Government offices were also consulted to acquire data on damages caused by the earthquake. Moreover, Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (RS & GIS) techniques were applied to address the influence of this earthquake on bank erosion. During the field visit, the striking features of soil liquefaction generated by the earthquake were observed in the flood plain area of the Manu River. Landslide, with three casualties in India and the neighbor Bangladesh, and damages of infrastructure were also reported. Additionally, an assessment of the bank erosion study revealed that the rate of the post-earthquake bank erosion increased to 592%, compared to the pre-earthquake bank erosion within the study length of the Manu River.
    [Show full text]
  • National Ganga River Basin Authority (Ngrba)
    NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA) Public Disclosure Authorized (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized Volume I - Environmental and Social Analysis March 2011 Prepared by Public Disclosure Authorized The Energy and Resources Institute New Delhi i Table of Contents Executive Summary List of Tables ............................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 National Ganga River Basin Project ....................................................... 6 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ........................................................................... 6 1.3 The Ganga River Basin Project.................................................................... 7 1.4 Project Components ..................................................................................... 8 1.4.1.1 Objective ...................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1.2 Sub Component A: NGRBA Operationalization & Program Management 9 1.4.1.3 Sub component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Provider .......... 9 1.4.1.4 Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulator ... 10 1.4.2.1 Objective ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Water Wars: the Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations
    U.S. Naval War College U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons CIWAG Case Studies 10-2013 Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies Recommended Citation Christopher, Mark, "MIWS_07 - Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations" (2013). CIWAG Case Studies. 7. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies/7 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in CIWAG Case Studies by an authorized administrator of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Draft as of 121916 ARF R W ARE LA a U nd G A E R R M R I E D n o G R R E O T U N P E S C U N E IT EG ED L S OL TA R C TES NAVAL WA Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher United States Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher Center on Irregular Warfare & Armed Groups (CIWAG) US Naval War College, Newport, RI [email protected] CHRISTOPHER: WATER WARS CIWAG Case Studies Bureaucracy Does Its Thing (in Afghanistan) – Todd Greentree Operationalizing Intelligence Dominance – Roy Godson An Operator’s Guide to Human Terrain Teams – Norman Nigh Organizational Learning and the Marine Corps: The Counterinsurgency Campaign in Iraq – Richard Shultz Piracy – Martin Murphy Reading the Tea Leaves: Proto-Insurgency in Honduras – John D.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Endangered Ganges River Dolphin in Brahmaputra River, Assam, India
    PROTECTION OF ENDANGERED GANGES RIVER DOLPHIN IN BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER, ASSAM, INDIA Final Technical Report to Sir Peter Scott Fund, IUCN Report submitted by - Abdul Wakid, Ph. D. Programme Leader Gangetic Dolphin Research & Conservation Programme, Aaranyak Survey, Beltola, Guwahati-781028 Assam, India Gill Braulik Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK Page | 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are expressing our sincere thanks to Sir Peter Scott Fund of IUCN for funding this project. We are thankful to the Department of Environment & Forest (wildlife) and the management authority of Kaziranga National Park, Government of Assam for the permission to carry out the study, especially within Kaziranga National Park. Without the tremendous help of Sanjay Das, Dhruba Chetry, Abdul Mazid and Lalan Sanjib Baruah, the Project would not have reached its current status and we are therefore grateful to all these team members for their field assistance. The logistic support provided by the DFO of Tinsukia Wildlife Division and the Mongoldoi Wildlife Division are highly acknowledged. Special thanks to Inspector General of Police (special branch) of Assam Police Department for organizing the security of the survey team in all districts in the Brahamputra Valley. In particular Colonel Sanib, Captain Amrit, Captain Bikash of the Indian Army for the security arrangement in Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border and Assistant Commandant Vijay Singh of the Border Security Force for security help in the India-Bangladesh border area. We also express our sincere thanks to the Director of Inland Water Transport, Alfresco River Cruise, Mr. Kono Phukan, Mr. Bhuban Pegu and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ashuganj 400 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (East)
    Environmental Impact Assessment (Annex 16-Part 2) May 2016 Bangladesh: Power System Expansion and Efficiency Improvement Investment Program (Tranche 3) Ashuganj 400 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (East) Prepared by Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited (APSCL) for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft EIA posted in October 2015 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/documents/ashuganj-400mw-ccpp-east-updated-eia This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Erosion The Meghna river banks suffer from erosion problems annually, mostly in the monsoon and post monsoon periods. As the transmission line will not have any impact on erosion, a further detailed analysis of erosion was not required for the project. Flooding Flooding situation of the study area is very nominal. The local people informed that, only the historical flash flood occurred in the year of 1988, 1998 and 2004. Flooding of 1988 and 1998 severely affected almost the entire study area. The duration of 1988 and 1998 flood was around 1-1.5 months with flood level of 6-7 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resource Competition in the Brahmaputra River Basin: China, India, and Bangladesh Nilanthi Samaranayake, Satu Limaye, and Joel Wuthnow
    Water Resource Competition in the Brahmaputra River Basin: China, India, and Bangladesh Nilanthi Samaranayake, Satu Limaye, and Joel Wuthnow May 2016 Distribution unlimited This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. Distribution Distribution unlimited. Specific authority contracting number: 14-106755-000-INP. For questions or comments about this study, contact Nilanthi Samaranayake at [email protected] Cover Photography: Brahmaputra River, India: people crossing the Brahmaputra River at six in the morning. Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest, "Brahmaputra River, India," Maria Stenzel / National Geographic Society / Universal Images Group Rights Managed / For Education Use Only, http://quest.eb.com/search/137_3139899/1/137_3139899/cite. Approved by: May 2016 Ken E Gause, Director International Affairs Group Center for Strategic Studies Copyright © 2016 CNA Abstract The Brahmaputra River originates in China and runs through India and Bangladesh. China and India have fought a war over contested territory through which the river flows, and Bangladesh faces human security pressures in this basin that will be magnified by upstream river practices. Controversial dam-building activities and water diversion plans could threaten regional stability; yet, no bilateral or multilateral water management accord exists in the Brahmaputra basin. This project, sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation, provides greater understanding of the equities and drivers fueling water insecurity in the Brahmaputra River basin. After conducting research in Dhaka, New Delhi, and Beijing, CNA offers recommendations for key stakeholders to consider at the subnational, bilateral, and multilateral levels to increase cooperation in the basin. These findings lay the foundation for policymakers in China, India, and Bangladesh to discuss steps that help manage and resolve Brahmaputra resource competition, thereby strengthening regional security.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Gangetic Dolphin in Brahmaputra River System, India
    CONSERVATION OF GANGETIC DOLPHIN IN BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM, INDIA Final Technical Report A. Wakid Project Leader, Gangetic Dolphin Conservation Project Assam, India Email: [email protected] 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There was no comprehensive data on the conservation status of Gangetic dolphin in Brahmaputra river system for last 12 years. Therefore, it was very important to undertake a detail study on the species from the conservation point of view in the entire river system within Assam, based on which site and factor specific conservation actions would be worthwhile. However, getting the sponsorship to conduct this task in a huge geographical area of about 56,000 sq. km. itself was a great problem. The support from the BP Conservation Programme (BPCP) and the Rufford Small Grant for Nature Conservation (RSG) made it possible for me. I am hereby expressing my sincere thanks to both of these Funding Agencies for their great support to save this endangered species. Besides their enormous workload, Marianne Dunn, Dalgen Robyn, Kate Stoke and Jaimye Bartake of BPCP spent a lot of time for my Project and for me through advise, network and capacity building, which helped me in successful completion of this project. I am very much grateful to all of them. Josh Cole, the Programme Manager of RSG encouraged me through his visit to my field area in April, 2005. I am thankful to him for this encouragement. Simon Mickleburgh and Dr. Martin Fisher (Flora & Fauna International), Rosey Travellan (Tropical Biology Association), Gill Braulik (IUCN), Brian Smith (IUCN), Rundall Reeves (IUCN), Dr. A. R. Rahmani (BNHS), Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Indus River System River Origin Tributries/Meets with Remarks
    Indus River System River Origin Tributries/Meets with Remarks Indus Chemayungdung Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, Satluj, 2880 Kms Glacier near Chenab Drains in Arabian sea Mansarovar Lake Zaskar,Syang,Shigar & east of Karachi Gilgit Shyok,Kabul,Kurram,Gomal Jhelum Sheshnag lake, near Navigable b/w Beninag in Pirpanjal Anantnag and range Baramulla in Kashmir vally Ravi Rohtang Pass, Kangra Distt. Beas Beaskund, Near origin Tributary of Satluj, meets of Ravi near Kapurthala Satluj Lake Rakas, Near Enters HP near Shipki Mansarovar lake La Pass Indus Water Treaty, 1960 :-> India can use 20 % of the Indus, Satluj & Jhelum & 80% of Chenab Ravi & Beas 5 Rivers of Punjab :-> Satluj, Ravi, Chenab, Beas & Jhelum ( All these as a combined stream meets Indus at Mithankot) Chenab in HP is known as Chandrabhanga because Chenab originate in form of two streams: Chandra & Bhanga on both the sides of the Bada Laccha La pass in HP. Ganga River System Ganga Tributary Origin Meeting Point Remarks Yamuna Yamunotri Glaciar Allahbad (Prayag) Tributaries: Tons, Hindon, Sharda, Kunta, Gir, Rishiganga, Hanuman Ganga, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh Son (aka ‘Savan’) Amarkantak (MP), Comes straight from peninsular plateau near origin of Narmada Damodar Chandawa, Palamau Hoogli, South of Carries water of Chotanagpur plateau distt. On Chota Kolkata Nagpur plateau (Jharkhand) Ramganga: Doodhatoli ranges, Ibrahimpur (UP) Pauri Gharwal, Uttrakhand 1 Gandak Nhubine Himal Glacier, Sonepur, Bihar It originates as ‘Kali Gandak’ Tibet-Mustang border Called ‘Narayani’ in Nepal nepal Bhuri Gandak Bisambharpur, West Khagaria, Bihar Champaran district Bhagmati Where three headwater streams converge at Bāghdwār above the southern edge of the Shivapuri Hills about 15 km northeast of Kathmandu Kosi near Kursela in the Formed by three main streams: the Katihar district Tamur Koshi originating from Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Drainage and Receiving Basin Signatures of the Godavari River System
    Biogeosciences, 15, 3357–3375, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3357-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Reconciling drainage and receiving basin signatures of the Godavari River system Muhammed Ojoshogu Usman1, Frédérique Marie Sophie Anne Kirkels2, Huub Michel Zwart2, Sayak Basu3, Camilo Ponton4, Thomas Michael Blattmann1, Michael Ploetze5, Negar Haghipour1,6, Cameron McIntyre1,6,7, Francien Peterse2, Maarten Lupker1, Liviu Giosan8, and Timothy Ian Eglinton1 1Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland 2Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246 Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 4Division of Geological and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 5Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland 6Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland 7Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre AMS Laboratory, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QF Glasgow, Scotland 8Geology and Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Correspondence: Muhammed Ojoshogu Usman ([email protected]) Received: 12 January 2018 – Discussion started: 8 February 2018 Revised: 18 May 2018 – Accepted: 24 May 2018 – Published: 7 June 2018 Abstract. The modern-day Godavari River transports large sediment mineralogy, largely driven by provenance, plays an amounts of sediment (170 Tg per year) and terrestrial organic important role in the stabilization of OM during transport carbon (OCterr; 1.5 Tg per year) from peninsular India to the along the river axis, and in the preservation of OM exported Bay of Bengal.
    [Show full text]