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Activity Is Introduced by a DOCUNSN?ABSUNN ED 032 218 SC 007 473 By -Khouri. John W. Scientific Method K -6. Elementary Science Unit No. 3. Bethlehem Area Schools. Pa. Pub Date 69 Note -233p. EDRS Price MF -$1.00 HC -$11.75 Descriptors-Curriculum Guides. *Elementary School Science. Instructional Materials. LaboratoryProcedures, Physical Sciences. Resource Materials, *Science Activities. Scientific Enterprise. *Teaching Guides Identifiers-Bethlehem Area School District. Pennsylvania Contained in this unit are activities designed to develop science processskills for Grades K through 6. A chart shows how the activities for each graderelate to the operationsofclassifying.inferring.observing.predicting.interpretingdata. estimating. measuring, using numbers. experimenting, andcontrolling variables. Each activity is introduced by a "leadingquestion." followed by a list of materials and suggestions for the activity. The 115-page appendix contains resourceinformation relevant to other activities as well as those in the unit.It includes notes on problem solving, demonstration and laboratory procedures. testing. useof microscopes and microprojectors. care of aquaria and vivaria.field studies. chick embryology. and graphing. Geological and biological identification charts andkeys are given, also measurement tables, chemical data and astronomicaldata. (EB) CO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION 8 WELFARE N OFFICE OF EDUCATION r\J FROM THE 14'1 in DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS iRSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATINGIT. EDUCATION ATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF ISITION OR POLICY. SCIENTIFIC METHOD K 6 MINEmmy= III re0 Elementary Science Unit No. 3 Bethlehem Area School District 1968 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1 LLIk \IP SCIENTIFIC METHOD BETHLEHEM AREA ELEMENTARYSCHOOLS BETHLEHEM AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT Bethlehem, Pennsylvania JOHN W. KUOURI Ed.D Superintendent of Schools ROY A. BROWN Ed.D Assistant Superintendentof Schools REBECCA W. STEWART Ed.D Assistant to the Superintendent for Elementary Education 1968 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SCIENCE EDITING COMMITTEE . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . iii FOREWORD° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 000 iv CHART 0 0 0 O 0000 0000000 00000 00 000 0 0 0 Kindergarten Activities 1 Grade 1 Activities . 7 Grade 2 Activities . 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 16 Grade 3 Activities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 0 0 n Q 22 Grade 4 Activities 0 O O O O O 0 0 0 O 0 00 00000 000 38 Grade 5 Activities 0 000 56 Grade 6 Activities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 00000 0000 77 APPENDIX 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 000 Problem Solving 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 93 Multi-Textbooks .00 00 0 o o o0000o0000 98 Field Trip 00 00 00 00O o0 0 0 o 000 0000 99 Working in the Lab. 0 . 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 O Laboratory Precautions0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 101 The Ten Commandments of Laboratory Safety . 0 102 Laboratory Procedures.00.00....... 103 How to Make and Use a Pipette 0 0 . 105 Microscope `w Microprojector' O 0 0 O O O 0 0 O 0 0 0 Magnification Powers of the Ken-a-vision° 106 Instructions for. Operation of Ken-a-vision. O 0 107 The Microscope in the Elementary Science Program. 109 Using the Microscope. O O 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Staining a Tissue Mount 112 Geology O O 0 0 O 0 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O 0 Properties which Determine Commercial Use O O 0 113 Identification Charts 114 Common Mineral Colors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 118 Common Mineral Streak Chart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 119 Mohs Standard Scale of .Rock Hardness. 0 0 120 Minerals Arranged According to Hardness 0 O 0 121 Composition of the Earth's Crust. 122 Common Rocks. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 123 i TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Measurement. 0 0 0 Convert From Fahrenheit to Centigrade 0 0 0 124 Centigrade to Fahrenheit Conversion Table 125 Temperature Conversion° 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOOOO 126 The Beaufort Wind Scale 128 Symbols for Amounts of Clouds 129 Cloud Types 0 O O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 130 Relative Humidity (Percentage)- OF 131 Number Systems in Science0 00 O OOOOOO 132 Table of Measures 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 OOOOOO 133 Decimal and MetricEquivalent of Fractional Parts of an inch . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 Wigiltand Masums. u a O p 0 0 0 0 O OOOOO 136 Conversion FactorsO O O O O O O 0 0 0 OOOOO 138 Metric System . o 0 o o 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 140 Space Science. O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO Satellites of the Solar System° 0 0 0 0 0 0 143 Total Solar Eclipses, 1963 to 2000 A0D.0 . 0 .L44 Annular. Eclipses, 1963 to 1990A.D0 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 Total Lunar Eclipses, 1963 to 1984. 0 . 0 0 147 Planetary Data0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 Chart of, the Constellations of the Zodiac 0 0 0 149 Scale Chart of the SolarSystem (To be used for Classroom Charts,. etc. ) 0 150 Interplanetary Weight Chart 0 0, OOOOOO 0 0 151 A Time Table of Firsts in Space Exploration 0 152 Chemistry. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Common Sodium Compounds Foundin the Home 153 Materials Found Around the Homeand School. 154 Chemicals Found in the Home and School. 0 0 0 156 Common Elements 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 157 Some Common Molecules O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158 Table of Acid-Base Indicators 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 159 Atomic Weight and Number. Chart. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 161 Approximate pH Values 0 OOOOOOOO O 0 0 0 164 Preparing Carbon Dioxide (002)0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO 166 Flame Test For Chemicals 0... 0 0 0 0 167 Chemical. Tests . 0. O O O O O 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 Living Things OOOOO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 169 Aquarium Management000000004000000 173 Activities 179 Audio- Vi sual Aids . 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O O 0 0 0 188 Plants and Animals OOOOO 0 0 0 0 0 0 OOOOO 189 Guide to Bird Study 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201 The Incubator 0 . 0 0 0 O O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 203 Working with Graphs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 207 ii SCIENCE EDITING COMMITTEE Loretta Martin Kindergarten David Shelly Grade 1 Barbara Epp Grade 1 Patricia Doane Grade 2 Sally Strobl Grade 2 Eileen Fielding Grade 3 Henry Richard Grade 3 Janet Leeb Grade 4 John Hippensteal Grade 4 Phyllis Facchiano Grade5 Suzanne Hulsizer Grade Foster Leonhardt Grade 6 Doris Freudenberger Grade 6 Richard J. Pappas Science Helping Teacher Shirley Bilheimer Elementary Curriculum Consultant A. Thomas Kartsotis Elementary Principal William L. Kadoich Supervisor; Audio- Vlual Education Rebecca W. Stewart, Ed.D. Assistant to the Superin- tendent for Elementary Education Cover Design - Phyllis Facchianol Diane Todesco Illustrations- .Foster Leonhardt, Salim Atiyeh iii FOREWORD The Scientific Method Unit Iraries:from the other curriculumguides produced by the elementar 1,vience committee in that itstresses process rather than content. :Et an attempt to show the teacher variousmethods in presenting the process approach tostudents. It is hoped that these techniques be applied to the existing andfuture elementary scienceunits produced in Bethlehem. The committee suggests thatthe lessons in the Scientific Method Unit be studied duringthe first few weeks of school. The lessons are short andcan be completed in a few science classperiods. It can serve a two4oldpurpose - orient the pupil to theprocess of inquiry and provide the teacher. with materialduring the "getting ready"period of the school year. Process is often referred toas theskills" of science, the "activities" of science, and thekey" operationsof science.One cannot teachprocess or content alone. A good st,ienceprogram must offer both to the learner. The "skills" of science cannot betaught in isolation; whenwe teach content we must help children learn an organizedstructure of content. Process refers to such operationsas g classifying, inferring, observing, predicting, interpreting data, estimatingmeasuring) using numbers, experi- menting, and controlling variables.The chart on the followingpage classi- fies activities to the one or more operations that are involvedo It is not important to have children learn this terminology2but rather to/be able to apply these learnings to new situations. Obviously, this methodcan be applied to all areas ofour school curriculum. iv , INTERPRETING CLASSIFYING ' INFERRING OBSERVING PREDICTING DATA 8, 9,10,11, 1, 3)4:11 2 4, 5 K ,12 5, 6,14 9,10,12,13, 1, 2,15 1, 2,11 1 16 .
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