DOCSLIB.ORG

METALS ACCUMULATION in CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus with ESTIMATED WEEKLY in TAKE LEVELS from EAST COAST of PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
METALS ACCUMULATION in CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus with ESTIMATED WEEKLY in TAKE LEVELS from EAST COAST of PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Journal of Sustainability Science and Management ISSN: 1823-8556 Special Issue Number 5, 2018 : 47-56 © Penerbit UMT METALS ACCUMULATION IN CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus WITH ESTIMATED WEEKLY IN TAKE LEVELS FROM EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA NIK MOHMMAD AZMI NIK-NURASYIKIN, MOHD YUSOFF NURULNADIA*, ABU HASSAN MOHAMAD SOFI, AND SITI NURTAHIRAH JAAFAR School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: This study focuses on quantifying metals concentration in muscles, gills and livers of cultured tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. E. fuscoguttatus were sampled from the Semerak River, Kelantan (n=5) and the Setiu Wetland, Terengganu (n=20) in April and May 2016 respectively. The samples were digested according to microwave digestion method and analysed for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry Perkin Elmer Elan 9000 (ICP-MS). The bioaccumulation of metals (mg/kg, dry weight) follows the order of Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb and the concentration trend significantly increased from muscle to gill to liver, respectively (p<0.05). Liver was found as a good bioindicator of Fe, Cu and Zn accumulation in both study areas. In contrast, Pb and Ni accumulation in E. fuscogutatus from Semerak River were found higher in muscle than liver with 2.48±1.99 mg/kg dry weight and 16.3±4.10 mg/kg dry weight, respectively compared to 0.99±0.78 mg/kg dry weight and 2.47±1.42 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. It suggests potential sources of Pb and Ni into the study area that deserved further investigation. Level of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb in E. fuscoguttatus were found below the standard permissible limit of Malaysian Food Regulation (MFR 1985) and World Health Organization (WHO 1989). The permissible limit for Ni is unavailable in MFR 1985, thus we have referred to WHO 1989. Level of Ni was found exceeding the WHO 1989, suggesting potential risk health effect on the consumer. However, the Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI) values are below the established provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) indicates that E. fuscoguttatus from aquaculture cage in selected areas are safe for human consumptions. Further monitoring should be conducted in Semerak River as Pb and Ni were found highly concentrated in non-target organ, muscle. KEYWORDS: Tok Bali, Setiu Wetland, muscle, liver, gill, South China Sea Introduction metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential parts of biological systems, Metals contamination has attentively gained lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are toxic even in trace interest among researchers due to their ability amounts (Effendy et al., 2010; Yilmaz et al., to bioaccumulate in aquatic organism (e.g. fish, 2010). Essential metals are taken up by the fish bivalve, seaweed) which may pose threats to via sediment and water but non-essential metals human health through daily diet consumption also may accumulate in the tissues through (Nurulnadia et al., 2016; Griboff et al., 2017). the same route (Canli & Atli, 2003). When Recently, fish are widely used in biomarker- the concentration exceeds the threshold level, based monitoring due to their importance as even the essential metals will eventually cause the main source of protein for human and their intoxication. sensitivity towards environmental changes (Valon et al., 2013). Realizing this, Ptashynski Kamaruzzaman et al. (2011) suggested et al. (2002) emphasised the importance of that studies of metals concentration in fish are assessment of metal accumulation in fish for the crucial for nature management and human purpose of food safety and security. Although consumption. Studies on metals accumulation 48 METALS ACCUMULATION IN CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus WITH ESTIMATED WEEKLY IN TAKE LEVELS FROM EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA on fish is not something new, but recently the and Terengganu. The estimated aquaculture risk factors’ calculation for the population has area is 900 x 200 m along Semerak River with gain attention among researchers (Agusa et al., two bridges connecting the river banks. The 2005; Cheung et al., 2008; Amirah et al., 2013; aquaculture site is located at one tributary of Damodharan & Reddy, 2013; Omar et al., 2013; main Semerak River. It is a semi-enclosed Ahmad & Sarah, 2015). In general, several lagoon with total area of 1.2 km2 with an established permissible limit (e.g. MFR 1985; average depth of 3.12 m (Samsudin et al., 2017). WHO 1989) values were referred to predict the Setiu Wetland is a part of the Setiu River basin. safe level for human consumption. However, Measuring 23,000 ha and the water column the value does not always represent the risk within the wetland is shallow and well mixed for human health (Copat et al., 2012). In this (Suratman et al., 2016). Setiu Wetlands is the respect, the Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI) largest natural wetlands in the East Coast region was calculated and compared to the provisional of Peninsular Malaysia, combining various tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) recommended ecosystems freshwater, seawater, brackish by WHO (2017). The similar assessment had water, and a 14 km lagoon. The cultured fish are been applied in Mediterranean region (Copat et usually marketed to locals and nearby markets. al., 2012; Renieri et al., 2014) and Turkey (Ateş et al., 2015). For that reason, in the present Early 2015, an oil and gas supply has study we aimed to determine the metals (i.e. commenced operation near to Semerak River, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) concentration in muscle, Kelantan. The existence of the supply base was gill, and liver tissues of cultured tiger grouper, followed by the construction of semi enclosed Epinephelus fuscoguttatus from Kelantan and breakwater and sand dredging activity near the Terengganu aquaculture cages and to calculate river mouth. This activity is predicted to disrupt its EWI. the ecology as well as contributing pollutants into the environment. Whereas, aquaculture Materials and Methods cage owners from Setiu Wetland, Terengganu Study Area claimed to suffer a total loss of cultured products and cages during massive flood happened in Sampling was conducted in Semerak River, 2014. Recompensing to the event, sand dredging Kelantan and Setiu Wetland, Terengganu activity is continuously operated. The dredging (Figure 1) which flow ultimately into South activities are known to cause new embedded China Sea. Semerak River is located in the Pasir pollutants to emerge as particulate in water and Puteh district, Kelantan while Setiu Wetland potentially accumulate in marine organisms located in Setiu district, Terengganu. Semerak such as fish. To this respect, the analysis was River is located approximately 50 km from Kota done in aquaculture areas from Semerak River, Bharu and 15 km from Kuala Besut, making Kelantan and Setiu Wetland, Terengganu. the river a natural border between Kelantan Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Special Issue Number 5, 2018 : 47-56 Nik Mohmmad Azmi Nik-Nurasyikin et al. 49 Figure 1: The map shows the sampling sites and sampling locations at the Semerak River and Setiu Wetland in Kelantan and Terengganu, respectively (A: Semerak River, Pasir Puteh, Kelantan and B: Setiu Wetland, Setiu, Terengganu). Samples Collection and Preparation Metals Digestion and Analysis Cultured E. fuscoguttatus were purchased from Metals concentration in the muscle, gill and the Semerak River cage (n=5) and Setiu Wetland livers were extracted by applying the microwave cage (n=20). Small sample size from Semerak digestion method as described by Türkmen et al. River was due to the sampling was done after (2005) with some modifications. Approximately harvesting period, thus only five individuals 0.05 g of each tissue samples were placed in were found suitable for the analysis. The range of Teflon beaker and introduced to high throughput body weight and total length of E. fuscoguttatus carousel (HTC) safety shield. The samples were were 178 to 380 g and 22 to 29 cm in the Semerak digested using 7 mL of nitric acid (HNO3) and 1 River; and 160 to 250 g and 21.5 to 27.3 cm in mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a maximum the Setiu Wetland, respectively. To represent pressure of 100 bar and 300°C closed digestion health index of the fish, Fulton condition factors vessels (SK10, MILESTONE, Monroe, CT, (K) were calculated by multiplying 100 to body USA). weight (g) of individual E. fuscoguttatus over their [total length]3 in centimetre (cm). Prior to After the digestion process completed, analyses, glassware was soaked in 10% nitric the supernatant was thoroughly transferred into 10 mL polypropylene tube and mashed acid (HNO3) for 24 hours to remove non target compound that could possibly interfere with the to 10 mL with mili-Q water. Samples were analysis. E. fuscoguttatus were dissected using measured using inductively coupled plasma- ceramic knife in order to collect muscle, gill and mass spectrometer, ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer Elan liver samples. The tissues samples were then 9000). The quality assurance test was performed dried in the oven at 60˚C until constant weight using standard reference materials dogfish (dry weight) was obtained. The dried samples liver (DOLT-4) with percentage of recovery were then grounded using porcelain mortar and ranges between 94.8% to 116%. Analyses were pestle into powder form. performed in four replicates of standard samples Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Special Issue Number 5, 2018 : 47-56 50 METALS ACCUMULATION IN CULTURED TIGER GROUPER, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus WITH ESTIMATED WEEKLY IN TAKE LEVELS FROM EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA with the standard deviation of all analysis within and comparisons with the standard permissible ± 25%. The results were presented in dry weight limits. The standard permissible limit act as a (dw) and wet weight (ww) in Table 1 and dry baseline value to safeguard human health.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • V a Tion & Management of Reef Fish Sp a Wning Aggrega Tions
    handbook CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT OF REEF FISH SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS A Handbook for the Conservation & Management of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations © Seapics.com Without the Land and the Sea, and their Bounties, the People and their Traditional Ways would be Poor and without Cultural Identity Fijian Proverb Why a Handbook? 1 What are Spawning Aggregations? 2 How to Identify Spawning Aggregations 2 Species that Aggregate to Spawn 2 Contents Places Where Aggregations Form 9 Concern for Spawning Aggregations 10 Importance for Fish and Fishermen 10 Trends in Exploited Aggregations 12 Managing & Conserving Spawning Aggregations 13 Research and Monitoring 13 Management Options 15 What is SCRFA? 16 How can SCRFA Help? 16 SCRFA Work to Date 17 Useful References 18 SCRFA Board of Directors 20 Since 2000, scientists, fishery managers, conservationists and politicians have become increasingly aware, not only that many commercially important coral reef fish species aggregate to spawn (reproduce) but also that these important reproductive gatherings are particularly susceptible to fishing. In extreme cases, when fishing pressure is high, aggregations can dwindle and even cease to form, sometimes within just a few years. Whether or not they will recover and what the long-term effects on the fish population(s) might be of such declines are not yet known. We do know, however, that healthy aggregations tend to be associated with healthy fisheries. It is, therefore, important to understand and better protect this critical part of the life cycle of aggregating species to ensure that they continue to yield food and support livelihoods. Why a Handbook? As fishing technology improved in the second half of the twentieth century, engines came to replace sails and oars, the cash economy developed rapidly, and human populations and demand for seafood grew, the pressures on reef fishes for food, and especially for money, increased enormously.
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Paper on “Restricting the Size of Groupers (Serranidae
    ACADEMIC PAPER ON “RESTRICTING THE SIZE OF GROUPERS (SERRANIDAE) EXPORTED FROM INDONESIA IN THE LIVE REEF FOOD FISH TRADE” Coastal and Marine Resources Management in the Coral Triangle-Southeast Asia (TA 7813-REG) Tehcnical Report ACADEMIC PAPER ON RESTRICTING THE SIZE OFLIVE GROUPERS FOR EXPORT ACADEMIC PAPER ON “RESTRICTING THE SIZE OF GROUPERS (SERRANIDAE) EXPORTED FROM INDONESIA IN THE LIVE REEF FOOD FISH TRADE” FINAL VERSION COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE: SOUTHEAST ASIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES (TA 7813-REG) ACADEMIC PAPER ON RESTRICTING THE SIZE OFLIVE GROUPERS FOR EXPORT Page i FOREWORD Indonesia is the largest exporter of live groupers for the live reef fish food trade. This fisheries sub-sector plays an important role in the livelihoods of fishing communities, especially those living on small islands. As a member of the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI), in partnership with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) under RETA [7813], Indonesia (represented by a team from Hasanuddin University) has compiled this academic paper as a contribution towards sustainable management of live reef fish resources in Indonesia. Challenges faced in managing the live grouper fishery and trade in Indonesia include the ongoing activities and practices which damage grouper habitat; the lack of protection for grouper spawning sites; overfishing of groupers which have not yet reached sexual maturity/not reproduced; and the prevalence of illegal and unreported fishing for live groupers. These factors have resulted in declining wild grouper stocks. The Aquaculture sector is, at least as yet, unable to replace or enable a balanced wild caught fishery, and thus there is still a heavy reliance on wild-caught groupers.
    [Show full text]
  • Infected Areas As on 14 June 1990 — Zones Infectées Au 14 Juin 1990
    Wkly Epidem Rec No 2 4 - 15 June 1990 186 - Relevé éptdém hebd N° 24 - 15 juin 1990 Serious health consequences, including haemorrhagic disease Les infections humaines à filovirus ont eu des conséquences graves, y and death, have resulted from human ftlovtrus infections in compris fièvre hémorragique et décès, en Europe (virus Marburg) et en Europe (Marburg virus), and in Africa (Ebola and Marburg Afrique (virus Ebola et virus Marburg). Afin de réduire au minimum le viruses). To minimize the health hazard from these agents and risque pour la santé que comportent ces agents pathogènes ainsi que tout any potential hazard from the newly recognized filovirus strains, risque potentiel associé aux souches de virus récemment reconnues, les on 17 April 1990, CDC implemented a procedure, effective CDC ont mis en place le 17 avril 1990, avec effet immédiat, une pro­ immediately, requiring the issuance of a special permit from the cédure exigeant la délivrance d’un permis spécial par le Directeur des Director, CDC, before importation of individual shipments of CDC avant toute importation de cargaisons de singes cynomolgus (M. cynomolgus (M. fasciculans), rhesus (M. mulatto), and African fasciculans), rhésus (M, mulatto) et vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) aux green (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys into the United States. Etats-Unis d’Amérique. Les importateurs homologués de ces animaux Registered importers of nonhuman primates have been notified ont été informés de la nécessité de soumettre par écrit un plan détaillé of the requirement to submit a detailed written plan that specifies spécifiant les mesures qui seront prises pour empêcher l’exposition des steps that will be taken to prevent exposure of persons and animals personnes et des animaux aux filovirus pendant la totalité du processus to filoviruses during the entire importation and quarantine pro­ d’importation et de mise en quarantaine des primates.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia Industrial Park Directory.Pdf
    MALAYSIA INDUSTRIAL PARK DIRECTORY CONTENT 01 FOREWORD 01 › Minister of International Trade & Industry (MITI) › Chief Executive Officer of Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) › President, Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) › Chairman, FMM Infrastructure & Industrial Park Management Committee 02 ABOUT MIDA 05 03 ABOUT FMM 11 04 ADVERTISEMENT 15 05 MAP OF MALAYSIA 39 06 LISTING OF INDUSTRIAL PARKS › NORTHERN REGION Kedah & Perlis 41 Penang 45 Perak 51 › CENTRAL REGION Selangor 56 Negeri Sembilan 63 › SOUTHERN REGION Melaka 69 Johor 73 › EAST COAST REGION Kelantan 82 Terengganu 86 Pahang 92 › EAST MALAYSIA Sarawak 97 Sabah 101 PUBLISHED BY PRINTED BY Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (7907-X) Legasi Press Sdn Bhd Wisma FMM, No 3, Persiaran Dagang, No 17A, (First Floor), Jalan Helang Sawah, PJU 9 Bandar Sri Damansara, 52200 Kuala Lumpur Taman Kepong Baru, Kepong, 52100 Kuala Lumpur T 03-62867200 F 03-62741266/7288 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form E [email protected] without prior permission from Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers. All rights reserved. All information and data www.fmm.org.my provided in this book are accurate as at time of printing MALAYSIA INDUSTRIAL PARK DIRECTORY FOREWORD MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INDUSTRY (MITI) One of the key ingredients needed is the availability of well-planned and well-managed industrial parks with Congratulations to the Malaysian Investment eco-friendly features. Thus, it is of paramount importance Development Authority (MIDA) and the for park developers and relevant authorities to work Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers together in developing the next generation of industrial (FMM) for the successful organisation of areas to cater for the whole value chain of the respective the Industrial Park Forum nationwide last industry, from upstream to downstream.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Demographic Parameter Synthesis for Exploited Florida and Caribbean Coral Reef Fishes
    Please do not remove this page Life history demographic parameter synthesis for exploited Florida and Caribbean coral reef fishes Stevens, Molly H; Smith, Steven Glen; Ault, Jerald Stephen https://scholarship.miami.edu/discovery/delivery/01UOML_INST:ResearchRepository/12378179400002976?l#13378179390002976 Stevens, M. H., Smith, S. G., & Ault, J. S. (2019). Life history demographic parameter synthesis for exploited Florida and Caribbean coral reef fishes. Fish and Fisheries (Oxford, England), 20(6), 1196–1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12405 Published Version: https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12405 Downloaded On 2021/09/28 21:22:59 -0400 Please do not remove this page Received: 11 April 2019 | Revised: 31 July 2019 | Accepted: 14 August 2019 DOI: 10.1111/faf.12405 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Life history demographic parameter synthesis for exploited Florida and Caribbean coral reef fishes Molly H. Stevens | Steven G. Smith | Jerald S. Ault Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Abstract Miami, FL, USA Age‐ or length‐structured stock assessments require reliable life history demo‐ Correspondence graphic parameters (growth, mortality, reproduction) to model population dynamics, Molly H. Stevens, Rosenstiel School of potential yields and stock sustainability. This study synthesized life history informa‐ Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, tion for 84 commercially exploited tropical reef fish species from Florida and the Miami, FL 33149, USA. U.S. Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). We attempted to identify a Email: [email protected] useable set of life history parameters for each species that included lifespan, length Funding information at age, weight at length and maturity at length.
    [Show full text]
  • FISHES (C) Val Kells–November, 2019
    VAL KELLS Marine Science Illustration 4257 Ballards Mill Road - Free Union - VA - 22940 www.valkellsillustration.com [email protected] STOCK ILLUSTRATION LIST FRESHWATER and SALTWATER FISHES (c) Val Kells–November, 2019 Eastern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico: brackish and saltwater fishes Subject to change. New illustrations added weekly. Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Deepwater chimaera, Hydrolagus affinis Atlantic spearnose chimaera, Rhinochimaera atlantica Nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum Whale shark, Rhincodon typus Sand tiger, Carcharias taurus Ragged-tooth shark, Odontaspis ferox Crocodile Shark, Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus Bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus White shark, Carcharodon carcharias Shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Longfin mako, Isurus paucus Porbeagle, Lamna nasus Freckled Shark, Scyliorhinus haeckelii Marbled catshark, Galeus arae Chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer Smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis Smalleye Smoothhound, Mustelus higmani Dwarf Smoothhound, Mustelus minicanis Florida smoothhound, Mustelus norrisi Gulf Smoothhound, Mustelus sinusmexicanus Blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus Bignose shark, Carcharhinus altimus Narrowtooth Shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna Silky shark, Carcharhinus faiformis Finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon Galapagos Shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis Bull shark, Carcharinus leucus Blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus Oceanic whitetip shark,
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Seafood Identity: Grouper Identification by Real-Time Nucleic
    Food Control 31 (2013) 337e344 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Food Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont Ensuring seafood identity: Grouper identification by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) Robert M. Ulrich a, David E. John b, Geran W. Barton c, Gary S. Hendrick c, David P. Fries c, John H. Paul a,* a College of Marine Science, MSL 119, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA b Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, 140 Seventh Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA c EcoSystems Technology Group, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA article info abstract Article history: Grouper are one of the most economically important seafood products in the state of Florida and their Received 19 September 2012 popularity as a high-end restaurant dish is increasing across the U.S. There is an increased incidence rate Accepted 3 November 2012 of the purposeful, fraudulent mislabeling of less costly and more readily available fish species as grouper in the U.S., particularly in Florida. This is compounded by commercial quotas on grouper becoming Keywords: increasingly more restrictive, which continues to drive both wholesale and restaurant prices higher each RT-NASBA year. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recognize 56 species of fish that can use “grouper” FDA seafood list as an acceptable market name for interstate commerce. This group of fish includes species from ten Grouper fi fi Mislabeling different genera, making accurate taxonomic identi cation dif cult especially if distinguishing features such as skin, head, and tail have been removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of a Yellowfin (Mycteroperca Venenosa) Grouper Spawning
    View metadata, citation and similar papers atStatus core.ac.uk of a Yellowfin (Mycteroperca venenosa) Grouper brought to you by CORE Spawning Aggregation in the US Virgin Islands provided by Aquatic Commons with Notes on Other Species RICHARD S. NEMETH, ELIZABETH KADISON, STEVE HERZLIEB, JEREMIAH BLONDEAU, and ELIZABETH A. WHITEMAN Center for Marine and Environmental Studies University of the Virgin Islands 2 John Brewer’s Bay St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands 00802-9990 ABSTRACT Many commercially important groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae) form large spawning aggregations at specific sites where spawn- ing is concentrated within a few months each year. Although spawning aggregation sites are often considered important aspects of marine protected areas many spawning aggregations are still vulnerable to fishing. The Grammanik Bank, a deep reef (30 - 40 m) located on the shelf edge south of St. Thomas USVI, is a multi-species spawning aggregation site used by several commercially important species of groupers and snappers: yellowfin (Mycteroperca venenosa), tiger (M. tigris), yellowmouth (M. interstitialis) and Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) groupers and cubera snapper (Lutjanus cyanop- terus). This paper reports on the population characteristics of M. venenosa with notes on E. striatus and other commercial species. In 2004, the total spawning population size of yellowfin and Nassau groupers were 900 and 100 fish, respectively. During recent years commercial and recreational fishing have targeted the Grammanik Bank spawning aggregation. Between 2000 and 2004 an estimated 30% to 50% of the yellowfin and Nassau grouper spawning populations were removed by commercial and recreational fishers. These findings support the seasonal closure of the Grammanik Bank to protect a regionally important, multi-species spawning aggregation site.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycteroperca Tigris (Valenciennes, 1833) MKT Frequent Synonyms / Misidentifications: None / None
    click for previous page Perciformes: Percoidei: Serranidae 1359 Mycteroperca tigris (Valenciennes, 1833) MKT Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Tiger grouper; Fr - Badèche tigre; Sp - Cuna gata. Diagnostic characters:Body depth contained 3.1 to 3.6 times, head length 2.5 to 2.8 times in standard length (for fish 19 to 43 cm standard length). Rear nostrils of adults 3 to 5 times larger than front nostrils. Teeth large, canines well developed. Preopercle without a projecting bony lobe at ‘corner’. Gill rakers on first arch short, 8 (including 5 or 6 rudiments) on upper limb, 15 to 17 (including 7 to 9 rudiments) on lower limb, total 23 to 25. Dorsal fin with 11 spines and 15 to 17 soft rays, the interspinous membranes distinctly in- dented; anal fin with 3 spines and 11 soft rays; soft dorsal and anal fins pointed, with middle rays elon- gate in large adults; caudal fin rounded in juveniles, truncate to emarginate with exserted rays in fish 60 to 80 cm; pectoral-fin rays 17. Midlateral body scales ctenoid in juveniles, smooth in adults; lateral-line scales 82 or 83;lateral-scale series about 120.Colour: adults greenish brown to brownish grey with close-set, small, brown or orange-brown spots, the interspaces forming a pale green or whitish network; head and body darker dorsally, with 9 to 11 alternating oblique pale stripes and broader dark bars; median fins with irregular pale spots and stripes; pectoral fins pale yellow distally; inside of mouth reddish orange or dusky orange-yel- low.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Coral Condition Flat
    The Western Atlantic Health and Resilience Cards provide photographic examples of the dominant habitat features and biological indicators of coral reef condition, health and resilience to future perturbations. Representative examples of benthic substrates types, indicators of coral health, algal functional groups, dominant sessile invertebrates, large, motile invertebrates, and herbivorous and predatory fishes are presented, with emphasis on major functional groups regulating coral diversity, abundance and condition. This is not intended as a taxonomic ID guide. Resilience is the ability of the reef community to maintain or restore structure and function and remain in an equivalent ‘phase’ as before an unusual disturbance. The most critical attributes of resilience for monitoring programs are compiled in this guide. A typical protocol involves an assessment of replicate belt transects in multiple reef environments to characterize 1) the diversity, abundance, size structure cover and condition of corals, 2) the abundance/cover of other associated and competing benthic organisms, including “pest” species; 3) fish diversity, abundance and size for the key functional groups (avoiding many of the small blennies, gobies, wrasses, juveniles and non‐reef species, and focusing on large herbivores, piscivores, invertebrate feeders, and detritivores); 4) abundance of motile macroinvertebrates that feed on algae and invertebrates, especially corallivores; 5) habitat quality and substrate condition (biomass and cover of five functional algal groups, turf, CCA, macroalgae, erect corallines and cyanobacteria; amount of rubble, pavement and sediment); 6) coral condition (prevalence of disease and corallivores, broken corals, levels of recruitment); and 7) evidence of human disturbance such as levels and types of fishing, runoff, and coastal development.
    [Show full text]
  • 9. Indonesian Live Reef Fish Industry
    ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF THE LIVE REEF FISH TRADE IN ASIA–PACIFIC 9. Indonesian live reef fi sh industry: status, problems and possible future direction Sonny Koeshendrajana1 and Tjahjo Tri Hartono1 Background Live reef food fi sh (LRFF) has been traditionally consumed by Chinese people, especially among the southern coastal populations. For centuries, this tradition has existed because fi sh is considered a symbol of prosperity and good fortune in Chinese culture. Yeung (1996) and Cheng (1999) in Chan (2000) pointed out that fresh marine fi sh, especially the high-valued live reef food fi sh, has an important cultural and social role for special occasions, festivals and business dinners. With the rapid growth in population and rise in household income, demand for fresh marine fi sh also increases signifi cantly. This, in turn, leads to imports from many countries, such as the Philippines, Thailand, Australia and Indonesia. With high demand and extremely high prices expected, these marine species are widely exploited. The LRFF trade has been become a global as well as regional concern. Available evidence suggests that LRFF have been over-exploited in many parts of Southeast Asia, such as in the Philippines and Indonesia. An important species of concern is the grouper fi sh, known as ‘Kerapu’. One of the ecological functions of coral reef is as a habitat for fi sh, such as the coral fi sh group. Indonesia has a coral reef area of 85 000 sq. km (about 18% of the world’s coral reef area) and thus has the potential to become one of the main producers of live reef fi sh.
    [Show full text]
  • Legibility Pattern at a City Centre of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com PAPER ID: 11A11I LEGIBILITY PATTERN AT A CITY CENTRE OF KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA 1 1 Ahmad Syamil Sazali , Ahmad Sanusi Hassan , 1* 2 Yasser Arab , Boonsap Witchayangkoon 1 School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA. 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T Article history: This paper seeks to determine five elements of the urban design Received 14 May 2019 Received in revised form 01 that can be analysed in Kuala Terengganu City Centre to form a clear April 2020 mental map of the urban environment and planning strategies by the Accepted 04 May 2020 government of Terengganu. A comprehensive urban trail conducted Available online 19 May 2020 focusing on the city centre to study the urbanism elements and planning Keywords: strategies by the government of Kuala Terengganu. Urban planning and Coastal heritage city; community building ideas towards a better city have been taking into Urban Planning; Urban city design; City zoning; considerations by the authority of Kuala Terengganu in presenting the Mental map; Malay town; ideas of Coastal Heritage City. The strategic and pragmatic urban City identify. design approaches by the government of Terengganu by indicating the specific zoning within the city centre itself have indirectly strengthened the city development identity. The outcomes of this study prove that urban design elements play an essential role in creating a specific mental mapping in persona picturesque about Kuala Terengganu City Centre.
    [Show full text]