DOCSLIB.ORG

Migration and Development in Guinea-Bissau a Political Economy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migration and Development in Guinea-Bissau a Political Economy Abreu, Alexandre José Germano de (2012) Migration and development in contemporary Guinea‐ Bissau: a political economy approach. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14243 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEMPORARY GUINEA-BISSAU: A POLITICAL ECONOMY APPROACH ALEXANDRE JOSÉ GERMANO DE ABREU Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Economics 2012 Department of Economics School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: Date: June 28 th, 2012 2 Abstract This thesis addresses the issue of the linkages between migration and development, taking Guinea-Bissau – a small West African country with a long and multi-layered history of internal and international migration – as a country-level case-study. It adopts a structural, political-economic approach, whereby “development” is understood first and foremost as involving qualitative changes in social-productive relations (i.e. the extant combination of modes of production and its associated class structure). In a context like Guinea-Bissau, looking at the migration-development nexus from this perspective entails looking in particular at the relationships between migration and the processes of commodification and class formation in the agrarian space. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part I discusses the key theoretical foundations of the research and is divided into three chapters: theories of migration; theoretical perspectives on economic development and change; and theoretical approaches to the migration- development nexus. Then, Part II presents the case-study of Guinea-Bissau, including an introductory chapter on research methods; a macro-level analysis of migration and development in Guinea-Bissau based on secondary evidence; and two ‘nested’ village-level case-studies that assess and illustrate features and tendencies at the micro-level, based on primary data collected by the author. The latter include the results of a survey of 108 households, complemented by focus groups and semi-structured interviews, undertaken in Caiomete (a Manjaco village in Northern Guinea-Bissau) and Braima Sori (a Fula village in Eastern Guinea-Bissau). We conclude that Guinea-Bissau has been undergoing significant political-economic changes, not least in terms of the commodification of subsistence, but that significant obstacles remain in place preventing a fuller transition to the capitalist mode of production and subsequent expanded accumulation. Migration, while central to the livelihoods of many migrants, families and communities of origin, seems limited in its ability to overcome those obstacles and catalyse development in a more fundamental sense. 3 Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of contents ..................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ............................................................................................................................. 7 List of figures ............................................................................................................................ 9 Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................. 11 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 12 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 16 1.1 Setting the scene ......................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Key issues and concepts .............................................................................................. 20 1.3 Outline of the thesis .................................................................................................... 26 PART I – THEORETICAL DEBATES ............................................................................................ 28 2. Migration and its determinants .................................................................................... 29 2.1 Early contributions ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2 The emergence of the neoclassical theory of migration ............................................. 30 2.3 Historical-structural approaches ................................................................................. 33 2.4 The New Economics of Labour Migration ................................................................... 38 2.5 The mobility transition approach ................................................................................ 40 2.6 Systems and network approaches ............................................................................... 44 2.7 Conclusion: towards a renewed historical-structural synthesis .................................. 47 3. Development and change ............................................................................................. 50 3.1 A birds-eye view of economic development theory.................................................... 51 3.1.1 Neoclassical growth theories ............................................................................... 51 3.1.2 Structuralist theories of economic development ................................................ 56 3.2 Marxist perspectives: modes of production and dependency .................................... 59 3.2.1 Historical materialism: the basics ........................................................................ 59 3.2.2 Competing neo-Marxist theories: Dependency theory and world-systems analysis .......................................................................................................................... 64 3.3 Transitions and articulations ....................................................................................... 66 3.4 Conclusions and additional considerations ................................................................. 71 4. Migration-development linkages .................................................................................. 77 4.1 Theoretical contributions on specific linkages ............................................................ 78 4.1.1 Out-migration and domestic labour supply ......................................................... 78 4.1.2 Remittances .......................................................................................................... 80 4.1.3 Other transnational impacts of the diaspora ....................................................... 82 4.1.4 Return migration .................................................................................................. 84 4.2 The migration-development nexus in the historical materialist conception of development...................................................................................................................... 85 Theoretical foundations: a recapitulation ............................................................................. 90 PART II – CASE-STUDY: GUINEA-BISSAU ................................................................................ 92 5. Research methods and organisation of work ............................................................... 93 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 93 5.2 Why Guinea-Bissau? .................................................................................................... 94 5.3 Summary of the research methods employed ............................................................ 97 5.4 Fieldwork (I): Exploratory Phase .................................................................................. 99 4 5.5 Fieldwork (II): Village-level case-studies .................................................................... 101 5.5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 101 5.5.2 Aims and hypotheses ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why Peace Fails in Guinea Bissau? a Political Economy Analysis of the ECOWAS-Brokered Conakry Accord
    d Secur n ity a e S c e a r i e e s P FES SENEGAL GUINEA-BISSAU NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN GUINEA Habibu Yaya Bappah Why Peace Fails in Guinea Bissau? A Political Economy Analysis of the ECOWAS-brokered Conakry Accord SENEGAL GUINEA-BISSAU NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN GUINEA Habibu Yaya Bappah Why Peace Fails in Guinea Bissau? A Political Economy Analysis of the ECOWAS-brokered Conakry Accord About the author Dr Habibu Yaya Bappah is a full time Lecturer in the Department of Political Science/International Studies at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. His teaching and research interests are in regional integration, regional security and governance, human rights, democracy and development with a particular focus on the African Union and ECOWAS. He has had stints and research fellowships in the Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security at the ECOWAS Commission and in the African Union Peace & Security Programme at the Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. He is an alumnus of the African Leadership Centre (ALC) at King’s College London. Imprint Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Peace and Security Centre of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa Point E, boulevard de l’Est, Villa n°30 P.O. Box 15416 Dakar-Fann, Senegal Tel.: +221 33 859 20 02 Fax: +221 33 864 49 31 Email: [email protected] www.fes-pscc.org ©Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2017 Layout : Green Eyez Design SARL, www.greeneyezdesign.com ISBN : 978-2-490093-01-4 “Commercial use of all media published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is not permitted without the written consent of the FES.
    [Show full text]
  • Guinea-Bissau: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
    © 2011 International Monetary Fund December 2011 IMF Country Report No. 11/353 June 31, 2011 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 January 29, 2001 Guinea-Bissau: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper This poverty reduction strategy paper on Guinea-Bissau was prepared in broad consultation with stakeholders and development partners, including the staffs of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The PRSP describes the country’s macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. This country document is being made available on the IMF website, together with the Joint Staff Advisory Note on the Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website. Copies of this report are available to the public from International Monetary Fund Publication Services 700 19th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20431 Telephone: (202) 623-7430 Telefax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.imf.org International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C. REPUBLIC OF GUINEA-BISSAU MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, PLANNING, AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION SECOND NATIONAL POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER DENARP/PRSP II (2011–2015) Bissau, June 2011 CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Appraisal Report Kankan-Kouremale-Bamako Road Multinational Guinea-Mali
    AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT FUND ZZZ/PTTR/2000/01 Language: English Original: French APPRAISAL REPORT KANKAN-KOUREMALE-BAMAKO ROAD MULTINATIONAL GUINEA-MALI COUNTRY DEPARTMENT OCDW WEST REGION JANUARY 1999 SCCD : N.G. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PROJECT INFORMATION BRIEF, EQUIVALENTS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS, LIST OF ANNEXES AND TABLES, BASIC DATA, PROJECT LOGICAL FRAMEWORK, ANALYTICAL SUMMARY i-ix 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Genesis and Background.................................................................................... 1 1.2 Performance of Similar Projects..................................................................................... 2 2 THE TRANSPORT SECTOR ........................................................................................... 3 2.1 The Transport Sector in the Two Countries ................................................................... 3 2.2 Transport Policy, Planning and Coordination ................................................................ 4 2.3 Transport Sector Constraints.......................................................................................... 4 3 THE ROAD SUB-SECTOR .............................................................................................. 5 3.1 The Road Network ......................................................................................................... 5 3.2 The Automobile Fleet and Traffic.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Saharan Africa
    T.C. SAKARYA UNIVERSITY MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE THE DETERMINANTS, MOTIVES, AND SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPACTS OFARAB-AID TO SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA. MASTER’S THESIS Mohamed CAMARA Department : Middle East Studies Thesis Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Philipp O. AMOUR JULY – 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is written in accordance with the scientific code of ethics and that, this work is original and where the works of others used has been duly acknowledged. There is no falsification of used data and that no part of this thesis is presented for study at this university or any other university. Mohamed CAMARA 02.07.2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My tremendous gratitude goes to my late father for his support and guidance in enabling me further my studies to this level. I also thank the teaching and administrative staff of the Middle East Institute in Sakarya University. A heartfelt appreciation goes to the Republic of Turkey for the good learning environment and the hospitality that was offered to me during my studies. I am most grateful to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Philipp O. Amour for his research assistance and patience to review this project. In his capacity as my research guide, I have benefitted not only from his Academic advices but also advices that has taught me the principles of ethics and discipline in research. I am alone liable for possible mistakes. Special thanks to Aboubacar Sidiki Amara Sylla, Malang Bojang, Hashiru Mohamed and Elif Kaya for their unwavering moral and technical supports. Finally, I am highly indebted to my family and best friends, especially my uncle for his financial support throughout my Academic life.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and Mediation in Guinea-Bissau: the Group of Women Facilitators
    Monday street market in downtown Bissau, November 13, 2017. Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Photo: Beatriz Bechelli Policy Brief Gender and Mediation in Guinea-Bissau: The Group of Women Facilitators Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Igarapé Institute IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | POLICE BRIEF | APRIL 2018 Policy Brief Gender and Mediation in Guinea-Bissau: Group of Women Facilitators Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Igarapé Institute1 Key Recommendations • Identify the challenges and opportunities inherent to participating in the Group of Women Mediators (GMF) and how hurdles could be overcome. • Ensure the personal safety of the group’s current and prospective members and support ways to make it feasible for the women to participate on an ongoing basis. • Support and encourage the safe documentation of the GMF activities. • Promote stronger linkages to other women’s groups in Guinea-Bissau, including the Network of Women Mediators and the Network of Parliamentary Women (Rede de Mulheres Parlamentares, RMP). • Strengthen links to regional organizations such as WIPNET and ECOWAS and to global institutions such as the UN, especially via the UNWomen, DPA, and UNIOGBIS, focusing on capacity-building, knowledge-sharing, and drawing lessons learned. • Promote South-South cooperation on mediation and facilitation by creating links to other women’s groups elsewhere in Africa, including other Lusophone countries. 1 Gender and Mediation in Guinea-Bissau: The Group of Women Facilitators Introduction On July 10, 2017, the President of Guinea Bissau, José Mário Vaz, met politician Domingos Simões Pereira, who had served as Prime Minister from 2014 to August 2015. Although Pereira remained head of the country’s major political party, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde (PAIGC), he had been dismissed (along with the entire cabinet) by the president in August 2015 during a power struggle between the two men.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Fighters and National Liberation in Guinea Bissau Aliou Ly
    24 | Feminist Africa 19 Promise and betrayal: Women fighters and national liberation in Guinea Bissau Aliou Ly Introduction Guinea Bissau presents an especially clear-cut case in which women’s mass participation in the independence struggle was not followed by sustained commitment to women’s equality in the post-colonial period. Amilcar Cabral of Guinea Bissau and his party, the Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), realised that the national liberation war could not succeed without women’s participation, not only as political agents but also as fighters. Cabral also understood, and attempted to convince his male Party members, that a genuine national liberation meant liberation not only from colonialism but also from all the local traditional socio-cultural forces, both pre-colonial and imposed by the Portuguese rulers, that excluded women from decision-making structures at every level of society. Sadly, many of the former women fighters also say that male PAIGC members did not fulfil promises of socio-political, economic and gender equality that were crucial to genuine social transformation. Because women participated in bringing about independence in very dramatic ways, because the Party that came to power actually promised equality, and because the Party then had women return to their traditional subordinate roles, Guinea Bissau provides an especially clear case for exploring the relation in Africa between broken promises to women and the unhappiness reflected in the saying “Africa is growing but not developing”. In May 2013, Africa’s Heads of State celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Organisation of African Unity in a positive mood because of a rising GDP and positive view about African economies.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the List of Participants
    46 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Socialfst International BULGARIA CZECH AND SLOVAK FED. FRANCE Pierre Maurey Bulgarian Social Democratic REPUBLIC Socialist Party, PS Luis Ayala Party, BSDP Social Democratic Party of Laurent Fabius Petar Dertliev Slovakia Gerard Fuchs Office of Willy Brandt Petar Kornaiev Jan Sekaj Jean-Marc Ayrault Klaus Lindenberg Dimit rin Vic ev Pavol Dubcek Gerard Collomb Dian Dimitrov Pierre Joxe Valkana Todorova DENMARK Yvette Roudy Georgi Kabov Social Democratic Party Pervenche Beres Tchavdar Nikolov Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Bertrand Druon FULL MEMBER PARTIES Stefan Radoslavov Lasse Budtz Renee Fregosi Ralf Pittelkow Brigitte Bloch ARUBA BURKINA FASO Henrik Larsen Alain Chenal People's Electoral Progressive Front of Upper Bj0rn Westh Movement, MEP Volta, FPV Mogens Lykketoft GERMANY Hyacinthe Rudolfo Croes Joseph Ki-Zerbo Social Democratic Party of DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Germany, SPD ARGENTINA CANADA Dominican Revolutionary Bjorn Entolm Popular Socialist Party, PSP New Democratic Party, Party, PRD Hans-Joe en Vogel Guillermo Estevez Boero NDP/NPD Jose Francisco Pena Hans-Ulrich Klose Ernesto Jaimovich Audrey McLaughlin Gomez Rosemarie Bechthum Eduardo Garcia Tessa Hebb Hatuey de Camps Karlheinz Blessing Maria del Carmen Vinas Steve Lee Milagros Ortiz Bosch Hans-Eberhard Dingels Julie Davis Leonor Sanchez Baret Freimut Duve AUSTRIA Lynn Jones Tirso Mejia Ricart Norbert Gansel Social Democratic Party of Rejean Bercier Peg%:'. Cabral Peter Glotz Austria, SPOe Diane O'Reggio Luz el Alba Thevenin Ingamar Hauchler Franz Vranitzky Keith
    [Show full text]
  • A Problemática Do Sistema De Governo Na Guiné-Bissau
    UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA Faculdade de Direito A Problemática do Sistema de Governo na Guiné-Bissau Trabalho de investigação apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses Aluno: Aníran Ykey Pereira Kafft Kosta Orientador: Professor Doutor João Carlos Simões Gonçalves Loureiro Coimbra, 2016 Índice Lista de Siglas / Abreviaturas ................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................... 4 I. ANÁLISE: TIPOS DE SISTEMAS DE GOVERNO ................................................ 6 1. SISTEMA PARLAMENTAR.................................................................................... 6 1.1. NOÇÃO................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS ............................................................................................ 6 1.3. VANTAGENS ........................................................................................................ 9 1.4. DESVANTAGENS ................................................................................................. 9 2. SISTEMA PRESIDENCIAL ................................................................................... 11 2.1. NOÇÃO................................................................................................................. 11 2.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Women As Ministers and the Issue of Gender Equality in the Republic of Cape Verde
    Afrika Zamani, Nos 18 & 19, 2010–2011, pp. 151–160 © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa & Association of African Historians, 2013 (ISSN 0850-3079) Women as Ministers and the Issue of Gender Equality in the Republic of Cape Verde Ângela Sofia Benoliel Coutinho* Abstract In the year 2008, the Republic of Cape Verde was considered the nation with the second most gender equal government in the world, as its governmental index was composed of eight female ministers, seven male ministers, a male prime minister, and four male secretaries of state. This article investigates gender equality in government by analysing the proportion of women that occupy leadership positions in the ministries, the judiciary, diplomatic service and those in the legislative assembly and local governments. The objective of this article is to seek to discover the point to which the governmental gender equality statistics mirrors the reality of contemporary Cape Verdean society as a whole. In light of this data, is it legitimate to conclude that this is an egalitarian society? What trajectory did the Cape Verdean society undergo that led to this situation? Résumé En 2008, la république du Cap-Vert a été considérée comme le deuxième pays au monde qui respecte le plus la parité au sein de son gouvernement parce qu’il était composé de huit femmes ministres, sept hommes ministres, un homme Premier ministre, et quatre homme ministres d’État. Cet article étudie l’égalité entre les sexes au sein du gouvernement en analysant la proportion de femmes qui occupent des postes de direction dans les ministères, au niveau du pouvoir judiciaire, des services diplomatiques et dans les collectivités locales et au niveau du pouvoir législatif.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Guinea: Overcoming Growth Stagnation to Reduce Poverty
    Report No. 123649-GN Public Disclosure Authorized REPUBLIC OF GUINEA OVERCOMING GROWTH STAGNATION TO REDUCE POVERTY Public Disclosure Authorized SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC March 16, 2018 International Development Association Country Department AFCF2 Public Disclosure Authorized Africa Region International Finance Corporation Sub-Saharan Africa Department Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Sub-Saharan Africa Department Public Disclosure Authorized WORLD BANK GROUP IBRD IFC Regional Vice President: Makhtar Diop : Vice President: Dimitris Tsitsiragos Country Director: Soukeyna Kane Director: Vera Songwe : Country Manager: Rachidi Radji Country Manager: Cassandra Colbert Task Manager: Ali Zafar : Resident Representative: Olivier Buyoya Co-Task Manager: Yele Batana ii LIST OF ACRONYMS AGCP Guinean Central Procurement Agency ANASA Agence Nationale des Statistiques Agricoles (National Agricultural Statistics Agency) Agence de Promotion des Investissements et des Grands Travaux (National Agency for APIX Promotion of Investment and Major Works) BCRG Banque Centrale de la République de Guinée (Central Bank of Guinea) CEQ Commitment to Equity CGE Computable General Equilibrium Conseil National pour la Démocratie et le Développement (National Council for CNDD Democracy and Development) Confédération Nationale des Travailleurs de Guinée (National Confederation of CNTG Workers of Guinea) CPF Country Partnership Framework CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CRG Crédit Rural de Guinée (Rural Credit of Guinea) CWE China Water and
    [Show full text]
  • English) Relative to Those That TVET Trainees Are Developing During Their Courses
    Escaping the Low-Growth Trap Public Disclosure Authorized Guinea-Bissau Country Economic Memorandum Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice Public Disclosure Authorized AFCF1 Country Management Unit Africa Region 1 Report No: AUS0001916 © 2020 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for no ncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. (July 2020). Guinea-Bissau Country Economic Memorandum. © World Bank. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Acknowledgments The Country Economic Memorandum was prepared by a team led by Fiseha Haile (TTL and Economist, EA2M1).
    [Show full text]
  • National Reconstruction in Guinea-Bissau
    Sowing the First Harvest: National Reconstruction in Guinea-Bissau http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.lsmp1013 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Sowing the First Harvest: National Reconstruction in Guinea-Bissau Author/Creator Sarrazin, Chantal and Ole Gjerstad Publisher LSM Date 1978-00-00 Resource type Pamphlets Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Guinea-Bissau Coverage (temporal) 1959 - 1975 Source Candice Wright Rights By kind permission of the Liberation Support Movement. Description INTRODUCTION. Chapter One-ASPECTS OF A DIFFICULT TRANSITION. Chapter Two-'SINCE PIDJIGUITI WE NEVER LOOKED BACK'. Chapter Three-'WE DON'T ACCEPT BEING TREATED LIKE ANIMALS'.
    [Show full text]