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BUKU PEMULIAAN IKAN PATIN SIAM.Pdf PEMULIAAN IKAN PATIN SIAM Di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam - Jambi Oleh : Boyun Handoyo, Evi Rahayuni, Irwan, Mimid A. Hamid, Solaiman, Nofri Hendra, Evarianti, Upmal Deswira BALAI PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA AIR TAWAR SUNGAI GELAM JAMBI DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA KEMENTERIAN KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN PEMULIAAN IKAN PATIN SIAM Di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam - Jambi Penulis : Boyun Handoyo, Evi Rahayuni, Irwan, Mimid A. Hamid, Solaiman, Upmal Deswira, Nofri Hendra, Evarianti ISBN : Editor : Miftahul Jannah, Wahyu Budi Wibowo, Ma’in Penyunting : Syu’ib, Defi Angraini Komalasari Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak : Yudho Adhitomo, M. Dwiki Setiawan Penerbit : Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam – Jambi Redaksi : Jl. Bumi Perkemahan Sungai Gelam – Muaro Jambi Telp. +62813 1595 1579 Email : [email protected] Distributor Tunggal : Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam – Jambi Jl. Bumi Perkemahan Sungai Gelam – Muaro Jambi Telp. +62813 1595 1579 Email : [email protected] Cetakan pertama, April 2021 Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit. ii TIM PUSTINA SEJAK TAHUN 2008 S.D TAHUN 2020 HASIL PEMULIAAN IKAN PATIN SIAM BALAI PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA AIR TAWAR SUNGAI GELAM Pengarah : Boyun Handoyo, S.Pi, M.Si Ketua : Irwan, S.Pi, M.Si Sekretariat : Miftahul Jannah, S.Pi Syu’ib, S.St.Pi Tim Ahli Tim Pemuliaan 1. Prof. Komar Sumantadinata 1. Boyun Handoyo S.Pi, M.Si 2. Dr. Odang Carman 2. Ir. Evi Rahayuni, MP 3. Dr. Rudhy Gustiano 3. Irwan, S.Pi, M.Si 4. Dr. Alimuddin 4. Ir. Mimid A. Hamid, M.Sc 5. Dr. Atmadja Hardjamulia 5. Solaiman, S.Pi 6. Dr. Ratu Siti Aliah 6. Upmal Deswira, S.Pi 7. Prof. Kamiso 7. Nofri Hendra, S.Pi 8. Dr. Asep Anang 8. Eva Rianti, S.St.Pi Tim Pendukung Tim Teknis 1. Ma’in, S.Pi, M.Si 1. Nofri Hendra, S.Pi 2. Wahyu Budi Wibowo, S.St.Pi, MP 2. Tatang Purnama 3. Dafzel Day, S.Pi, M.Si 3. Solihin 4. Lilik Masrifah 4. Samlan 5. Nefa Yulia 5. Kemas Husaini 6. Arief Rahmat Noviandi 6. Upmal Deswira, S.Pi 7. Messi Susanti iii KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah kami bersyukur atas tersusunnya Buku Pemuliaan Ikan Patin Siam di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam – Jambi ini. Shalawat kepada Nabi Besar Muhammad S.A.W. dan keluarganya. Buku ini diterbitkan sebagai panduan dan memberi gambaran tentang beberapa kegiatan yang kami lakukan sejak tahun 2008 yaitu ketika BPBAT Sungai Gelam - Jambi dicanangkan menjadi PUSTINA (Pusat Pengembangan Patin Nasional) dan koordinator jejaring pemuliaan ikan Patin. Pengumpulan populasi dasar (seluruh Indonesia, Kamboja dan Vietnam) telah dimulai sejak tahun 2009. Kegiatan pemuliaan Patin sampai tahun 2020 akhirnya kami telah menyelesaikan rangkaian kegiatan seleksi individu galur pertumbuhan sampai generasi ketiga (G3Ps), sehingga didapatkan respon seleksi yang cukup signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan populasi dasar maupun ikan Patin yang telah dirilis sebelumnya. Generasi ketiga galur pertumbuhan ikan Patin ini terbukti memiliki keunggulan yang cukup signifikan dari karakteristik pertumbuhan, daya tahan terhadap penyakit dan lingkungan, efisiensi penggunaan pakan, dan kelangsungan hidup. Pembuktian dilakukan dengan uji multilokasi dan uji tantang dibandingkan dengan strain lain yang telah dirilis sebelumnya. Dengan hasil tersebut BPBAT Sungai Gelam mengusulkan Rilis ikan Patin unggul ini. Ikan Patin unggul ini diusulkan untuk dirilis dengan nama Patin PUSTINA sesuai dengan sejarah BPBAT sebagai PUSTINA (Pusat Pengembangan Patin Nasional). iv Sebagai syarat untuk melakukan rilis ikan Patin PUSTINA ini maka disusunlah “Buku Pemuliaan Ikan Patin Siam di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam - Jambi” ini dalam bentuk buku sebagai syarat proses rilis tersebut. Buku ini juga dapat dijadikan pedoman bagi UPR dan pembudidaya Patin, Penyuluh, Akademisi, Peneliti, Perekayasa, Pengusaha, Produsen Pakan, Dinas Perikanan, serta seluruh stakeholder perikanan Indonesia yang ingin mengetahui tentang strain ikan ini. Selanjutnya kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah bekerja keras dalam membantu kegiatan kami dalam bidang pemuliaan ikan Patin di BPBAT Sungai Gelam - Jambi, khususnya kepada Tim Ahli PUSTINA (Prof. Komar Sumantadinata, Prof. Kamiso, Dr. Asep Anang, Dr. Odang Carman, Dr. Allimudin, Dr. Rudy Gustiano, Dr. Atmaja Hardjamulia, Dr. Ratu Siti Aliah). Terima kasih juga diucapkan kepada Kepala Balai Sungai Gelam terdahulu yang ikut menginisiasi PUSTINA Ir. Supriyadi M.Si, Ir. Mimid Abdul Hamid, M.Sc. serta seluruh rekan-rekan di BPBAT Sungai Gelam - Jambi sejak tahun 2008 - 2021 telah bekerja keras menyukseskan kegiatan ini. Kami berharap kegiatan program seleksi ini terus berlanjut sejalan dengan kegiatan produksi untuk mendapatan induk yang lebih unggul lagi kedepan. Jambi, Maret 2021 Kepala BPBAT Sungai Gelam Boyun Handoyo, M.Si NIP. 198002262002121003 v RINGKASAN Ikan Patin Siam (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) menjadi salah satu komoditas budidaya yang cukup penting di Indonesia. Volume produksi ikan Patin siam menempati urutan ke empat setelah ikan nila, mas dan lele dalam kelompok ikan air tawar. Benih merupakan salah satu mata rantai dalam bisnis akuakultur dan kualitasnya sangat menentukan keberhasilan usaha akuakultur. Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghasilkan benih yang berkualitas. Metode seleksi (selective breeding) merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk perbaikan mutu genetik dan sampai hari ini masih dominan digunakan pada banyak ikan budidaya. Bahkan di Eropa, 80-83% dari total produksi akuakultur menggunakan benih hasil program selective breeding. Heritabilitas yang cukup tinggi untuk sifat-sifat yang memiliki nilai ekonomis pada ikan jika dikombinasikan dengan fekunditas tinggi serta interval generasi yang relatif singkat (1-4 tahun) pada sebagian besar spesies ikan akan menghasilkan kemajuan genetik yang memadai. Selain itu perbaikan mutu genetik yang diperoleh dari program selective breeding dapat diwariskan kepada generasi berikutnya karena sifat produksi dikontrol oleh banyak gen (polygene) yang bersifat aditif. Karakter pertumbuhan (galur pertumbuhan) menjadi karakter yang paling banyak dimuliakan dalam program selective breeding diikuti karakter morfologi, tahan penyakit, kualitas daging, fillet dan efisiensi pakan. Karakter pertumbuhan menjadi penting karena siklus produksi menjadi lebih cepat atau mendapatkan ukuran ikan yang lebih besar dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam (BPBAT Sungai Gelam) pada tahun 2009 telah mengumpulkan ikan Patin siam dari berbagai daerah (seluruh Indonesia, Kamboja, dan Vietnam) untuk membentuk populasi dasar yang digunakan dalam program seleksi (selective breeding). Kegiatan seleksi dimulai tahun 2013 dengan desain satu galur pertumbuhan (diseleksi berdasarkan bobot tubuh) dengan menggunakan metode seleksi individu dan satu galur daya tahan dengan metode seleksi famili. Untuk galur pertumbuhan, sampai tahun 2018 telah diperoleh generasi ketiga. Evaluasi performa induk dan benih G3Ps dilakukan dari 2018 sampai dengan 2019. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi diperoleh akumulasi respons seleksi (tiga generasi) sebesar 42,30% atau per generasi sebesar 14,20% dibandingkan dengan populasi dasar. Uji banding dengan ikan Patin siam yang sudah dirilis (Perkasa) sudah dilakukan. Hasilnya menunjukkan G3Ps lebih unggul jika dibandingkan vi dengan Patin dengan selisih untuk karakter bobot tubuh rerata 17,31%, total biomas panen 22,76%, kelangsungan hidup 31,66% dan FCR 17,03%. Toleransi salinitas dan ketahanan penyakit Patin G3Ps juga lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan Patin Perkasa. Calon/induk Patin siam G3Ps telah tersedia di BPBAT Sungai Gelam dan beberapa UPT DJB di Pulau Jawa (BLUPPB Karawang dan BBPBAT Sukabumi). Program seleksi ikan Patin siam galur pertumbuhan di BPBAT Sungai Gelam terus dilanjutkan dan telah sampai pada generasi ke empat (G4Ps) per 7 September 2020 sehingga ke depan akan lebih unggul dengan bertambahnya generasi. Berdasarkan hasil- hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ikan Patin siam galur pertumbuhan generasi ketiga (G3Ps) tumbuh dengan cepat dan memiliki ketahanan terhadap cekaman lingkungan serta ketahanan terhadap penyakit yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ikan Patin siam Perkasa. Dengan demikian, populasi ikan Patin siam G3Ps dipandang layak untuk diajukan untuk dilepas sebagai strain unggul ikan Patin siam tumbuh cepat, dengan usulan nama “PATIN PUSTINA”. Kata Kunci : galur pertumbuhan, seleksi individu, respons seleksi, Patin Pustina vii DAFTAR ISI Halaman KATA PENGANTAR……………………………………………………………………….. iv RINGKASAN……………………………………………………………………………………. vi DAFTAR ISI……………………………………………………………………………………... viii DAFTAR TABEL……………………………………………………………………………… x DAFTAR GAMBAR………………………………………………………………………….. xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN………………………………………………………………………. xv I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang…………………………………………………………….. 2 1.2. Tujuan…………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.3. Sasaran………………………………………………………………………… 5 II BAHAN, PELAKSANAAN DAN METODE 2.1. Bahan awal program seleksi…………………………………………… 7 2.2 Pelaksanaan Program Seleksi………………………………………….. 12 2.3 Metode…………………………………………………………………………. 13 III METODE DAN HASIL PENGUJIAN JENIS IKAN BARU YANG AKAN DIBUDIDAYAKAN 3.1. Morfometrik………………………………………………………………… 19 3.2. Meristik……………………………………………………………………….. 21 3.3. Karakteristik Warna……………………………………………………… 22 3.4 Pertumbuhan……………………………………………………………….. 24 3.4.1. Fase Pembenihan………………………………………………….
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