Geopolymer Grant Proposal

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GEOPOLYMER GRANT PROPOSAL

Principal Investigator Paul F Pugh Jr.

Preparer Paula T Bushman

Submitted June 15, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER SHEET FOR PROSPOSAL ...... 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 5 KEYWORDS ...... 6 REZTECH LETTER OF INTEREST ...... 7 AIRPLANE CONSTRUCTION AND FIRE PROTECTION ...... 8 2012 COAL COMBUSTION PRODUCT (CCP) PRODUCTION & USE SURVEY REPORT ...... 9

PROJECT SUMMARY ...... 10 GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERAL PRODUCTS ...... 11

GEOPOLYMER SYNTHESIS ...... 12 Covalent Bonding ...... 12 Environmental Benefits ...... 14 Characteristics ...... 14 HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS ...... 15 POLYMER-CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES ...... 16 WIDESPREAD COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION MARKET ...... 18 COVALENT BONDED INORGANIC POLYMER COATINGS ...... 19 HISTORY OF MARKET ...... 20 CIP POWDER MANUFACTURING PROCESS ...... 20 COATING APPLICATION PROCESS ...... 21 HEATING OF CIP POWDER FOR INCREASED REACTION ...... 21 NEED FOR NEW SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL ...... 22 KEY INVESTIGATION GOALS ...... 23 CONCLUSION ...... 23 Supply Limitation ...... 24 Coal Fly Ash ...... 24 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (“GGBFS”) ...... 25 REFERENCES CITED ...... 26 TEAM MEMBERS ...... 29 SUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGET ...... 38

BUDGET JUSTIFICATION ...... 40 CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT ...... 42 FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT ...... 43 DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 44 LETTER OF SUPPORT ...... 46 MATERIAL DATA SHEET ...... 47 APPENDIX ...... 54

GEOPOLYMER OVERVIEW ...... 54 INVESTIGATING 21ST CENTURY CEMENT PRODUCTION ...... 71 GEOPOLYMERS IN ALASKA ...... 88 GEOPOLYMER CEMENT FEASIBILITY IN ALASKA ...... 159 USIBELLI COAL PRODUCES MORE THAN POWER, POLLUTION, AND PROFIT ...... 181 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY & DEMAND RESPONSE IN CALIFORNIA CEMENT INDUSTRY ..... 189 GREEN AND NATURAL POLYMERS IN TULARE COUNTY ...... 220 ADDRESSING PREVIOUS SUMMARY REVIEW ...... 224 Not for distribution

COVER SHEET FOR PROPOSAL TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

PROGRAM ANNOUNCEMENT/SOLICITATION NO./DUE DATE Special Exception to Deadline Date Policy FOR NSF USE ONLY NSF 16-554 06/16/16 NSF PROPOSAL NUMBER FOR CONSIDERATION BY NSF ORGANIZATION UNIT(S) (Indicate the most specific unit known, i.e. program, division, etc.) IIP - SMALL BUSINESS PHASE I 1648130 DATE RECEIVED NUMBER OF COPIES DIVISION ASSIGNED FUND CODE DUNS# (Data Universal Numbering System) FILE LOCATION

06/16/2016 1 07070000 IIP 5371 079087979 06/16/2016 3:55pm EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (EIN) OR SHOW PREVIOUS AWARD NO. IF THIS IS IS THIS PROPOSAL BEING SUBMITTED TO ANOTHER FEDERAL TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (TIN) A RENEWAL AGENCY? YES NO IF YES, LIST ACRONYM(S) AN ACCOMPLISHMENT-BASED RENEWAL 563887327 NAME OF ORGANIZATION TO WHICH AWARD SHOULD BE MADE ADDRESS OF AWARDEE ORGANIZATION, INCLUDING 9 DIGIT ZIP CODE 23538 Avenue 80 Paul Pugh Terra Bella, CA 93270 AWARDEE ORGANIZATION CODE (IF KNOWN) 6250035079 NAME OF PRIMARY PLACE OF PERF ADDRESS OF PRIMARY PLACE OF PERF, INCLUDING 9 DIGIT ZIP CODE Paul F. Pugh Dba Rio Blanco Development Paul F. Pugh Dba Rio Blanco Development 23538 Ave 80 Terra Bella ,CA ,932709530 ,US.

IS AWARDEE ORGANIZATION (Check All That Apply) SMALL BUSINESS MINORITY BUSINESS IF THIS IS A PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL (See GPG II.C For Definitions) FOR-PROFIT ORGANIZATION WOMAN-OWNED BUSINESS THEN CHECK HERE TITLE OF PROPOSED PROJECT SBIR Phase I:Low Embeded Carbon Geopolymer Cement From Indigenous Clay Mineral

REQUESTED AMOUNT PROPOSED DURATION (1-60 MONTHS) REQUESTED STARTING DATE SHOW RELATED PRELIMINARY PROPOSAL NO. IF APPLICABLE $ 225,000 12months 08/01/16 THIS PROPOSAL INCLUDES ANY OF THE ITEMS LISTED BELOW BEGINNING INVESTIGATOR (GPG I.G.2) HUMAN SUBJECTS (GPG II.D.7) Human Subjects Assurance Number DISCLOSURE OF LOBBYING ACTIVITIES (GPG II.C.1.e) Exemption Subsection or IRB App. Date PROPRIETARY & PRIVILEGED INFORMATION (GPG I.D, II.C.1.d) INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES: COUNTRY/COUNTRIES INVOLVED (GPG II.C.2.j) HISTORIC PLACES (GPG II.C.2.j) VERTEBRATE ANIMALS (GPG II.D.6) IACUC App. Date COLLABORATIVE STATUS PHS Animal Welfare Assurance Number FUNDING MECHANISM RAPID Not a collaborative proposal PI/PD DEPARTMENT PI/PD POSTAL ADDRESS 23538 Avenue 80 PI/PD FAX NUMBER Terra Bella, CA 93270 United States NAMES (TYPED) High Degree Yr of Degree Telephone Number Email Address PI/PD NAME Paul F Pugh BA 1975 559-359-0240 [email protected] CO-PI/PD

CO-PI/PD

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CERTIFICATION PAGE

Certification for Authorized Organizational Representative (or Equivalent) or Individual Applicant By electronically signing and submitting this proposal, the Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) or Individual Applicant is: (1) certifying that statements made herein are true and complete to the best of his/her knowledge; and (2) agreeing to accept the obligation to comply with NSF award terms and conditions if an award is made as a result of this application. Further, the applicant is hereby providing certifications regarding conflict of interest (when applicable), drug-free workplace, debarment and suspension, lobbying activities (see below), nondiscrimination, flood hazard insurance (when applicable), responsible conduct of research, organizational support, Federal tax obligations, unpaid Federal tax liability, and criminal convictions as set forth in the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide,Part I: the Grant Proposal Guide (GPG). Willful provision of false information in this application and its supporting documents or in reports required under an ensuing award is a criminal offense (U.S. Code, Title 18, Section 1001).

Certification Regarding Conflict of Interest The AOR is required to complete certifications stating that the organization has implemented and is enforcing a written policy on conflicts of interest (COI), consistent with the provisions of AAG Chapter IV.A.; that, to the best of his/her knowledge, all financial disclosures required by the conflict of interest policy were made; and that conflicts of interest, if any, were, or prior to the organization’s expenditure of any funds under the award, will be, satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated in accordance with the organization’s conflict of interest policy. Conflicts that cannot be satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated and research that proceeds without the imposition of conditions or restrictions when a conflict of interest exists, must be disclosed to NSF via use of the Notifications and Requests Module in FastLane. Drug Free Work Place Certification By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent), is providing the Drug Free Work Place Certification contained in Exhibit II-3 of the Grant Proposal Guide.

Debarment and Suspension Certification (If answer "yes", please provide explanation.) Is the organization or its principals presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from covered transactions by any Federal department or agency? Yes No By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) or Individual Applicant is providing the Debarment and Suspension Certification contained in Exhibit II-4 of the Grant Proposal Guide. Certification Regarding Lobbying This certification is required for an award of a Federal contract, grant, or cooperative agreement exceeding $100,000 and for an award of a Federal loan or a commitment providing for the United States to insure or guarantee a loan exceeding $150,000. Certification for Contracts, Grants, Loans and Cooperative Agreements The undersigned certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge and belief, that: (1) No Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid, by or on behalf of the undersigned, to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with the awarding of any Federal contract, the making of any Federal grant, the making of any Federal loan, the entering into of any cooperative agreement, and the extension, continuation, renewal, amendment, or modification of any Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement. (2) If any funds other than Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with this Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement, the undersigned shall complete and submit Standard Form-LLL, ‘‘Disclosure of Lobbying Activities,’’ in accordance with its instructions. (3) The undersigned shall require that the language of this certification be included in the award documents for all subawards at all tiers including subcontracts, subgrants, and contracts under grants, loans, and cooperative agreements and that all subrecipients shall certify and disclose accordingly. This certification is a material representation of fact upon which reliance was placed when this transaction was made or entered into. Submission of this certification is a prerequisite for making or entering into this transaction imposed by section 1352, Title 31, U.S. Code. Any person who fails to file the required certification shall be subject to a civil penalty of not less than $10,000 and not more than $100,000 for each such failure. Certification Regarding Nondiscrimination By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is providing the Certification Regarding Nondiscrimination contained in Exhibit II-6 of the Grant Proposal Guide. Certification Regarding Flood Hazard Insurance Two sections of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 USC §4012a and §4106) bar Federal agencies from giving financial assistance for acquisition or construction purposes in any area identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as having special flood hazards unless the: (1) community in which that area is located participates in the national flood insurance program; and (2) building (and any related equipment) is covered by adequate flood insurance.

By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) or Individual Applicant located in FEMA-designated special flood hazard areas is certifying that adequate flood insurance has been or will be obtained in the following situations: (1) for NSF grants for the construction of a building or facility, regardless of the dollar amount of the grant; and (2) for other NSF grants when more than $25,000 has been budgeted in the proposal for repair, alteration or improvement (construction) of a building or facility. Certification Regarding Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) (This certification is not applicable to proposals for conferences, symposia, and workshops.) By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that, in accordance with the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide, Part II, Award & Administration Guide (AAG) Chapter IV.B., the institution has a plan in place to provide appropriate training and oversight in the responsible and ethical conduct of research to undergraduates, graduate students and postdoctoral researchers who will be supported by NSF to conduct research. The AOR shall require that the language of this certification be included in any award documents for all subawards at all tiers.

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CERTIFICATION PAGE - CONTINUED

Certification Regarding Organizational Support By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that there is organizational support for the proposal as required by Section 526 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010. This support extends to the portion of the proposal developed to satisfy the Broader Impacts Review Criterion as well as the Intellectual Merit Review Criterion, and any additional review criteria specified in the solicitation. Organizational support will be made available, as described in the proposal, in order to address the broader impacts and intellectual merit activities to be undertaken. Certification Regarding Federal Tax Obligations When the proposal exceeds $5,000,000, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Federal tax obligations. By electronically signing the Certification pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the proposing organization: (1) has filed all Federal tax returns required during the three years preceding this certification; (2) has not been convicted of a criminal offense under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and (3) has not, more than 90 days prior to this certification, been notified of any unpaid Federal tax assessment for which the liability remains unsatisfied, unless the assessment is the subject of an installment agreement or offer in compromise that has been approved by the Internal Revenue Service and is not in default, or the assessment is the subject of a non-frivolous administrative or judicial proceeding. Certification Regarding Unpaid Federal Tax Liability When the proposing organization is a corporation, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Federal Tax Liability:

By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that the corporation has no unpaid Federal tax liability that has been assessed, for which all judicial and administrative remedies have been exhausted or lapsed, and that is not being paid in a timely manner pursuant to an agreement with the authority responsible for collecting the tax liability. Certification Regarding Criminal Convictions When the proposing organization is a corporation, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is required to complete the following certification regarding Criminal Convictions:

By electronically signing the Certification Pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative (or equivalent) is certifying that the corporation has not been convicted of a felony criminal violation under any Federal law within the 24 months preceding the date on which the certification is signed. Certification Dual Use Research of Concern By electronically signing the certification pages, the Authorized Organizational Representative is certifying that the organization will be or is in compliance with all aspects of the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern.

AUTHORIZED ORGANIZATIONAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE DATE NAME Paul F Pugh Electronic Signature Jun 16 2016 3:48PM TELEPHONE NUMBER EMAIL ADDRESS FAX NUMBER 559-359-0240 [email protected] fm1207rrs-07

Page 3 of 3 Not for distribution NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Program Solicitation/Instruction Guide Number NSF 16-554

SBIR PHASE I - PROPOSAL COVER PAGE TOPIC SUBTOPIC LETTER (if any) TOPIC TITLE MI A1a Advanced Materials and Instrumentation PROPOSAL TITLE SBIR Phase I:Low Embeded Carbon Geopolymer Cement From Indigenous Clay Mineral

COMPANY NAME EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (EIN) OR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (TIN) Paul Pugh 563887327 NAME OF ANY AFFILIATED COMPANIES (Parent, Subsidiary, Predecessor)

ADDRESS (Including address of Company Headquarters and zip code plus four digit extension) 23538 Avenue 80 Terra Bella, CA 93270

REQUESTED AMOUNT PROPOSED DURATION PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE $225000 12 THE SMALL BUSINESS CERTIFIES THAT: Y/N 1. It is a small business as defined in the solicitation. Y 2. It qualifies as a socially and economically disadvantaged business as defined in the solicitation. (FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES ONLY.) Y 3. It qualifies as a women-owned business as defined in the solicitation. (FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES ONLY) N 4. NSF is the only Federal agency that has received this proposal (or overlapping or equivalent proposal) from the small business concern. If No, you must disclose overlapping or equivalent proposals and awards as required by this solicitation. Y 5.SBIR: A minimum of two-thirds of the research will be performed by this firm in Phase I. STTR: It will perform at least 40 percent of the work and the collaborating research institution will perform at least 30 percent of the work as described in the proposal. Y 6. The primary employment of the Principal Investigator will be with this firm at the time of the award and during the conduct of the research. Y 7. It will permit the government to disclose the title and technical abstact page, plus the name, address and telephone number of a corporate official if the proposal does not result in an award to parties that may be interested in contacting the small business for further information or possible investment. Y 8. It will comply with the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-352) and the regulations pursuant thereto. Y 9. It has previously submitted proposals to NSF. Y 10. It previously submitted this proposal (which was declined) and significant modifications have been made as described in the solicitation. Y 11. It has received Phase II awards from the Federal Government. If "yes" provide a company commercialization history in the supplementary documents module. N PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR NAME Paul F Pugh SOCIAL SECURITY NO. HIGHEST DEGREE / YEAR E-MAIL ADDRESS not displayed intentionally BA/1975 [email protected] TELEPHONE NO. FAX NO. WEB ADDRESS 559-359-0240 COMPANY OFFICER (FOR BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL MATTERS) NAME TITLE TELEPHONE NO. Paula T. Bushman Research, Grants and Finance 954-793-6720 OTHER INFORMATION PRESIDENTS NAME Paul F. Pugh, Jr. YEAR FIRM FOUNDED 1988 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES (including Parent, Subsidiary, Predecessor) AVERAGE PREVIOUS 12 MO.: 1 CURRENTLY: 1 RESEARCH INSTITUTION NAME Paul F. Pugh Dba Rio Blanco Development RESEARCH INVESTIGATOR NAME Paul F. Pugh, Jr. RESEARCH INVESTIGATOR TELEPHONE NO. 559-359-0240 PROPRIETARY NOTICE: See instructions concerning proprietary information. Check Here if proposal contains proprietary information. TABLE OF CONTENTS

For font size and page formatting specifications, see GPG section II.B.2.

Total No. of Page No.* Pages (Optional)*

Cover Sheet for Proposal to the National Science Foundation

Project Summary (not to exceed 1 page) 1

Table of Contents 1

Project Description (Including Results from Prior 15 NSF Support) (not to exceed 15 pages) (Exceed only if allowed by a specific program announcement/solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

References Cited 3

Biographical Sketches (Not to exceed 2 pages each) 9

Budget 4 (Plus up to 3 pages of budget justification)

Current and Pending Support 1

Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources 1

Special Information/Supplementary Documents 2 (Data Management Plan, Mentoring Plan and Other Supplementary Documents)

Appendix (List below. ) (Include only if allowed by a specific program announcement/ solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)

Appendix Items:

*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal. The entire proposal however, must be paginated. Complete both columns only if the proposal is numbered consecutively.

Keywords: Calcined clays, Pozzolans, Metakaolin, Thermal activation

OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement

SFB: Solid Fuel Block

XRD: X-Ray Diffraction

TGA: Themorgravimetric Analysis

DTG: Derivative Thermogravimetry

DTA: Differential Thermal Analysis

DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SEM-IA: Scanning Electron Microscopy – Image Analysis

EDX analysis: Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (or EDS)

EDS: Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

BSE: Backscattered Electron

PSD: Particle Size Distribution

BET: Brunauer Emmet Teller (theory for specific surface measurements)

MIP Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

EPMA: Electron Probe Micro Analyser

1 Clay particles are made up of thin sheets or leaves, which is why argillaceous minerals are referred to as phyllite (“Phylon” means leaf in Greek). Thus, like micas, they form part of the phyllosilicates group.

Paula Twitty Bushman 4020 SW 54TH AVENUE Davie, Florida 33314

June 1, 2016

The following is an excerpt from my paper released at Broward College of Florida in a thesis research capacity and as such the following information was researched thoroughly. The paper in its entirety was graded at a one hundred percent and in review currently for release to engineering periodicals. It is with this research that I concluded that there will be serious needs in the future for continued research into Geopolymers to better suit safety needs as well as green technologies that can better serve our communities worldwide without releasing toxic chemicals into our environment. The excerpt as is follows:

Airplane Construction and Fire Protection The Benefits of Using Advanced Technology Construction Materials to Avoid Catastrophic Fire Hazards Justifies the Cost Incurred by Airlines

“Stronger composites, as discussed in this paper, have been mentioned such as geopolymers that could be used not only in aircrafts but also building materials and coated on steel to have reinforced strength and corrosive resistance, possibly lasting throughout time similar to the pyramids of Egypt; another example of geopolymerization at its best. Did the ancient Egyptians and Romans of past know chemistry much better than the modern age today?

In the interview with Patricia Billings she stated that “not only are the composites used in airplanes toxic, ignite rapidly and the smoke alone could kill anyone almost instantly, but the walls of the towers in New York on September 11, 2001, collapsed and the findings in the report by the NIST concluded that the drywall and the insulation failed in the buildings, due to fire and water damage”. (Billings, April 29, 2014).

New technologies such as geopolymerization and inorganic materials, which are low cost, (according to this analysis showing carbon/epoxy pricing and Paul F. Pugh’s statement on an inorganic material), have low curing temperatures and fireproof characteristics, definitely outweigh costs associated in creating better lightweight newer technologies to protect passenger safety.

All organics will burn as shown in studies; however inorganic materials do not burn. The next advancement in new technologies that will better benefit passengers on all types of aircrafts will be a lightweight geopolymerization material; however the FAA has not mandated that any manufacturer must use all inorganic materials. An interview with Mr. Lyon of the FAA was conducted on April 26, 2014 in which he states “as he knows it the geopolymer tests he performed in the mid-nineties, did not meet the weight requirements and were too heavy for airplane use, and he stated that this material to date, is not being used either structurally or in the interior of Airplanes”. (Lyon, Apr. 26, 2014).

There is a need for an overhaul to composites being used that are toxic to humans on airplanes and employees mixing these toxic materials at manufacturer plants. Improving further, fire properties in terms of flash over times on ignition, integrity of structures, smoke emitting materials and allowing for additional escape times of passengers will allow fire fighters additional time to set up, extinguish the fires and reduce loss of life.

According to T. Hull (2009), there is a need to satisfy this multibillion dollar market of polymeric materials to meet the need for fire safety, with combinations of alumina, silica, clay-phosphates combinations. Interestingly enough he discusses the nano particulate fillers, the shape of these, the use of carbon nano fibers and nanotubes, however the pricing of combinations of certain resins with fillers, and variations of clay powder can be cost effective in creating the best fire protection the airline has yet to see.” (Paula Twitty Bushman, 2014)

AmericanCoalAshAssociation Phone:720Ͳ870Ͳ7897 38800CountryClubDrive Fax:720Ͳ870Ͳ7889 FarmingtonHills,MI48331 Internet: www.ACAAͲUSA.org 2012CoalCombustionProduct(CCP)Production&UseSurveyReport Email:info@acaaͲusa.org

Beneficial Utilization versus Production Totals (Short Tons) FGD FGD Material Wet FGD Material CCP Production / 2012 CCP Categories Fly Ash** Bottom Ash** Boiler Slag* FGD Other* FBC Ash* Gypsum** Scrubbers* Dry Scrubbers* Utilization Totals

Total CCPs Produced by Category 52,100,000 14,100,000 1,720,945 24,200,000 6,803,636 655,119 326,762 9,843,922 109,750,384

Total CCPs Used by Category 23,205,204 5,474,167 1,437,556 12,102,964 546,616 205,733 0 8,914,774 51,887,014

1. Concrete/Concrete Products /Grout 11,779,021 732,260 0 63,607 0 5,372 0 0 12,580,260

2. Blended Cement/ Feed for Clinker 2,281,211 1,287,343 0 1,755,891 0 0 0 0 5,324,445

3. Flowable Fill 141,081 9,435 0 0 0 28 0 0 150,544

4. Structural Fills/Embankments 3,083,441 1,716,196 210,000 6,738 321,676 65,065 0 0 5,403,116

5. Road Base/Sub-base 193,711 352,469 1,300 31 0 0 0 0 547,511

6. Soil Modification/Stabilization 303,354 140,092 0 1,425 0 821 0 64,562 510,254

7. Snow and Ice Control 0 198,153 57,975 0 0 0 0 0 256,128

8. Blasting Grit/Roofing Granules 11,678 15,930 1,156,246 0 0 0 0 0 1,183,854

9. Mining Applications 2,086,074 437,986 0 1,181,799 224,940 118,868 0 8,762,464 12,812,131

10. Gypsum Panel Products 0 0 0 7,641,625 0 0 0 0 7,641,625

11. Waste Stabilization/Solidification 2,187,514 333 0 777,479 0 227 0 87,748 3,053,301

12. Agriculture 26,312 1,698 0 655,600 0 0 0 0 683,610

13. Aggregate 0 381,657 12,035 0 0 0 0 0 393,692

14. Oil Field Services 568,772 18,215 0 0 0 15,352 0 0 602,339

15. Miscellaneous/Other 543,035 182,400 0 18,769 0 0 0 0 744,204

Summary Utilization to Production Rate FGD FGD Material Wet FGD Material CCP Categories Fly Ash Bottom Ash Boiler Slag FGD Other FBC Ash CCP Utilization Total** Gypsum Scrubbers Dry Scrubbers

Totals by CCP Type/Application 23,205,204 5,474,167 1,437,556 12,102,964 546,616 205,733 0 8,914,774 51,887,014

Category Use to Production Rate (%)*** 44.53% 38.82% 83.53% 50.00% 8.03% 31.40% 0.00% 90.56% 47.27%

2012 Cenospheres Sold (Pounds) 23,104,970 This data represents 209, 598 MWs Name Plate rating of the total industry wide approximate 329,483 MW capacity (coal fueled) based on Ventyx data

The data received this year represents approximately 59 % of the coal consumed in 2012 by electric utilities and IPPs (approximately 821,400,000 tons) * These are actual tonnages reported by utilities responding and do not reflect estimates for utilities that did not respond this year. **These numbers are derived from previous, current and applicable industry-wide available data, including Energy Information Administration (EIA) Reports 923 and 860 and other outside sources. ***Utilization estimates are based on actual tons reported and on extrapolated estimates only for fly ash, bottom ash, and FGD gypsum;

Page 1 Survey Form

PROJECT SUMMARY

Overview:

Portland Cement and its products: poured concrete, blocks and pavers are the backbone of America’s building and developed infrastructure. A world is seeking solutions to Global Warming caused by the production and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Experts believe the production of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) contributes between 5% to 10% of the Global atmospheric GHG’s. With continued growth of just the CleanTech sector across all areas of the Globe coupled with government mandates directed to reduce GHG’s new technology needs deployment and ancient proven technology needs to be revisited. A good place to start in construction materials is with the still standing 4,500 yr. old Great Pyramids of GIZA. NSF findings published in 2007 concluded that when viewed at the sub- micron level that casing stones "were indeed consistent with a reconstituted limestone". With this grant the PI and the team will demonstrate what the future holds for a non- fossil fueled energy source used to synthesize inorganic soft rock polymers that will take shape and form the Brick and Mortar of the 21st Century and the 4th Industrial Revolution. . Intellectual Merit:

This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project will reveal systems & methods for inorganic polymerization falling under a myriad of names, backed by hundreds of patents and a thousand scientific review articles. Emerging names in the applied material sciences are: Geopolymers, HydroCeramics, Soil Cements, and Alkali Activated Cement. All of these perspectives have in common as an alternative to OPC little market share at under 5%, high cost and a lack of recognized and approved standards. At present only one commercial Australian entity has been able to obtain and satisfy market share with a geopolymer concrete. To give specifying engineers, architects and owner/ builders a product they can work with and compare function requires requisite composites constructed with these emerging methods to have some kind of verifiable evidence at the electron level of just what the synthesized composite consists. Over the last 20 years the technical apparatus to observe at the nano molecular scale has become more readily available and affordable thus giving names and hypotheses to what previously could not be seen and therefore not easily understood. When it comes to polymers, "green" and natural are not the same. As their name implies, natural polymers (biopolymers) are polymers that occur naturally or are produced by living organisms. By a wider definition natural polymers can be man-made out of inorganic raw materials found in nature. Since we are a product of the earth upon which we live it stands to reason we should want to manage our resources well and to our advantage. Applied science has been used successfully to guide the incorporation of coal ash; a waste product of energy generation into a substantive replacement for Portland cement. Presently C-Trans and many DOT’s allow 25% substitution of OPC in a concrete mix with fly ash. This is allowed by codes and standards and while noteworthy it really has only scratched the surface of possibility and is hardly source sustainable long term if coal burning is curtailed in favor of another energy source.

Broader Impacts :

With recent advancements in material science, land use planning and a mandate Globally for carbon reduction to the atmosphere, (see Research Report attached, Investigating 21st Century Production in Interior Alaska using Alaskan Resources) no other branch of science offers more promise for a sustainable naturally occurring building material than geopolymers. Imagine a future where Oil dependence is replaced by the ground we walk on. This project proposes a direct response to a call throughout the engineering and standards community for a universal body of knowledge on the relationships between mix design, field performance, microstructure, and chemistry of inorganic polymers. [IP] Developing rural communities to undeveloped world nations can benefit from a rapid reliance on locally available "green" materials to build out, maintain, or improve their roads, dams, water delivery systems and commercial and domestic structures. The core objective of this project is to demonstrate a commercially ready inorganic polymer mix design with properties measured according to ordinary Portland cement standards or better of the practice. Less Energy overall in this project, compared to traditional manufacturing plants will meet the demands of the 4th industrial revolution and will be powered by green energy technologies. Over the last 20 years the technical apparatus to observe at the nano molecular scale have become more readily available and affordable thus giving names and hypotheses to what previously could not be seen and therefore not easily understood.

This small business will demonstrate that its innovative technologies and those of its founder can deploy to widespread commercial use a production concept using innovative nano particle sizing to create low embodied carbon reactive ingredients for use in high impact markets such as a replacement for Portland cement in construction. The testing and research will provide other products that are called out in the Project Description of 15 pages, which include no less than green technology for grout, paints, resins, wall boards, fencing and other products that could provide a forever long lasting weather resistance to the elements of natural destruction (wind, fire, water), also noted by Rezcast a company that produces slip resistant flooring. Imagine the future where lives are saved due to this type of green technology whereby fire does not spread, and roads do not disintegrate. GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

. GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERAL PRODUCTS

Since its invention in the 19th century, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and its products (i.e., poured concrete, blocks, and pavers) have grown to become the backbone of societal infrastructure. The only substance used more widely today is water. In the 21st century, however, OPC faces many challenges. The world is seeking a solution to the negative environmental effects stemming from the production of greenhouse gases (GHG), and OPC is responsible for ~ 5 -10 % of global production of GHGs. At the same time, other challenges are also growing, including the storage, use or re-use of industrial waste. The lack of options for appropriate, sustainable, and affordable building materials in many developing municipalities, and problems associated with our ageing concrete infrastructure present untold threats to future generations.

To reduce the threat that atmospheric carbon dioxide brings a single emerging technology could be a partial solution to many problems: Inorganic Geopolymer Cement (IPC). Made primarily from ubiquitous industrial by-products (waste), IPC can be competitive with OPC in performance, but with significantly lower CO2 emissions. Side benefits include projections for lower cost, improved durability. Today, a variety of systems are being promoted under several names such as Inorganic Polymer Cement [IPC] geopolymer cement [GC], Hydro Ceramics, Soil Cements, or just Alkali Activated Cements, realize though OPC still commands a 95% market share with billions of dollars in sunken capital.

Numerous scientific review articles and comprehensive books on the state-of-the-art lay claims for several varieties of Geopolymer based cement and concrete. Advantages over OPC include: (i) dramatically less CO2 production; (ii) longer life and better durability; (iii) better defense against chemical attacks (i.e., chloride, sulfate); (iv) rapid strength gain; (v) better performance in marine environments; (vi) repurposing of unclaimed industrial/agricultural waste; (vii) composites containing steel like properties with the light weight and flexibility found in plastics or wood; and (viii) uncompromising resistance to high temperature. IPC still has several design challenges to overcome, including, (i) rapid setting; (ii) leaching and salt efflorescence formation; (iii) variation in raw materials, and; (iv)temperature effected curing. The design advantages, and challenges, for IPC vary by type (magnesia, slag, geopolymer, sulfoaluminate, etc.), but the preceding list is fairly typical of alkaline based GC.

The core objective of this project is to correlate mix design and cement component properties by experiment (i.e. chemistry, particle size) to bulk performance, of a light weight, low embodied carbon, and inorganic composite compound.

This project represents a direct response to a call throughout the engineering, scientific and standards community for an improved body of knowledge for a one on one comparison using established Portland cement mix designs. Recent developments in Portland cement mixes have made use of widely available by- products of energy generation, agriculture and industry. Short term, this has made use of many slags and fly ashes to achieve carbon dioxide reductions by extending OPC.

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The critical link between otherwise waste component chemistry and Portland concrete performance has meant a conservative approach in an already snail paced environment. Standards are just know trickling down to the masses involving the use of slag, fly ash, as well as natural Pozzolans. Standards are important in overcoming a major stumbling block created for the design engineer: the field variation in cementitious by-product streams. Since the 1990’s slags and fly ashes have evolved from being by-products to becoming co-products, further promoting the recycling and reuse of billions of tons of “waste” into essential building materials.

Geopolymer synthesis

Covalent bonding

The fundamental unit within a geopolymer structure is a tetrahedral complex consisting of Si or Al coordinated through covalent bonds to four oxygens. The geopolymer framework results from the cross-linking between these tetrahedral, which leads to a 3-dimensional aluminosilicate network, where the negative charge associated with tetrahedral aluminum is balanced by a small cationic species, most commonly an alkali metal cation. These alkali metal cations are often ion- exchangeable, as they are associated with, but only loosely bonded to, the main covalent network, similarly to the non-framework cations present in zeolites.

The mainstream development in the field of concrete and other cement products focuses on the modification of mortar, concrete, and other mixtures using OPC containing flyash. For the long term this may prove unsatisfactory, as recent government regulations are poised to mandate long term decommissioning of coal fired combustion in order to turn back the negative effect of climate change. Within this proposed project, the cement itself, the resin or binder that makes all concrete products possible, would be the focus, opening the doors to revolutionary rather than evolutionary expectations.

The PI proposes this is best accomplished on advice from the scientific and engineering design community within California to take existing OPC codes, standards, and test methods and use them as the control sample and benchmark. From there mix and record the outcomes of the new mix designs using the sub-micron (nano meter measure) component which is an innovation that the PI and his company brings to the market. When proven successful this project would serve as a model for sustainable growth using green materials in the 4th Industrial revolution. A revolution that will demand that materials be inexpensively available that can construct such a structure as a 3D printed house.

A mainstream introduction of alternative cements [IP & GC] test results at the conclusion of this project to the California Department of Transportation [Caltrans] new products review would create job opportunities and be unlikely to impact established cement producers who could adapt to the emerging technology.

Inorganic polymerization (IP) is designed to function as a direct replacement for OPC, so production of, and construction with (IP) would be performed using existing methods, minimizing the need for additional training or equipment.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

Progress has been made in the development and understanding of a fine mineral powder based aluminosilicate aggregate concrete/mortar comprising ground energetically modified cement, activated by water. This system was chosen for several reasons, including literature support for the success of using ubiquitous and accessible kaolin clays as a precursor and the fact that of common activators, H20 is the most inexpensive, available, and environmentally benign agent. Activator is used here loosely to designate a point in time from which plasticity of a dry powder precursor is manipulated (mixed) into a liquid including water to agglomerate the mineral powders over a prescribed time into a solid composite.

The production of 100% [IP or GC] cement developed through this project is projected to produce approximately 50 kg of CO2 per ton as opposed to 900+ kg per ton for OPC, a ~95% reduction. If all global slag and fly ash supplies were utilized for geopolymerization as an OPC alternative, global CO2 production would be reduced by 10% or ~ 3 billion tons annually. This project can reveal a pathway for significantly reducing global CO2 production, demonstrate sustainable extractive mining, and continue to reuse and recycle agricultural/industrial waste. Because the raw minerals used are ubiquitous, and the approach, in principle, is flexible to accommodate varying local conditions; the potential impacts are broadly applicable and transferable around the world.

If all industrial/agricultural wastes were to become exhausted, the solar calcination of native clay soils for cement could as a result of this project be considered as a highly reactive synthetic precursor to geopolymer cement with zero contribution to atmospheric CO2 for the life of the soft rock soil resource.

The team members are established contacts of the PI and represent Materials, Business of Applied Science, Chemical, Power, Civil Engineering, Geology and Soils, and Entrepreneurship. Their tools, techniques, experience and perspectives from all seven disciplines will be leveraged, including respectively: characterization and chemistry, systems design, and cement/concrete expertise. A direct and positive impact for the people at the epicenter of this project will be to improve their lives by making high-quality building materials more available and affordable. The local mineral source under development, Sears White River Clay (SWRC) has an inherent natural ceramic benefit of high fire resistance and insulating properties.

Collectively all Californian’s benefit using locally sourced inorganic polymer cement.(i) The introduction of alternative “green”cements create job opportunities, and are unlikely to negatively impact established cement producers, especially in this instance as currently there are none planned within a 200 mile radius of the proposed business location due to clean air restraints and the high cost of energy (ii) Production of and construction with “green” concrete would be performed using off the shelf methods, minimizing the need for additional training or equipment.

Why White River Clay (WRC)? WRC is the finely divided powder that results from the pulverization of clay the mineral. Therefore, WRC the powder is an aluminosilicate that is free from any hazardous contents and is able to pass stringent tests that allow it to be used in foods.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

How does clay compare to fly ash? Currently, over (22 million tons) of mineral fillers are used annually in a variety of engineering applications.

Typical highway engineering applications include: Portland cement concrete (PCC), soil and road base stabilization, flowable fills, grouts, structural fill and asphalt filler. What makes WRC useful? Its species is most commonly used as a pozzolan in PCC applications. Pozzolans are defined as siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials, which in a finely divided form and in the presence of water, react with calcium hydroxide (lime) at ordinary temperatures to produce cementitious compounds.

The unique shape and particle size distribution of WRC also makes it a great mineral filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA) applications and it improves the fluidity of flowable fill and grout. It was marketed for a number of years as a pumping aide for OPC in Southern California. The consistency and abundance of mineral pozzolan in Central California foothills present unique opportunities for use in structural fills and other highway applications including the developing California High Speed Rail Project which is estimated to use 3 cubic yards of OPC concrete per lineal foot.

Environmental Benefits. Natural mineral powder utilization, especially in concrete, has significant environmental benefits including: (1) increasing the life of concrete roads and structures by improving concrete durability, (2) net reduction in energy use and greenhouse gas and other adverse air emissions when mineral powder is used to replace or extend manufactured OPC, (3) conservation of other natural resources and materials.

Characteristics as to Size and Shape. Mineral powders are typically finer than Portland cement and lime. California clay aluminosilicates consist of fine-sized particles which are generally flat or sheet-like, typically ranging in size between 10 and 100 micron. These small particles improve the fluidity and workability of fresh concrete. The PI believes fineness is one of the most important properties contributing to the pozzolanic reactivity of clay mineral powders. Chemistry Clay such as those from White River consist primarily of amorphous oxides of silicon, aluminum and iron. Magnesium, potassium, sodium, and titanium are also present to a trace degree.

When used as an Engineering Material for a mineral admixture in concrete, it would typically be classified as either Class C or Class F fly ash based on its chemical composition. The state of California shy away from calcium based admixtures due to concerns with Alkali Silica reactivity [ASR] American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) M 295 [American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specification C 618] defines the chemical composition of Class C and Class F fly ash. Class C ashes are generally derived from subbituminous coals and consist primarily of calcium alumino-sulfate glass, as well as quartz, tricalcium aluminate, and free lime (CaO).

Class C ash is also referred to as high calcium fly ash because it typically contains more than 20 percent CaO. Class F ashes are typically derived from bituminous and anthracite coals and consist primarily as do most West Coast clays of an alumino-silicate glass, with quartz, mullite, and magnetite also present. Class F, or low calcium fly ash has less than 10 percent CaO.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

Therefore under today’s standards California Clays are within a Class F, fly ash as relates to chemistry- but that is only half the story when it comes to high performance cement. Color: Clay can be white to light gray, depending on its chemical and mineral constituents. Beige and light colors are typically associated with high kaolinite content. A heavy beige color is typically associated with the iron content. Uniformity of a clay body’s characteristics will vary so it is imperative to classify to maintain a consistent product. Clay chemistry and characteristics are typically known in advance so concrete mixes are designed and tested for performance. Quality Assurance and Quality Control criteria vary for each use of the mineral powder within the various markets and specifications.

Some agencies or owners require certified samples from the silo on a specified basis for testing and approval before use. Others maintain lists of approved sources and accept project suppliers' certifications of quality. The degree of quality control requirements depends on the intended use, the particular deposit location by drill verification, and its variability. Testing requirements are typically established by the individual specifying agencies.

Highway Applications

Using Mineral additives in Portland Cement Concrete. Clay is used in concrete admixtures to enhance the performance of concrete. Portland cement contains about 65 percent lime. Some of this lime becomes free and available during the hydration process. When the right clay is present with free lime, it reacts chemically to form additional cementitious materials, improving many of the properties of the concrete. Benefits- The many benefits of incorporating clay pozzolan as an SCM similar to Class F- Fly Ash into PCC have been demonstrated through extensive research and countless highway and bridge construction projects.

Benefits to concrete vary depending on the type of specification, proportion used, other mix ingredients, mixing procedure, field conditions and placement. Some of the benefits of Clay in concrete: Higher ultimate strength ; Improved workability ; Reduced bleeding ; Reduced heat of hydration; Reduced permeability ; Increased resistance to sulfate attack; Increased resistance to alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) ; Reduced shrinkage; Increased Durability; and Lowered costs.

Samples of clay will be calcined at temperatures based on laboratory findings of their thermogravimetric performance. The characterization of the raw and calcined clays will be analyzed subject to budget limitations and availability using XRD, TGA, DTA, NMR, PSD, BET and SEM. The study of the pozzolanic activity in the cement pastes will be done by replacing 10% to 50% of cement by the clays at a water/binder ratio at a baseline of 0.4. Curing will follow in water at 30°C to simulate the California climate. CH depletion will be monitored using XRD and TGA up to 90 days. The degree of hydration of the clinker component will be assessed by BSE-image analysis. The identification of the hydrated phases in pastes will be at optimum using XRD, NMR and SEM. To measure the different reactivity’s of the clays from a mechanical properties perspective, standard mortar bars (w/b 0.5) are suggested and will be cured under the same conditions as the pastes for testing in compressive strength at 1, 7, 28 and 90 days.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

Another NSF Study by researcher Leslie J. Struble, University of Illinois, DMR 1008102 published the following finding:

“The research group has successfully identified geopolymer gel and calcium silicate hydrate using MAS-NMR in geopolymers prepared using metakaolin with added calcium oxide. This result represents an important advancement in the characterization of geopolymers. With this achievement, it is now possible to determine the composition and amount of each phase in a geopolymer. Only with this achievement will it be possible to relate geopolymer composition to engineering properties”.

Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites

One of the desirable end-goals of materials science research is the development of multi- functional materials. These materials are defined as compositions that bring more than one property enhancement to a particular application, thus allowing the material to replace more than one other material in an engineered object, or to replace an entire class of materials which alone, are only capable of addressing one end-use need.

The polymer nanocomposite field has been earnestly studied since the early 1990’s, spawning dozens if not hundreds of conferences, books, and journal articles. To some extent, it became a major field of study due to key papers from Gianellis and Vaia in the mid-90s and to the release of a commercial polyamide-6 clay nanocomposite by Ube/Toyota of Japan. From the broad discipline approach it can be said that polymer nanocomposite technology has been around for quite some time in the form of latex paints, carbon-black filled tires, and other polymer systems filled with nanoscale particles. However, the nanoscale interface nature of these materials was not truly understood and elucidated until late last century. Today, there are dedicated review papers and books that cover the entire field of polymer nanocomposite research, including applications, with a wide range of nanofillers such as layered silicates (clays), carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, colloidal oxides, double-layered hydroxides, quantum dots, nanocrystalline metals, and amorphous mineral resins. The majority of the research conducted to date has been with organically-treated, layered silicates, or organoclays, for purposes of this NSF Grant Proposal the focus is on untreated geopolymer nanocomposites made with alumina-silicate minerals.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS electrical load. In a polymer nanocomposite, since the reinforcing particle is at the nanometer scale, it is actually a minor component in terms of total weight or volume percent in the final material. If the nanoparticle is fully dispersed in the polymer matrix, the bulk polymer also becomes a minor, and in some cases, a non-existent part of the final material. With the nanofiller homogenously dispersed in the polymer matrix, the entire polymer becomes an interfacial polymer, and the properties of the material begin to change. Changes in properties of the interfacial polymer become magnified in the final material, and great improvements in properties are seen.

Therefore, a polymer nanocomposite is a composite where filler and bulk polymer are minor components, and the interfacial polymer is the component that dictates material properties. With this in mind, the design of the nanoparticle is critical to nanocomposite structure, and careful understanding of nanoparticle chemistry and structure are needed. The only exception would be where the clay also becomes the finish matrix or where the clay becomes integral to a new compound as in the case of MetaCrete ™as an alternative or compliment to ordinary Portland cement Concrete. Under this circumstance the composite would be referred to as an inorganic geopolymer. [PI]

Organoclay Chemistry and Structure Clays are a broad class of inorganic layered structures. They can occur naturally or be made via synthetic techniques. While many different clay structures have been used in the synthesis of organoclays and polymer-organoclay nanocomposites, the majority of the research has been accomplished with montmorillonite. Montmorillonite is a 2:1 aluminosilicate, meaning it is composed of an octahedral aluminum oxide layer sandwiched between two tetrahedral silicon oxide layers. In the octahedral layer, aluminum atoms are replaced with other cations (e.g., magnesium, iron), which creates some charge defects in the structure (Figure 1). This means that montmorillonite has cations associated with its structure to balance this charge in the octahedral layer, and these cations sit atop the silicate tetrahedral layer.

Without this organic treatment, the montmorillonite would never disperse into the polymer and remain as micron-sized particles, serving as traditional filler. The PI for this project believes that Akl Awwad stating in his book “Nano-structured kaolin clay and its Industrial Applications” provides sufficient evidence that kaolin clay and or non-expansive montmorillonite clay can disperse into organic polymers without the organic treatment referenced above or certainly with a less complicated and lower cost process. Such a process would rely on increased mechanical particle size reduction. Polymer clay nanocomposites show great promise for materials science applications, but the synthesis and successful development of these materials is not simple. Organoclays are not a “drop-in” solution; careful selection and consideration of the entire nanocomposite system must be undertaken before a successful polymer-clay nanocomposite (or any nanocomposite for that matter) can be prepared and utilized for a new materials science application.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

The most common use of polymer-clay nanocomposites has been in mechanical reinforcement of thermoplastics, especially polyamide-6 and polypropylene. The aforementioned polyamide-6 clay nanocomposite produced by Ube/Toyota was used to replace a metal component near the engine block that yielded some weight savings. The clay in this application improved the heat distortion temperature of the material, allowing it to be used in this higher temperature application. GM/Blackhawk has also announced polypropylene-clay nanocomposites for automotive applications, and the clay brought an increase in flexural/tensile modulus while maintaining impact performance. The use of polymer-clay nanocomposites for flame retardant applications is becoming more common, especially as it is realized that the clay nanocomposite can replace part of the flame retardant package while maintaining fire safety ratings at a lower flame retardant loading.

Before describing organoclay structure and chemistry, a rudimentary understanding of the polymer nanocomposite itself is required. A traditional composite containing micron or larger particles/fibers/reinforcement can best be thought of as containing two major components, the bulk polymer and the filler/reinforcement, and a third, very minor component, or interfacial polymer. If the nanoparticle is fully dispersed in the polymer matrix, the bulk polymer also becomes a minor, and in some cases, a non-existent part of the final material. With the nanofiller homogenously dispersed in the polymer matrix, the entire polymer becomes an interfacial polymer, and the properties of the material begin to change. Changes in properties of the interfacial polymer become magnified in the final material, and great improvements in properties are seen. Therefore, a polymer nanocomposite is a composite where filler and bulk polymer are minor components, and the interfacial polymer is the component that dictates material properties.

With NSF Phase 1 successfully completed key objectives would be satisfied allowing the following product launch during construction of a first phase micronizing module capable of ~10,000 tons per year with a capital cost of ~$1.5 million.

Widespread Commercial Transportation Market

Include Surfaces for Airports, Bridge Decks, Roadways and more, MetaCrete Systems ™ a family of advanced polymer cement slurry surfacing (PCSS) products that provide a durable barrier over asphalt and concrete pavements. By addressing specific pavement needs before the onset of serious damage, these Systems can extend service life and defer more expensive remedies. New products, which include: MetaCrete ™ Friction Surface, MetaCrete Crack fill, and MetaCrete Coating Preserve, have been formulated to engage common surfacing problems experienced by roadway, airport and bridge deck pavements, not to mention industrial, institutional and food processing surfaces. Per American Road and Transportation Builders Association, “Industry consensus finds that every dollar invested in pavement & surface preservation yields as much as 10 times that value in extended service life.” This concept rings true for maintenance and rehabilitation using new MetaCrete Geopolymer products. Pavement surfacing solutions like MetaCrete Systems ™ minimize traffic disruption, and optimize surface pavement performance at the lowest possible life-cycle cost. MetaCrete ™

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS applied as a micro surface provides a safe, green and quick installation and is also viscosity adjustable to ensure ease of penetration into cracks, voids and surface irregularities. The surfacing offers abrasion resistance to traffic, protecting the substrate from exposure to liquid intrusion due to its low air voids, it is effectively resistant to freeze/thaw cycles and resistant to de-icing salts and its geopolymer ceramic like properties resist exposure to heat and flame to thousands of degrees unlike any other product in this market today.

A single 1/8th inch (125mil) to 2 inch application is thermally compatible with asphalt and concrete, ensuring short and long-term bond strength with the substrate in the event of extreme thermal activity – unlike some epoxies or thermal plastics. MetaCrete ™ offers safety colors for surface application, which can be customized to match specific requirements or blend with an existing pavement. Because pigments can be integrated within the dry product prior to mixing at the job site, surface color treatments are more uniform across the job, wear better and last longer. Light colors make a big difference to surface temperatures and the surrounding air temperature. With this in mind, Natural MetaCrete ™ is an off-white color that can create ‘cool pavements’ when applied over asphalt that delivers significant environmental benefits.

The MetaCrete System ™ begins by offering a 1/8th inch (125mil) thick product that provides surface durability, adds minimal weight to the structure, looks similar to the existing concrete surface and provides a fast installation and return to use. Contracted services include site evaluation, conceptual engineering, design, value engineering and turnkey installation through Rezcast Industrial Services of Fresno, California.

Covalent bonded inorganic polymer coatings [CIP’s]

Covalent bonded inorganic polymer, also known as geopolymer powder coating and is to be commonly referred to as CIP coating, is a mineral-based powder coating that will be disruptive to current petroleum based products used in construction. CIP coatings are inorganic thermoset- polymer coatings. They come under the category of protective coatings in paints and coating nomenclature. The name Covalent bonded polymer is based upon resin cross-linking and the application method, which is different from a conventional paint. The resin and hardener components in the dry powder CIP stock remain unreacted at normal storage conditions. At typical coating application temperatures, usually in the range of 25 -100°C the contents of the powder begins to polymerize in the presence of water. The liquid film wets and flows onto the surface on which it is applied, and soon becomes a solid coating by chemical cross-linking, expedited and assisted by heat. This process is known as “fusion (covalent) bonding”. The chemical cross-linking reaction taking place in this case is irreversible. Once the curing takes place, the coating cannot be returned to its original form by any means. Application of further heating will not “melt” the coating and thus it is known as a “thermoset” coating. The world's leading petroleum based Fusion Bonded Epoxy [FBE] manufacturers are Valspar, SolEpoxy (former Henkel/Dexter), KCC Corporation, Jotun Powder Coatings, Sherwin-Williams, 3M, Axalta, Akzo Nobel, BASF, Rohm & Haas, and Dow- Corning.

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History of Market

Since their introduction as a protective coating in the early 1960s, FBE coating formulations have gone through vast improvements and developments. Today, various types of FBE coatings, which are tailor made to meet various requirements are available. FBEs are available as stand- alone coatings as well as a part in multi-layers. FBE coatings with different properties are available to suit coating application on the main body of pipe, internal surfaces and linear surfaces.

Essential components of a powder coating are Organic or Inorganic Based resin, Hardener or curing agent/s, fillers and extenders, and color pigments. The resin and hardener part together is known as the "Binder". As the name indicates, in Fusion bonded epoxy coatings the resin part is an "epoxy" type resin. “Epoxy” or “Oxirane” structure contains a three membered cyclic ring — one oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms - in the resin molecule. This part is the most reactive group in the epoxy resins. Most commonly used FBE resins are derivatives of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin.

The second most important part of FBE coatings is the curing agent or hardener. Curing agents react either with the epoxy ring or with the hydroxyl groups, along the epoxy molecular chain. Various types of curing agents, used in FBE manufacture, include dicyandiamide, aromatic amines, aliphatic diamines, etc. The selected curing agent determines the nature of the final FBE product — its cross linking density, chemical resistance, brittleness, flexibility etc.

In addition to these two major components, FBE coatings include fillers, pigments, extenders and various additives, to provide specific desired properties. These components control characteristics such as permeability, viscosity, hardness, color, thickness, abrasion resistance etc. All of these components are normally dry solids, even though small quantities of liquid additives may be used in some FBE formulations. If used, these liquid components are sprayed into the formulation mix during pre-blending in the manufacturing process.

The standard for FBE coating of pipelines is ISO 21809 Part 2. This NSF Grant is proposing to develop a trial standard similar to ISO 21809 for the company’s inorganic formulations as used in the organic petroleum based market (testing standards) that can be cross referenced for use on existing concrete structures so as to provide an inorganic polymeric cementitious veneer to enhance and prolong existing concrete surfaces. Note paragraphs above are written from an organic chemistry perspective because no standards currently exist for inorganic polymerization. Polymerization as a procedure doesn’t change only the terminology perspective would differentiate, inorganic being at least an order of magnitude less hazardous and more environmentally friendly.

CIP powder manufacturing process

Essential parts of a powder coating manufacturing plant are, weighting station, pre-blending station, an extruder and a classifier or grinding unit.

The components of the CIP formulation are weighed and pre-blended in high speed mixers. The mix is then transferred to a high-shear extruder. CIP extruders incorporate a single or dual screw

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS setup, rotating within a fixed clamshell barrel. A temperature range from 25 °C to 100 °C is used within the extruder barrel. This setup compresses the CIP blend. During this process, the ingredients of the ambient mix are dispersed thoroughly. Because of the fast operation of the extruder and relatively low temperature within the barrel, the powder and hardener components will not undergo a significant chemical reaction.

The plastic then passes between cold-rollers and becomes a solid sheet or shape. Note: After the extraction stage (mining) of the mineral precursor as chips, they are pulverized, using high speed grinders (classifiers) to a particle size of less than 150 micrometers (standard specifications requires 100% pass through in 250 micrometer sieves and maximum 3% retains in 150 micrometer sieve). To create the reactive mineral precursor a process similar to that used in the Portland cement industry called Energetically Modified Cement [EMC] is used to activate the mineral molecules; during this process the precursor product is packaged in closed containers, with particular care given to avoid moisture contamination. Normal storage of powder coatings are in temperature/humidity warehouses or portable frac tanks as found in the petroleum industry may be used.

Coating application process Regardless of the shape and type of surface to be coated, the CIP powder coating application has three essential stages first, the surface is thoroughly cleaned, then the cleaned surface may be damp dried, and finally the coating may be box screed applied or spray like using a gunite or shotcrete nozzle.

Surface preparation - blast cleaning is the most commonly used method for preparation of steel or concrete surfaces. This effectively removes rust, scale, loose concrete, etc., from the surface and produces an industrial grade cleaning and a rough surface finish. The roughness of the steel achieved after blasting is referred to as profile, which is measured in micrometers or mils. Profile increases the effective surface area of the steel. The cleanliness achieved is assessed to ISO 8501-1 grades: these originated from a set of photographic slides in a Swedish standard (SIS) showing exemplars of the common terminology of white-metal, near white-metal, etc. It is important to remove grease or oil contamination prior to blast cleaning. Solvent cleaning, burn-off, etc., are commonly used for this purpose. In the blast cleaning process, compressed air (90 to 110 psi) is used to force an abrasive onto the surface to be cleaned. Aluminum oxide, steel grit, steel shot, garnet, coal slag, etc., are the frequently used abrasives. In this method, abrasive is thrown to the surface, using a specially designed wheel, which is rotated at high speed, while the abrasive is fed from the center of the wheel. The company owns a ride on Blastrac capable of surface preparation on concrete at 2000 square feet per hour.

Heating of CIP Powder for Increased Reaction The CIP powder at the factory is placed on a “fluidization bed”. In a fluidization bed, the powder particles are suspended in a stream of air, in which the powder will “behave” like a fluid The fluidized powder is subjected to a flash exposure of plasma at a predetermined rate to thermodynamically change the properties of the mineral. The company believes they can run commercial quantity (4 tons per hour) of the mineral precursor through this process powered by

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS an array of PV Panels. This would be the first commercial scale demonstration of this renewable energy method in this industry.

Standard coating thickness range of stand-alone CIP without aggregate filler is between 250 to 500 mils, even though lower or higher thickness ranges might be specified, depending on service conditions. The slurry powder ‘flows’ into the profile and bonds with the substrate. The slurry powder will become a solid coating, when the ‘set- time’ is over, which usually occurs within few seconds after coating application. The resin part of the coating will undergo cross-linking, which is known as “curing” under the hot condition. Complete curing is achieved either by the residual heat on the substrate, or by the help of additional heating sources. Depending on the CIP coating system, full cure can be achieved in less than one day to a day or two. The PI proposes to partner with Bruce Roeder as an evaluator of our Laboratory findings for use in Civil Works Applications, such as Friction surface coatings for highway pavements.

Need for New Supplementary Cementitious Materials

In spite of its often negative image based on the California Legislature’s AB 32 the Greenhouse Gas Initiative, concrete is the building material best suited to meet the demand – it is flexible, gives good performance in use, the basic raw materials are widely available and it has a relatively low energy and environmental impact compared to alternatives. Nevertheless, cement, the central ingredient is often disproportionately expensive in developing regions due partly to the significant energy consumption associated with its manufacture.

The most promising option to lower costs (and environmental impact) is to blend conventional Portland cement with pozzolanic materials. Pozzolans occur in natural deposits or can be obtained as by products in the form of waste from the agricultural-industrial sectors. They have drawn the attention of cement manufacturers for their good performance as cement replacement materials. Fly ash and slag, derived from the coal fired power stations and steel industries respectively, are good examples of industrial by-products that are being extensively used to substitute cement.

However, it is important to realize that in the long term, these existing by-products cannot fulfil the growing demand for supplementary cementitious materials (SCM’s). Moreover, the availability of these by-products in California is scarce. Thus, there is growing concern to find new alternative SCM’s from local sources that are affordable and yet contribute to providing sustainable solutions. With these considerations in mind, there is growing interest in this project to focus on calcined clayey soils. First, because it is a widely accessible material, and second because it has already been shown that under exposure to specific temperature conditions, the materials could reveal excellent pozzolanic properties. This has emphasized the need for a scientific approach in order to understand the influence the type of clay has on the activation potential of these materials by thermal treatment.

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

A major part of this project the PI is dedicated to investigating:

• Study the decomposition mechanisms leading to clay activation. Although many works report on phase changes of clays with temperature, the decomposition sequence of these materials is still unknown and the structure of metastable phases is still unresolved.

• Identify parameters controlling the pozzolanic reactivity of a calcined clay. These parameters are chemical or physical and will depend on the raw material and the thermal treatment.

• Understand the effect of calcined clays on the microstructure of cementitious materials. Little work has been done to explain the mechanical properties of cement-calcined clays blends based on the interaction of these materials at the microstructural level.

• Predict the pozzolanic activity of any clay according to its mineralogy

• Provide local communities with simple techniques derived from these fundamental studies to evaluate the activation potential of any given clay.

• Identify new or already existing technologies where the activation process can be justified by a commercial green energy source.

It should be mentioned that other types of clay exist, based on oxides other than silica and alumina such as silica and magnesia or silica and iron oxide. Nevertheless, the ubiquitous alumino-silicates minerals represent 74% of the earth’s crust and that is why clays based on alumino-silicates structures as found in Tulare County’s Sears Clay Deposit will be considered exclusively in this Project. Different clay mineral groups are characterized by the stacking arrangements of sheets and the manner in which two, successive two or three-sheet layers are held together • The 1:1 layer group (Kaolinite, Halloysite) • The 2:1 layer group Pyrophyllite, Smectite (Montmorillonite), Vermiculite, Illite) • The 2:1:1 layer group (Chlorite) Note: that more than one type of clay mineral is usually found in most soils. Also, irregular or random interstratification of two or more layer types often occurs within a single particle.

Conclusion

Generally SCM (supplementary cementitious material) used for concrete construction in California are not originated in the State. Research of the supply and demand of SCMs demonstrates that; (i) the future supply of fly ash is uncertain; (ii) the supply of granulated blast furnace slag is limited to sources in Pacific Asia and is also uncertain; and (iii) the long-term alternative to the referenced industrial by-products are processed natural pozzolans that are widely available in California.

Natural pozzolans have many similarities with fly ash Class F, the most commonly used SCM in California and the United States. In contrast to fly ash, which is a by-product of coal combustion at power plants, EMC’s natural pozzolan-based SCM is a manufactured product having

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS controlled and consistent chemical and mineral compositions. EMC Technology is a low-energy process consisting of mechanical grinding and activation. The end-product has a high degree of amorphization, optimized particle-size distribution and improved surface morphology, all enhancing its concrete making properties.

Supply Limitation

None of the SCMs intended for use in concrete originate or are produced in California. Our analysis indicates that, upon complete recovery to the level of 2005, the annual demand for SCMs in California may reach; -3 million tons, if the average replacement rate of Portland Cement in concrete would be increased to 15% -4 million tons; if the average replacement rate of Portland Cement in concrete would be increased to 20% -10 million tons; if the average replacement rate of Portland Cement in concrete would be increased to 50%.

Coal Fly Ash

According to the “Corrected 2009 Coal Combustion Product Production & Use Survey by ACAA” [4], the total volume of fly ash produced in the U.S. was 63 million tons, volume of fly ash for concrete and grouts was 9.8 million tons and volume of fly ash used for production of blended cements and Portland cement clinker was 2.4 million tons. Other significant applications of fly ash included: -Structural fills and embankment: 4.6 million tons -Waste stabilization/solidification: 3.5 million tons-Mining application: 2.1 million tons. Total industrial usage of fly ash reached 24.7 million tons or 39% of the volume originated. Approximately 61% of fly ash was disposed of in landfills, most of which would not otherwise be usable in concrete. Coal fly ash is mostly originated in the Mid-West, North-East and South-East (from Texas eastwards)

California Building Code (DSA/OSHPD), Caltrans Stand Specification and some other governing specifications limit the use of fly ash to Class F only. Class C fly ash is not considered efficient in mitigating deleterious expansion caused by reaction of siliceous aggregate with alkali and sulfate problems due to its high calcium oxide (CaO) content. Considering the abundance of potentially reactive sources of aggregates in California, in our vision, Class F fly ash with low to moderate content of calcium oxide (CaO) will remain the only permitted fly ash.

Analysis performed by Keybridge Research and CTL Group for Coalition of Cement Manufacturers of California demonstrates that future supply of concrete quality fly ash is highly uncertain.

Some of the factors contributing to the uncertainty of fly ash Class F supply to California noted in the referenced research and further justification for this project are:

GEOPOLYMER CLAY MINERALS

-Recovery of the construction industry with a projected increase in consumption of cement in the U.S. of more than 117% between 2010 and 2030 leading to an increase in fly ash consumption in the areas of its origin;

-Environmental regulations that may, in general, limit use of fly ash

-Projected increase of the usage of subbituminous coal resulting in the decrease volume of outcome of fly ash Class F

-Decreasing use of coal in favor of natural gas;

-Cost driven by, among other, (i) long transportation distances, (ii) dwindling supply as power plants switch coal supply leading to Class C ash, (iii) potential environmental regulation where heavy metals are present that classifies fly ash as a “special waste” subject to regulation, (iv) possible processing of fly ash to remove substances making some fly ash unsuitable for concrete, and (v) increasing demand in markets where the fly ash originates.

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (“GGBFS”)

GGBFS is a by-product of steel refining processes. It belongs to the group of hydraulic CMT (as opposed to fly ash Class F which is pozzolanic in nature). The U.S. blast furnace mills are concentrated in the eastern United States. It is therefore more cost efficient to import slag to the Southwest United States from Asia. GGBFS supplied to Northern California and Oregon was mostly shipped from China and Japan.

In 2010 GGBFS was available only in Northern California. A total estimated amount of imported GGBFS was approximately 100,000 tons. The implementation of new Caltrans Standard Specifications will increase the demand for GGBFS.

The foreseen limitations to importing GGBFS to California are due to:

-Capacity of steel and iron mills in coastal areas of China, India, and Japan;

-Capacity of quenching facilities needed for producing granulated slag consisting of active glass phase;

-Increasing consumption of GGBFS by local Asian cement and concrete industries;

-Decreased production of GGBFS by steel and iron mills in China due to the current economic slowdown and increased environmental regulations.

-Limited availability of port terminals equipped for powder products in California; - Cost. Within the next decade supply of GGBFS to California may increase to approximately 400,000 tons, still not covering the potential increase in demand. [4] ACAA Corrected 2009 Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production & Use Survey.

1. M. Fr as, M. SÆnchez de Rojas Microstructural alterations in fly ash mortar: study on phenomena affecting particle and pore size Cement. Concrete. Res., 27 (1997), pp. 50-57

2. J.G. Cabrera, S.O. Nwaubani The microstructure and chloride ion diffusion characteristic of cements containing metakaolin and fly ash V.M. Malhotra (Ed.), 6th International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, vol. 1CANMET/ACI SP-178, Bangkok (1998), pp. 385-400

3. M.D.A. Thomasa, M.H. Shehataa, S.G. Shashiprakasha, D.S. Hopkinsb, K. Cailb Use of ternary cementitious systems containing silica fume and fly ash in concrete Cem. Concr. Res., 29 (1999), pp. 1207-1214

4. R.W.M. Chan, P.N.L. Ho, E.P.W. Chan, Concrete admixture for waterproofing construction,structural engineering branch, Architectural Services Department, Technical Report, Structural Materials Group, 1999, p. 41.

5. ACI Committee, 234. Guide for the use of silica fume in concrete. ACI 234R 2006; 2008.

6. J.L. Marriaga, L.G. L pez YØpez, Effect of silica fume addition on the chloride-related transport properties of high-performance concrete. Dyna, year 79, Medellin, February 2012, ISSN 0012-7353 No. 171:105-110.

7. M.F. Rojas, J. Cabrera

8. V.G. Papadakis Effect of fly ash on Portland cement systems, Part II. High-calcium fly ash Cem. Concr. Res., 30 (2000), pp. 1647-1654

9. S. Wild, J.M. Khatib, A. Jones Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in superplasticised metakaolin concrete Cem. Concr. Res., 26 (1996), pp. 1537- 1544

10. M. Fr as, M.I. SÆnchez de Rojas, M. Cabrera The effect that the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin has on the heat evolution in MK- cement Mortar Cem. Concr. Res., 30 (2000), pp. 209-216

11. R. Boynton Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone Interscience Pub, New York (1966)

12. J.J.D. Oca, J.F.M. Hernandez, L. Rodreguez, R.G. Lopez Effect of lime-zeolite binder on compression strength and durability properties of concrete Rev. Ing. Constr., 24 (2009), pp. 181-194 www.ing.puc.cl/ric . 13. S.A. Barbhuiya, J.K. Gbagbo, M.I. Russell, P.A.M. Basheer Properties of fly ash concrete modified with hydrated lime and silica fume Constr. Build. Materials., 23 (2009), pp. 3233-3239 . 14. P.K. Mehta, Role of pozzolanic and cementitious material in sustainable development of theconcrete industry, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Use of FlyAsh, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP-178, vol. 1, Bangkok, 1998.

15. N.G. Thompson, D.R. Lankard, Improved Concretes for Corrosion Resistance, Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation, Georgetown Pike, McLean VA, Report No. FHWARD-96-207;1997.

16. P. Mira, V.G. Papadakis, S. Tsimas Effect of lime putty addition on structural and durability properties of concrete Cem. Concr. Res., 32 (2002), pp. 683-689

17. P.J.P. Gleize, A. Miller, H.R. Roman Microstructural investigation of a silica fume, cement and lime mortar Cement Concr. Compos., 25 (2003), pp. 171-175

18. ASTM C 187-98, American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement, West Conshohocken, United States, p. 2.

19. A.M. Alshamsi, A.R. Sabouni, A.H. Bushlaibi Influence of set retarding superplasticizers and microsilica on setting time of pastes at various temperatures Cem. Concr. Res., 23 (1993), pp. 592-598 | 20. Qing, Z. Zenan, K. Deyu, C. Rongshen Influence of nano-SiO2 addition on properties of hardened cement paste as compared with silica fume Constr. Build. Mater., 21 (2007), pp. 539-545

21. G.A. Rao Investigations on the performance of silica fume-incorporated cement pastes and mortars

22. Cem. Concr. Res., 33 (2003), pp. 1765-1770

23. C. Peter, Hewlett Leas Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (fourth ed.)Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX28DP (2005)

24. J.M.R. Dotto, A.G. De Abreu, D.C.C. Dal Molin, I.L. Muller Influence of silica fume addition on concretes physical properties and on corrosion behavior of reinforcement bars Cement Concr. Compos., 26 (2004), pp. 31-39

25. Joseph Davidovits Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications pp.1-612 2011 www.geopolymer.org

26. Akl Awwad Nano-structured Kaolin Clay and its Industrial Applications (2011) pp.3-21

27. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 2141 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN CEMENT AND CONCRETE Volume 1 and 2 (2010) Volume 1,pgs. 11,15,19, 28, 36,46, 47-51,68-74, Volume 2, pgs. ix, 1-4, 18,19,34,39,52- 57.

28. Clay Resources and Ceramic Industry of California- Bulletin No. 99, 1928; pgs. 19,20,51, 231-232, 237, 282, 314, 316

29. Clay Mineralogy Second Edition Ralph E. Grim, McGraw-Hill, 1968 pgs. 121,122,189- 192, 315-316, 471, 549, 555, 563, 566, 567, 569, 570, 579 Table C.

30. Applied Clay Mineralogy Ralph E. Grim, McGraw-Hill, 1962 pgs. 133,335-336. 348-359

31. Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Volume 2, 2001 Editor V.M. Malhorta pg. 785

32. Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete, 2001 V.M. Malhortra, Editor; pgs. 97, 397,403,413,432,441.

33. Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, 1998 Volume 1, V.M. Malhotra, Editor; pgs. 385, 391-392, 575-603.

Paul F. Pugh, Jr. 33112 Globe Drive Springville, CA 93265 [email protected] 559-359-0240 EDUCATION B.A., CSU Hayward— Major: Speech, Debate & Forensics, Political Science, Pre-Law Minor: Business Administration, Marketing & Management University of Wisconsin — Improving Public Works Construction Inspection Skills Certificate (2011)

EXPERIENCE Public Works Inspector; City of Porterville, Porterville, CA —2007-2016 ವ Determine quality of materials and workmanship, and compliance with plans, specifications, estimates and all applicable codes and regulations. ವ Check elevations and grades and check sub-grade conditions and determines soil values for paving purposes. ವ Inspect mix, placement of and finished concrete and asphalt improvements ವ Inspects various underground sub-structures, pipelines, etc. ವ Prepares memos, progress reports, notices and logs as required. Maintains accurate and up-to-date inspection records. Reviews various engineering plans for compliance with codes, regulations and other standards. ವ Coordinates inspections and related activities with contractors, utility personnel, consultants and various City staff. ವ When assigned to City contracts, works closely with assigned Project Manager in coordination of scheduling, inspection of materials and workmanship to ensure adherence to project specifications. ವ Attends division and department meetings as required. ವ Receives and responds to public inquiries and complaints regarding inspections.Keeps abreast of current codes and regulations affecting City projects. ವ Keeps abreast of current codes and regulations affecting City projects. Project Manager, Bay Area Technical Center; Fremont, CA — 1999—2007 ವ Seek out, bid and secure contracts in Western United State with state, county and local organizations. ವ Ensure all codes and regulations are met affecting company projects. ವ Source and purchase equipment, labor and other necessary materials for projects. ವ Maintain connections through presence at State & County Bridge groups, County Engineers/Public Works Directors Meetings. ವ Provide presence for mobilization & Customer support in Utah and New Mexico. Mineral Consultant/Project Manager, Lebec Sand & Gravel 1996-2000 ವ Establish 105 acre sand and gravel mining operation ವ Successfully guide company through permitting, production and safety programs ವ Coordinate with State, County and Local agencies to Ensure EPA, safety and mining standards are met ವ Develop products for Ready-Mix applications and CalTrans highway road base construction. ವ Establish and maintain contract bids for individual and multi-year contracts.

SKILLS Microsoft Office, Excel, Powerpoint, iOS, Public Works, Construction, Project Management, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Client Acquisition, Market Forecasting, Sales, Market Research, Product Creation, CalTrans Codes & Regulations

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ವAmerican Shotcrete Association Specialty Areas (Admixtures, Foaming, Water Reducing, Cement/Pozzolanic Materials/Dry Metakaolin, Dry & Wet Mix, White, Colored Cement. ವStrategic Highway Safety Plan Stakeholder (SHSP) California ವMineral Producers of California — Board Member/President ವTransportation Research Board (TRB) — Alternate Industry Technical Committee ವAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI) — Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete (232) ವInternational Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) ವSociety For Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME) ವWire Association International (WAI)a ವNational Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) ವIndustry Delegate CalTrans ವPublished Presentation West Coast Bridge Engineers Conference (WCBE)

PAULA TWITTY BUSHMAN - 4020 SW 54th Avenue - Davie, Florida 33314 954-793-0427 - [email protected] US Marine Corps Veteran

SENIOR OPERATING & GENERAL MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE

Entrepreneur, Created solid strategic and tactical expertise in a state wide operation, fiscal management, sales and new product development. Expert at scaling operations, planning/executing mission critical o business mission, vision, and initiatives. Revenue gains in the triple digit distinguished this accomplishment, and achieved profitability objectives despite economic downturns, and fluctuating economies. Successful at formulating effective training, and go to market strategies, in addition negotiating multinational transactions for distributorship and private label. Outstanding record of achievement coupled with the ability to build and direct a business to profitability through leadership, creativity, effective management, motivation and development of staff to maximum potential. . MANAGEMENT / ADMINISTRATION EXPERTISE

Train and evaluate staff, providing appropriate feedback regarding performance and training requirements. Identify corporate objectives; organize needed resources, direct operational efforts to achieve desired results. Attend and participate in meetings, seminars and conferences. Enforce, track and ensure compliance with all organization policies and procedures. Gather and disseminate information for status reports for presentation to management staff. Paralegal expertise in Contracts, Negotiations, Pro-Se present in Civil Court Matters, International Business Law experience, Private Label and Distribution agreements

OPERATIONS / FINANCE EXPERTISE

Demonstrate effectiveness in problem evaluation coupled with the ability to generate and implement effective solutions. Troubleshoot operational functions to insure productivity and optimize quality. Solid experience in the development and administration of annual budgets, cost containment, purchasing and inventory control.

PUBLIC RELATIONS EXPERTISE

Conceive, develop and execute innovative, targeted media messages, story placement, radio promotion and coordination of special events. Generate and enact public relations, advertising promotional and special event programs and campaigns to increase public awareness. Develop and execute prepared and unprepared speeches for various community organizations and personal business for over 20 years. Prepare presentations and represent the organization during speaking engagements at local schools and colleges/overseas, to promote strong community relations and represent organization efforts. Institute strong networking capabilities to recruit and retain personnel. Coordinate daily with personnel to insure timely application processing. Board Room negotiations, in USA and abroad

Business CEO- Operations

Track every aspect of the production of service, RT and physician recruiting. Maintain an up-to-date account of all jobs, assignments, reassignments and dismissals. Run Waiver Program, verify candidates and recommend those qualifying for approval. Evaluate applicants for job placement. Administer the following programs to stimulate production: Competition Program, Awards Program, Coordinate all recruiting activities at the testing facility. Perform detailed analyses of lead generation, trending, short and long-term programs to inform RTS on more effective ways of job performance. Design and execute marketing research to establish job positioning, target markets and competition. Analyze competition and market trends and institute required changes. Generate and enact creative public relations, advertising, promotional, special events and presentations to increase public awareness and recruitment.

Top Operations South East and Florida in Respiratory Testing Top Support for Respiratory Therapists and Patients Who's Who Elections Numerous Times Took over the entire State of Florida Respiratory Evaluations to enable patients the availability of oxygen and supplies via their qualified medical companies. Designed and implemented an internet medical management software program to enable cross information of patient related HIPAA protected information, and referral system. Implemented Back Office programming cross referral system from Referral types of Physician, and Medical Companies Medical Billing, Coding, and other Collections via Electronic Billing System, Incorporated Training program for other Billers Public Speaking engagements in various fields, medical, and legal.

Advertising & Promotion

Altech has increased community awareness of Telemedicine in Cairo, Egypt and throughout the United States. The awareness has been projected through opportunities in public relations and public speaking events. I developed and implemented marketing programs to increase production and prepared presentations representing Altech Diagnostics during speaking engagements at Colleges, Military Installations abroad; to promote strong community relations. In addition have made speeches and presentations for various community organizations.

Designed and administered the Advertising and Promotion Plan, including but not limited to web design, and logo creations for all business types. Continued

WORK HISTORY

Paula Bushman DBA ALTECH DIAGNOSTICS, Davie , Fl. 1990 - Present Director/Owner

Twitty Natural Products Davie , Fl. 2011 - Present

A&A RESPIRATORY , Davie , Fl. Davie, Fl 1989 -1995 Director/Owner

SOUTH CENTRAL HOME OXYGEN INC.,/JANER CLINICAL LAB/LEGAL RESEARCH

(1989-1990) Ft. Lauderdale, Fl Director/Manager

UNITED STATES WARRANTY CORPORATION, Pompano, Fl. 1986-1987 Director/Claims Adjuster – Administrator of Claims for Vehicle Processing for several in town, and Northern Florida Car Dealerships

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Administrative Intelligence Specialist

EDUCATION

NCO Academy Management Theory · Total Quality Management> Management by Objective · Motivation, Counseling & Communication University of Maryland, Iwakuni, Japan Minor: English - 1983 Jacksonville Community College, Jacksonville, NC - Cobol Programming, General - 1983/84 Hammel College: Paralegal Degree 1989/90 Marine Corps: Administration Degree among other courses Contract Negotiations: Paralegal, Business Negotiations Pro-Se Representation Civil Litigation - 1994-2005 Broward College, Ft. Lauderdale - General Courses/International Business/Current Major: BAS/Supervision and Management 2009-2014 Minor: International Business AA SEMINARS / COURSES / WORKSHOPS Advertising & Promotion · Recruiting School · NCO Leadership School Supervisor Prep Course · Administration School COMPUTER EXPERIENCE SOFTWARE: Enable · Alice · Windows XP/Vista/Beta 2010 · Data Management · Cobol Programming - DOS - Excel, Billing , HTML,

Andrew J. Pugh 1685 Jackson Place Reno, NV 89512 Cell: (559) 789-7307 ~ Email: [email protected]

Educational Background:

University of Nevada, Reno | Reno, NV 2013- Present - BS in Geology (projected graduation May 2017) Fresno City College | Fresno, CA 2010-2012

Employment History:

Baja Basins REU | Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico 2015-Present Field Geologist - Field mapping of Quaternary terrace units - Sample collection for Chlorine 36 and Luminescence dating - Developed soil profiles on Alluvial/Fluvial terraces Lombardi Recreation and Wellness Center 2014- Present Lifeguard - Ensured safe swimming environment by communicating and implementing safety policies - Maintained clean working environment by cleaning mats, pool, deck, and bathrooms - Certified by American Red Cross in CPR/Lifeguard City of Porterville | Porterville, CA 2008-2014 Lifeguard - Taught swim classes to children ages 2-15 years Monday-Friday in groups 4-19 - Certified by American Red Cross in CPR/Lifeguard - Ensured safe swimming environment by communicating and implementing safety policies Manager (2013) - Create weekly employee schedules - Oversaw daily operations of cleaning, lessons, and city policies - Resolved conflicts between employees - Communicated daily and weekly goals from supervisors to staff Caballeros Distributors 2010-2013 Warehouse Staff - Maintained a clean workplace - Involved in day to day maintenance of equipment - Received and filled orders - Loaded and unloaded incoming/outgoing trucks Assistant Manager (2013) - Handled invoices from customers and prioritized orders based on size/importance - Communicated expectations and goals from management to employees - Solved bottlenecks and increased productivity output through filling of orders Camp Whitsett | Johnsondale, CA 2005-2007 Camp Staff - Conducted classes in local Native American cultures to a diverse group of 10-15 scouts - Worked closely with staff in General Store helping stock shelves daily - Maintained healthy environment by cleaning dishes after meal times

Clubs and Organizations

University of Nevada, Reno Men’s Rugby Wolf Pack Aquatic Club Fresno City College City Singers Porterville High School Choir, Porterville High School Marching Band Boy Scouts of America , Cub Scouts of America

SUMMARY YEAR 1 PROPOSAL BUDGET FOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months) Paul Pugh Proposed Granted PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO. Paul F Pugh A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates NSF Funded Funds Funds Person-months Requested By granted by NSF (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR proposer (if different) 1. Paul F Pugh - PI 12.00 0.00 0.00 72,000 2. Paula T Bushman - Research,Grant, Finances 12.00 0.00 0.00 30,000 3. Roger Pereda - Laboratory 12.00 0.00 0.00 60,000 4. Andrew Pugh - Undergraduate 12.00 0.00 0.00 12,000 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 7. ( 4 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6) 48.00 0.00 0.00 174,000 B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3. ( 0 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS 0 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 0 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) 0 6. ( 0 ) OTHER 0 TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 174,000 C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 0 TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 174,000 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.) 25 mixes a day x 56 days for cylinders(outsource would be 10500 $ 0 Electron Microscope 15,000 Particle Size Analyzer 10,000 Strength and mix design Proprietary 0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT 25,000 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. U.S. POSSESSIONS) 0 2. FOREIGN 0

F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTS 1. STIPENDS $ 0 2. TRAVEL 0 3. SUBSISTENCE 0 4. OTHER 0 ( 0 ) TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 5,000 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION 1,000 3. CONSULTANT SERVICES 10,000 4. COMPUTER SERVICES 0 5. SUBAWARDS 0 6. OTHER 10,000 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 26,000 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) 225,000 I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A)(SPECIFY RATE AND BASE) (Rate: , Base: ) TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 0 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 225,000 K. SMALL BUSINESS FEE (IF REQUESTED MAXIMUM = 7% OF J ) 0 L. TOTAL COST AND FEE (J + K) 225,000

fm1030sb-07 PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Paul F Pugh INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME* Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG Paul PUGH 1 *ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET SUMMARY Cumulative PROPOSAL BUDGET FOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION PROPOSAL NO. DURATION (months) Paul Pugh Proposed Granted PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR / PROJECT DIRECTOR AWARD NO. Paul F Pugh A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PI’s, Faculty and Other Senior Associates NSF Funded Funds Funds Person-months Requested By granted by NSF (List each separately with title, A.7. show number in brackets) CAL ACAD SUMR proposer (if different) 1. Paul F Pugh - PI 12.00 0.00 0.00 72,000 2. Paula T Bushman - Research,Grant, Finances 12.00 0.00 0.00 30,000 3. Roger Pereda - Laboratory 12.00 0.00 0.00 60,000 4. Andrew Pugh - Undergraduate 12.00 0.00 0.00 12,000 5. 6. ( ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSTIFICATION PAGE) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 7. ( 4 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1 - 6) 48.00 0.00 0.00 174,000 B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 3. ( 0 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS 0 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS 0 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) 0 6. ( 0 ) OTHER 0 TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) 174,000 C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) 0 TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) 174,000 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.) $ 25,000

TOTAL EQUIPMENT 25,000 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. U.S. POSSESSIONS) 0 2. FOREIGN 0

TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) 0 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) 225,000 K. SMALL BUSINESS FEE (IF REQUESTED MAXIMUM = 7% OF J ) 0 L. TOTAL COST AND FEE (J + K) 225,000

fm1030sb-07 PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Paul F Pugh INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME* Date Checked Date Of Rate Sheet Initials - ORG Paul PUGH C*ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REQUIRED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET BUDGET JUSTIFICATION OF 225,000.00

Personnel Justification

Paul F. Pugh, PI – 62,000 ( 12 month full time )

As the PI, Mr. Pugh will be providing the day to day oversight of the qualification testing for both the polymer precursor (kaolin clay powder), as well as monitoring the kiln for the thermographic analysis. Once the thermo samples are bagged and tagged he will witness the findings under microscope that determine the percentage of reactivity or degree of amorphous silica content. He will also work on the fluid energy mill in outfitting the downstream venturi chamber for a plasma torch that would be PV solar supplied.

Paula Twitty Bushman – 30,000.00 (12 months) including point of contact resource for Caltrans Lab and Transportation Research Board and Technical Report Writing.

Bushman has owned and operated as an entrepreneur for over 25 years, her company Altech Diagnostics specializing in Sales and Service to the medical community, in addition she has provided consulting in the legal, medical, technical, research and financial fields. She will be providing work essential to this project in data management, consulting, research and future marketing. She will also be maintaining our financial records as we move forward with Phase 1 and compile the necessary records required to meet guidelines for the NSF grant.

Andrew Pugh – 12,000.00 (20 hours per week 52 weeks)

Pugh will be providing his expertise in the geological field and is currently scheduled for graduation from the University of Reno, Nevada with a Bachelor Degree as a Geologist. He will be interning with us as a paid position to provide all necessary mapping of all mineral mine sites to be evaluated and drilled moving through Phase 1 of this project and beyond. He has rental access on campus @UNR for some of the microscopic analysis equipment we need. We would transport the samples to the lab there Pugh would maintain custody and keep track of the paperwork and the reporting. Using this method in cooperation with the campus allows us to maintain budget on items 2 and 3 of the Equipment justification.

Bruce Roeder – 5,000.00 (Consultant fee) 80 hours minimum includes written report

Roeder served Poly Carb as a graduate engineer in Chemistry from Akron, Ohio University. Roeder took over and managed the systems Pugh pioneered with California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and four other western departments of transportation (DOT) beginning in about 2004. Roeder has expressed interest in and is intrigued by the concept of an inorganic geopolymer. He has looked at Pugh’s thesis and claims of inorganic polymerization and believes that like oil is to an epoxy a sol gel of silica (derived from clay) can be the activator with water for a soft rock used to synthesize into a stone composite. Roeder presently is managing a Pavement High Friction Surfacing Division of a major Southeastern Asphalt Manufacturing and Construction Company. He has managed the installation of over one million square feet in just the first year of operation and has reached a $3 million a year sales level. When Roeder was with Dow/PolyCarb he was responsible for 20 million square feet of installation andan annual revenue of over $12 million. Roeder continues to be deeply involved in the field application of these plural component organic resin thermosetting systems over asphalt and concrete. Roeder has designed and overseen the construction of over a dozen field mixing and dispensing machines costing $500,000 each. Mr. Roeder will provide overview for the Transportation Research Board [TRB] and American Association of Highway Traffic Safety Officials, [AASHTO].

Roger Pereda – 60,000.00 (2080 hours full time) At least 500 mixes and 500 Tests Outsourcing this vital function was quoted at $140,000 minimum by a local certified lab, when they could not guarantee on call availability is when the PI decided to commit in-house forces to the budget. There can no lapse in the mix and test times. Pereda has a decade of experience with a fully Caltrans licensed independent soils, concrete and construction QA/QC civil engineering testing lab. He holds certificates and training allowing him to be accredited to take tests and report findings for concrete and asphalt mix designs. He has recently established his own firm Sequoia Valley Testing and hopes to have this NSF project as one of his first major clients. Without Pereda’s cooperation this project and its standards testing would not have been possible, as other proposals to the PI placed the services needed at a minimum of $140,000. Mr. Perada’s firm is in the process of being qualified as minority disadvantaged business enterprise.

Equipment Justification – 25,000.00

25 mixes a day x 56 days for cylinders(o 1. 0 Provided Elec tr on Mic r os c ope 2. Rental 15000 Particle Size Analyzer 3. Rental 10000 Strength and mix design Proprietary 4. Provided

Other Direct Costs Justification – 26,000.00

Description Funds Requested By Proposer 1. Materials and Supplies expendables/bagging&tagging 5000 2. Publication Costs/Documentation/distrib 1000 3. Consultant Services – Bruce R. 5k/Analysis and Processing 15k 20000 4. Computer (ADPE) Services Concrete analytical software rental 5000 5. Subcontracts 0

6. Other Caltrans/UC Berkeley Translab ;Contingency, 5000 Thermographic Control Lab Umpire Reports.

Current and Pending Support (See GPG Section II.C.2.h for guidance on information to include on this form.) The following information should be provided for each investigator and other senior personnel. Failure to provide this information may delay consideration of this proposal. Other agencies (including NSF) to which this proposal has been/will be submitted. Investigator: Paul Pugh Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title: Low Embodied Carbon Geopolymer Cement From Indeginous Clay Mineral

Source of Support: Retirement Funds of Paul F. Pugh, Jr. Total Award Amount: $225,000 Total Award Period Covered: 08/01/16 - 08/01/17 Location of Project: Terra Bella, California 93270 Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal:12.00 Acad: 0.00 Sumr: 0.00

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title:

Source of Support: Total Award Amount: $ Total Award Period Covered: Location of Project: Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: Acad: Sumr:

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title:

Source of Support: Total Award Amount: $ Total Award Period Covered: Location of Project: Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: Acad: Sumr:

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title:

Source of Support: Total Award Amount: $ Total Award Period Covered: Location of Project: Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: Acad: Sumr:

Support: Current Pending Submission Planned in Near Future *Transfer of Support Project/Proposal Title:

Source of Support: Total Award Amount: $ Total Award Period Covered: Location of Project: Person-Months Per Year Committed to the Project. Cal: Acad: Summ:

*If this project has previously been funded by another agency, please list and furnish information for immediately preceding funding period. Page G-1 USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS AS NECESSARY FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT

• Facility 2240 Square Feet Metal Sided on Concrete Slab • 1600 Square Foot 2 Story Bay with • 880 Square foot mezzanine office space and a • Ground floor dedicated partitioned 560 square foot lab. • 3 phase 250 amp electrical • 3 high voltage 138 KV AC plasma generators • 1 60 KV DC Potential Vacuum Tube Transformer • 1 Vacuum Pump • 2000 Amp Power Transformer • Ploog Compactor – Model H 4169 • Air Meter Model H 2786c • AC Mixer Model MA 66 Beam Flexural Apparatus Model MCA 34 • Sieve Clean and Weigh Model TSA 167 • Concrete Compression Machine Model FHS 250 • Sulfur Melting Pot Model HM 200F • WS Tyler Ro Tap Sieve Shaker Model SS29 • 8 Inch Sieves ranging from ¾ to #200 • 3 – 4 inch Proctor Molds with 189 inch Ram Hammer • Concrete Mixer Model MA 66 • Concrete Mixer 3 cubic yard • Concrete Vibrator ¾ inch head • Soil Extractor Model HM 516 • 3- Slump Cones Model HM401 • Concrete Curing Box • Turbo Blast brand 50 Horsepower Shotblaster

All equipment have been calibrated and dialed in to meet ASTM Standards.

Data Management Plan

Data Entry by American Concrete Institute (ACI) and Caltrans certificated technician; Roger Pereda, under direction of PI for confirmation of mix designs numbering around 500 pieces. During Phase I, concluding within a 12 month timeframe Mixture Design of Experiment (DOE) is proposed for both mechanical and chemical analysis. This allows, among other things, a better understanding of mixture component interactions, and the ability for optimization. Mechanical analyses begin with compressive strength. Proposed for study are Young’s Moduli, Marshall Stability and hydraulic properties, as well as chemical analyses to include quantitative crystalline phases by x-ray diffraction (XRD); unreacted particles by backscatter scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and overall structure by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Test cylinders will be cast using ASTM Portland Cement protocol to understand the impact of mix ratio. While the focus of development in phase one of this project is the cement itself, it is valuable to conduct tests for the larger-scale applications of the cement used in concrete. To this end, flexural tests will be conducted and to compare performance to typical OPC-based concrete construction materials. Formula will be developed and demonstrated that meet or exceed all known ASTM standards for OPC and its approved supplemental additives or justify why it is not needed taking into account other engineering parameters. Such determinations will be reviewed by a California Licensed Civil Professional Engineer.

To keep track of and manage the data that we will be generating from the concrete lab, we have chosen the latest version of Geosystem Software from Denver, Colorado. This is one of several that came recommended by another Caltrans certified lab. We will have entry that covers the following methods and results on a daily basis: ASTM C31, C39, C42, C78, C109, C140, C293, C496, C780, C942, C1019, C1116, C1107 and C1314 AASHTO T22, T23, T24, T97, T106, and T177.

The GEOSYSTEM Quality Control - Concrete (QC-Concrete) program maintains strength and property testing data on cement products, including concrete cylinders and beams, and mortar and grout cubes. It delivers client submittal and in-house tracking reports and allows printing lists of all specimens to be broken on a given day. According to the vendor; Reports comply with all applicable ASTM and AASHTO reporting requirements. The testing and research will provide other products that are called out in the Project Description of 15 pages, which include no less than green technology for grout, paints, resins, wall boards, fencing and other products that could provide a forever long lasting weather resistance to the elements of natural destruction (wind, fire, water), also noted by Rezcast a company that produces slip resistant flooring. Imagine the future where lives are saved due to this type of green technology whereby fire does not spread, and roads do not disintegrate.

REPORTING RESULTS

Exceeds ASTM C39 reporting requirements for cast cylinders, C42 for cored and sawed specimens, C78 and C293 for beams, C109 for mortar cubes, C1019 for grout prisms, C942 for grout cubes, C496 for tensile strength, C780 for mortar cylinders, C1314 for masonry block prisms, C140 for masonry block, D4832 for soil cement and C1116 for shotcrete Report formats are specialized for each test type On-screen previews of reports Can print copies of reports for each name on the distribution list, with addresses for use with window envelopes The software can be configured to print mailing labels US input, Metric output option MIX PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

QC-Statistics gives you a Mix Performance analysis which includes:

The minimum required average strength per ACI 301-10 section 4.2.3.3.a Laboratory testing proficiency per ACI 214R

STATISTICS TABLE

QC-Statistics gives you a table of statistics which can include:

Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Moving average test result - applicable to ACI 318 section 5.6.3.3 Moving average standard deviation - provides insight into batching and mixing variations Moving average coefficient of variation - also provides insight into batching and mixing variations Range of test and moving average range of test - applicable to ACI 214 section 5.5.3 Within-test coefficient of variation - applicable to ACI 214 section 3.4, concrete control ratings Non-statistical items reported can include specimen strengths, test result, slump, air, and temperature 2 age groups can be optionally analyzed at the same time - typically 7 and 28 day

CHARTS

QC-Statistics reports can include the following charts:

Individual and moving average of strength Moving average of standard deviation Moving average of range of test Strength distribution and distribution curve

By using this comprehensive software anyone should be able to understand and publish the relationships between mix design, chemical properties, and physical performance resulting from the inorganic synthetic cement mixes and the concrete composites we mix and test under Phase 1 of this project. ARKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY David Lincoln - ASUMH Adjunct Instructor Earth Sciences ([email protected])

As a petroleum geologist and Instructor in Geology and Earth Sciences at Arkansas State University, I am familiar with geopolymers and their potential applications. These inorganic non- crystalline amorphous materials, like obsidian and meta kaolin, used to be called soil silicate concrete and soil cements and are now referred to simply as Metacrete. These 3-D alumino-silicates are formed from interlocking tetrahedrons similar to hydrocarbons whose microstructure (revealed by TEM) consists of highly porous clusters in the 5 to 10 micron rannge. At these nanoscales Polymerization was discovered to occur at an extremely rapid pace above room temperature, roughly 100 milliseconds giving this the term "man-made rock." These geopolymer resins and binders can be used for thermal insulation, fire resistance, composites for infrastructure repairs and strengthening as well as toxic waste containment and radioactive waste encapsulation. Geopolymer concretes and cements have commercial applications for Low-carbon dioxide (40% to 80% reduction) metacretes and cement, low-tech building materials such as clay bricks and decorative stones. Geopolymer resins have been used to impregnate fire resistant fiber and fabric composite which produce no toxic fumes or smoke when burned. Geopolymers are increasingly being researched for specialty applications such as wind and earthquake resistance as well as sustainable affordable housing. Now, is the time to investigate how sustainable, low-cost geopolymers can repair and replace our infrastructure of bridges, dams, dikes, roads, railroad ties and pipes while at the same time reducing industries carbon footprint. Waterproof and chemically resistant construction materials could prove to be the cheapest way to restore and rehabilitate tens of thousands of toxic waste sites and military bases in this country and throughout the world. The military and the Army Corps of engineers may learn new ways to build stuctures to protect our soldiers and provide affordable, safe housing for our veterans and their families on bases now considered contaminated wasteland. Development of this practically indestructible, light-weight, materials may even have applications for habitat structures on Mars or other planets with moons and underground water. As a geoscientist with over 30 years of experience, I urge you to help fund this geopolymer research effort with all of your available funds and resources. We owe it to our children and future generations to leave them a sustainable, working infrastructure, low-cost, permanent housing, with a better climate picture than we can offer them today.

Thank you,

David Lincoln - ASUMH Adjunct Instructor

Earth Sciences ([email protected])

Sequoia Valley Resources Corporation

Operations Headquarters 23538 Avenue 80, Suite 100 Terra Bella, CA 93270 Tel: 559-535-4313

www.sequoiavalleyresources.com MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Section 1. Chemical Product and Company Identifications

Common name: Kaolin Light Powder Trade name: Terra Alba, PNC ™, (Pozzolanized Nano Catalyst) Product Code: NMFM(natural mineral facial mask), KANANO2011 Chemical Formula: Al2 Si2 O5(OH)4 CAS: 1332-58-7 Material uses: Inert ingredient for blending or as filler for certain foods, candies, paints, etc. Synonyms: China clay, white clay, Anhydrous Kaolin Clay, Alumina Silicate, White Amorphous Earthy Substance, Terra Alba

Supplier/Manufacturer

Sequoia Valley Resources Corporation DBA Terra Bella Minerals

23538 Avenue 80, Suite 100 Terra Bella, CA 93270 Tel: 559-535-4313

In Case of Emergency

Phone (512) 837-6020 Chemtrec 800-424-9300 24 Hour Emergency Assistance

Section 2. Hazards identifications

Physical state: Solid Powder Form Warning: Slightly hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation, nonirritant to skin Route of entry: Absorbed through respiratory tract Potential acute effects Eyes: Slightly hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant) Skin: Non-irritant for skin Inhalation: Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation

Ingestion: Not available Potential chronic effects: The substance is toxic to lungs, upper respiratory tract. Carcerogenic effects: Is not listed as a Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC, nor the National toxicology program or OSHA . The American Conference of Govt. Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, lists Kaolin as Not classifiable as a human carcinogen: Inadequate data On which to classify the agent, in terms of it carcinogenetic, in humans/or animals. This product Contains less than 0.1% crystalline silica (quartz) Mutagenic effects: Not available Teratogenic effects: Not available Medical conditions aggravated by over exposure: Not available.

Section 3. Composition and information on ingredients

Name Cas Concentration % Dim/Exposure Limit

Kaolin (China Clay) CAS# 1332-58-7 100% W/W None established

Section 4. First aid measures

Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention if irritation occurs. Skin Contact: Wash exposed area with soap and water. If irritation persists, seek medical attention Inhalation: Fresh air immediately to exposed. If no breathing proceed to artificial respiraton. If breathing is labored, then give oxygen and get medical attention immediately. Ingestion: DO NOT induce vomiting unless directed by medial staff. Give several glasses of milk or water. Vomiting may occur spontaneously, but it is not necessary to induce. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Clothing must be loosened, aqt the waist, and neck.

Section5. Fire Fighting Measures

Fire Extinguisher Type: Any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire Fire/Explosion

Hazards: None Known.

Fire Fighting Procedure: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and clothing.

Section 6. Accidental Release Measures

Wear Protective equipment. Sweep up, place in a bag and hold for waste disposal.

Section 7. Handling and Storage

This Material is not considered hazardous. Store in a cool, dry place. Handle using safe laboratory practices.

Section 8. Exposure Controls, Personal Protections

Respiratory Protection: dust respirator Mechanical: Hand Protection: Gloves to prevent exposure Ventilation: Local Exhaust: Eye Protection: Safety Glasses w/ Side Shields Other Protective Equipment: Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin exposure

Section 9. Physical and chemical Properties

Melting Point: Information not available Specific Gravity: 2.6 Boiling Point: Information not available Percent Volatile by Volume: 0 Vapor Pressure: Not applicable Evaporation Rate: Not applicable Vapor Density: Not applicable Evaporation Standard: Not Applicable Solubility in Water: insoluble Auto ignition Temperature: Not applicable Appearance and Odor: white to yellowish powder Lower Flamm. Limit in Air: Not applicable Flash Point: noncombustible Upper Flamm. Limit in Air: Not applicable

Section 10. Stability and reactivity

Stability: Conditions to Avoid: None known Materials to Avoid: None known Hazardous Decomposition Products: Not known to occur Hazardous Polymerization: Will Not Occur Condition to Avoid: None known

Section 11. Toxicological Information

Toxicological data

Is not listed as a Carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC, nor the National toxicology program or OSHA . The American Conference of Govt. Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, lists Kaolin as Not classifiable as a human carcinogen: Inadequate data On which to classify the agent, in terms of it carcinogenetic, in humans/or animals. This product Contains less than 0.1% crystalline silica (quartz)

Information on ingredients: Name Cas Concentration % Dim/Exposure Limit

Kaolin (China Clay) CAS# 1332-58-7 100% W/W None established

Route of entry: Absorbed through respiratory tract Potential acute effects Eyes: Slightly hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant) Skin: Non-irritant for skin Inhalation: Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation Ingestion: Not available Potential chronic effects: The substance is toxic to lungs, upper respiratory tract. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Carcerogenic effects: Not available Mutagenic effects: Not available Teratogenic effects: Not available Medical conditions aggravated by over exposure: Not available

Section 12. Ecological Information

Ecological data: Not Known Effects on environment: Not known Various harmful effects: Not known Environmental precautions: Not known Breakdown products: Not known Toxicity of the biological breakdown product: Non Toxic

Section 13. Disposal considerations

Waste disposal: This Material is not considered hazardous. Store in a cool, dry place. Handle using safe laboratory practices. If this is a big spill, then containment procedure should occur within OSHA standards and guidelines. Considering this is not hazardous, disposal in small spills can occur using large garbage bags and disposed.

Section 14. Transportation Information

Classification DOT label: Not regulated DOT regulations may change from time to time. Please consult the most recent version of the relevant regulations.

Section 15. Regulatory Information

UNITED STATES NFPA CLASSIFICATION Legend: 4, Severe: 3, High:2, Moderate: 1, Not Hazardous: 0

U.S. FEDERAL REGULATIONS:

OSHA: This document has been prepared in accordance with the MSDS requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

SARA Section 311/312: This product contains no substances subject to the reporting require3ments of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372.

TSCA: This product or its components are listed in or exempt from the TSCA inventory requirements. This product contains no substances subject to export notification under Section 12(b) of TSCA.

State Regulations: Several States specifically list kaolin and regulate dust exposure. For the most current regulatory information please contact the appropriate agencies in the state where the product is to be handled.

Kaolin clay can be found in the following registries: DSL(Canada), ENCS (Japan), ECL (Korea), AICS (Australia). SWISS(Swiss). Kaolinite (CAS#1318-74-7) can be found in the following registries: NDSL(Canada), EINECS (Europe), ECL(Korea).

R phrases: R36/37, R66 S phrases: S24/25, S37/39, S38

The German Ministry of the Environment considers this product not dangerous

CANADA: Not controlled under WHMIS/Not controlled under GHS

Section 16. Additional Information

Terra Alba/Kaolin is a man-made product refined to a TOP PARTICLE SIZE(MICRONS) 5, with the following chemical formula – Al2 Si2 O5(OH)4 Hazard Communication or “Right to know” information – Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS III) Ratings:

HMIS: Health Hazard – 0 Fire Hazard – 0 Reactivity – 0 Personal Protection – E

Review and abide by suggested exposure limits. Monitor work area for potential over-exposure. Use NIOSH approved dust mask for dusty conditions.

This document has been prepared in accordance with the MSDS requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

WARNING!! This material in large amounts can cause a dust cloud, DO NOT breathe. Effects of over exposure: irritation of the eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract. Acute: avoid long exposure to the skin. Irritation of the eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract may be more severe. Chronic: none are listed by the manufacturer. Target organs: eyes, skin and upper respiratory tract. Conditions aggravated/target organs. Persons with pre-existing eye, skin or respiratory conditions may be more susceptible.

To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. Suitability of any materials herein described is the liability to the compliance departments of each entity and user. Materials as described above could present with some unknown hazards and all rules in handling should be applied and followed according to the country using material, and or the rules that apply for each government governing counsel. SVRC assumes liability in production and on site, but does not assume liability once material is exchanged to purchasing entity and its own handling procedures.

Investigating 21st Century Cement Production in Interior Alaska Using Alaskan Resources

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,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 3 of 114 WƌŽũĞĐƚĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ dŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĂŶĚĨŽƐƚĞƌůŽĐĂůŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƵƐŝŶŐůŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘dŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ ͞ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͟Žƌ͞ĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚĂůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐ͘͟dŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌǇĂŶĚŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚůǇĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůǇŶĞǁĐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚĂƌĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůǇ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůůǇƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶ ĂůůƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌ͕ϭĨŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨ͕ϮĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽŽĨ͘ϯ͕ϭϵ dŚĞǇďŽŶĚƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇƚŽŵŽƐƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ϰĚŽŶŽƚĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂďůǇĞǆƉĂŶĚŽƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ͕ϱĂƌĞĨŽĂŵĂďůĞ͕ϲ ĂŶĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽƐĂůƚƐ͕ĂĐŝĚƐĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐ͕ϳ͕ϴ͕ϭϴdŚĞǇĂůƐŽƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůĞƐƐĞŶĞƌŐǇƚŽŵĂŬĞϵ͕ϭϬ ĂŶĚĂƌĞ ŵŽƌĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇďĞŶŝŐŶ͘ϭϭ ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝůůĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƚŽďĞ͕ĂǀŝƚĂůĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƵƉŽŶǁŚŝĐŚŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐĂƌĞďĂƐĞĚ͘ďŽƵƚƚŚƌĞĞƚŽŶƐƉĞƌŚƵŵĂŶŽŶĞĂƌƚŚĂƌĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞƌǇǇĞĂƌĂŶĚ ŐůŽďĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘ϭϱ͕ϭϲŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝƐŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵůŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŐƌĂǀĞů ďŽƵŶĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌďǇĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌǇƚŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚůǇ ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵůŝŵĞƐƚŽŶĞ͘dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĞǀĞƌǇƚŽŶŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐ ĂďŽƵƚĂƚŽŶŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞϭϭĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐǇĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚŽĨϰϱϬ ůďƐŽĨĐŽĂů͘ϵ͕ϭϬ͕ϭϳ͕ϮϬůůŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ KƵƚƐŝĚĞ͕ŵŽƐƚůǇĨƌŽŵ<ŽƌĞĂ͘/ŵƉŽƌƚĞĚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐŽƐƚůǇĂŶĚŚĂƐďĞĂƌŝŶŐŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƉƌĞƐĐŝĞŶƚŝŶƌĞŵŽƚĞĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚůĂƌŐĞ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ &ƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐEŽƌƚŚ^ƚĂƌŽƌŽƵŐŚ͕ƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐďƵŝůƚƵƉŽŶ,Z͛ƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂů ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŵŽĚĞƌŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚƚŚƌĞĞǇĞĂƌƐ͘dŚŝƐ ĞĂƌůǇƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵ ǁĞůůͲƐƵŝƚĞĚĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŚŝŐŚͲƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĐŽƵůĚƌĞƐŽůǀĞŵĂŶǇĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐŚŽƵƐŝŶŐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŝŶĐŽůĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘,ZŚĂƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐŚŽǁŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƌĞĂĚŝůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƐŚĨƌŽŵĐŽĂůͲĨŝƌĞĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐůĂǇĂŶĚŐůĂĐŝĂůƐŝůƚ͘,Z͛ƐďĂƐĞŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůƚĞƐƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĨŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͘ĞŶƚƌĂůƚŽ,Z͛ƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶŝƐƚŽ ǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐƚŽŚĞůƉĚĞǀĞůŽƉƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌĞǆƉĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝǀĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇŽĨůĂƐŬĂ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ;h&Ϳ͕ŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĨŝƚ͕ĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĨŝƚ͕ĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůů ďĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇƚŽĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇƚŽďƌŝŶŐůŽĐĂůůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŽĂǁŝůůŝŶŐŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 4 of 114 ĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐ

ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ dǁŽWŽǁĞƌWŽŝŶƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐǁĞƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƵƐĞĚƚŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͘dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ͕͞WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐŝŶ/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌůĂƐŬĂ͟;ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆͿ͕ŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞ͘dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ͕͞ůĂƐŬĂŶ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŽƐƚƐ͟;ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆͿ͕ŝƐŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůǇŝŶƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞŶĞƐƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚ ĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƉƌŽƚŽƚǇƉĞŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͗ dŚƌŽƵŐŚĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĨůǇ ĂƐŚĨƌŽŵ's͛Ɛ,ĞĂůǇϭƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚŝŶ,ĞĂůǇĂŶĚƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇ͛ƐŚĞŶĂƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚŝŶ &ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŵŝǆĞƐĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆ ŐŽůĚŵŝŶĞ͘dŚĞƐĞŵŝǆĞƐƵƐĞƐŽĚŝƵŵŽƌƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞĂŶĚƐŽĚŝƵŵƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĂƐƚŚĞ ĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌĂŶĚƐŵĂůůĂŵŽƵŶƚƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌĂĚĚŝƚŝǀĞƐĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇƵƐĞĚŝŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƐƵƉĞƌƉůĂƐƚŝĐŝǌĞƌƐĂŶĚƐĞƚƌĞƚĂƌĚĞƌƐ͘

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,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 6 of 114 ŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ƐĂĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚŝƐ&E^ͲĨƵŶĚĞĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇŝƐ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĐůŽƐĞůǇǁŝƚŚ,ZƚŽĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƚŚŝƐŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŐŽĂůŽĨŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐƚŚŝƐƐƉƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƵŵŵĞƌ͘,ZŝƐŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽĂŶĚ ĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞĚďǇƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚŵŽƐƚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇKƵŬŝtƌŝŐŚƚ͛ƐĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐƚŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĂŶĚĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͘

ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚh&^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ:ŝŵŽůůŝŶƐ͕h&^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨ ŶƚƌĞƉƌĞŶĞƵƌƐŚŝƉ͕ŚĂƐƚĂŬĞŶĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂŶĚďĞŐƵŶŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƐŽŵĞŽĨŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘dŚŝƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĂŶĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞƚŚĞŝƌĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐ ƐƚƵĚǇĂŶĚĞǆĞƌĐŝƐĞƐŝŶƚŽƌĞĂůͲǁŽƌůĚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͘,ZŝƐƉůĞĂƐĞĚĂŶĚŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽŚĂǀĞƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚǇƚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌƌ͘ŽůůŝŶƐ͛ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĂŶĚ ŵĞŶƚŽƌƐŚŝƉ͘

ŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚ^ŵĂůůƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐΘEŽƌƚŚWŽůĞ͗ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨůŽĐĂůĐĞŵĞŶƚͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽǁŶĞƌƐĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐĂƌĞ ĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂƚŝŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇŝŶ,Z͛ƐĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽĚĞǀĞůŽƉƚŚĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ^ƚŽŶĞĐĂƐƚůĞDĂƐŽŶƌǇ͕&ĂŝƌǁĞĂƚŚĞƌDĂƐŽŶƌǇ͕DWWdĞƐƚ>Ăď͕ĂŶĚ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐWƌĞĐĂƐƚΘ ZĞďĂƌ͘

KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƉϮϬŝŶƚŚĞ 2010 Arctic Innovation Competition͗ KƵƚŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϬϬĞŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶƚŚĞh&^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ 2010 Arctic Innovation Competition͕,Z͛ƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶ;ŐŝǀĞŶďǇdǇ<ĞůƚŶĞƌͿŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌůŽĐĂů ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚǁĂƐƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƉϮϬ͘dŚĞĨŝŶĂůĨŽƵƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ǁĞƌĞŶŽƚĂďůǇĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĂůŽŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͘,Z͛Ɛ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŚĞůƉĞĚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚĞǆƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƵƐŝŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ:ŝŵŽůůŝŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ^ŚŝǀĂ,ƵůůĂǀĂƌĂĚŝŶƚŚĞĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ'ƌŽƵƉŽĨƚŚĞh&/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚĞŽĨEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ͘

ŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨϮ͘ϱ'ŽĨƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͗ ,ZƐƚĂĨĨŚĂǀĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚ͕ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĞĚĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŝĂůůǇƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮ͘ϱ'ŽĨƚĞǆƚ ŽŶƚŚĞĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞƐƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĂƚĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇĂŵŽƵŶƚƐƚŽϮ͕ϬϰϵĨŝůĞƐŝŶϭϲϭ ĨŽůĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐĞǀĞŶŵŝŶĚͲŵĂƉƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŽǀĞƌϲϬϬƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉĂƉĞƌƐ͘WůƵƐƐĞǀĞŶƚĞǆƚďŽŽŬƐ ŽŶŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚŝƐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚ͕ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚŽŶĞŝŶĂŵĂŶŶĞƌǁŚŝĐŚǁŝůůĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚƐĂŶĚ,Z͛ƐŶŽƚĞƐďĞŝŶŐŵĂĚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐŽƉǇƌŝŐŚƚŝŶĨƌŝŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚŝƐŽƵƌŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 7 of 114 ƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŝůůŚĞůƉĂŶĚĞŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞh&ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŵĂƐƚĞƌ͛ƐƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨůŽĐĂůŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞ͘

ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƚŽƚŚĞEĂƚŝŽŶĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶ͗ /ŶϮϬϬϵ͕ĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ,Z͛ƐŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐĞĨĨŽƌƚƐƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĞǆƉĂŶĚĂŶĚĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞ ǁŽƌŬƚŽǁĂƌĚƚŚĞůŽĐĂůŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĂƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůǁĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶĚƐƵďŵŝƚƚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞEĂƚŝŽŶĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶ;E^&Ϳ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚDĞĐŚĂŶŝĐƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĨŽƌΨϰϵϴ͕ϬϬϬ͕ƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶŽǀĞƌƚŚƌĞĞǇĞĂƌƐ͘hŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůǇ͕,Z͛ƐƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůǁĂƐŶŽƚ ĨƵŶĚĞĚ͘dŚĂƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĚŝĚĨƵŶĚĨŽƵƌŽƚŚĞƌŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽƚĂůŝŶŐΨϴϬϬŬ͘ ,ZŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĨĂĐƵůƚǇĨƌŽŵƚŚĞh&'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐWƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƚŽƌĞǀŝƐĞ͕ƵƉĚĂƚĞĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŽƵƌƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůĨŽƌƌĞͲƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƚŽƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌ͛Ɛ ĨƵŶĚŝŶŐĐǇĐůĞƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŵĞE^&ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͘

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,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 8 of 114 EĞǆƚ^ƚĞƉƐdŽǁĂƌĚ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌWƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

^ƵďŵŝƚƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐƚŽƉƵďůŝĐĂŶĚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĨƵŶĚŝŶŐƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌƐ͗ • ^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨƵƐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐĨŽƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƐƵĐŚĂƐĚĂŵƐ͕ĚŝŬĞƐ͕ƐĞĂǁĂůůƐĂŶĚĂƌŵŽƌďůŽĐŬƐŝƐƐŽƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚ͕ƚŚĞh^ƌŵǇŽƌƉƐŽĨ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŶĞǆƚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĞĚ͘ • WƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŽƚŚĞůĂƐŬĂZĂŝůƌŽĂĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞůĂƐŬĂ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞǁŚĂƚǁŽƌŬƚŚĞǇǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĨƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůƐĐŽƉĞĨŽƌŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƵƐĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘ • ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ͕ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŽƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŽǇŽŶ͕>ƚĚ͕ EEZĞŐŝŽŶĂůŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŬůƵƚŶĂ͕/ŶĐ͘ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶůĂƌŐĞƐĐĂůĞ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘ • DŝŶŝŶŐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ<ŝŶƌŽƐƐ;&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆͿ͕^ƵŵŝƚŽŵŽ;WŽŐŽͿ͕dĞĐŬŽŵŝŶĐŽ;ZĞĚ ŽŐͿ͕ŽĞƵƌůĂƐŬĂ;<ĞŶƐŝŶŐƚŽŶͿ͕dŚĞWĞďďůĞWĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶǇŶĂƐƚǇ DŝŶĞƌĂůƐ;WĞďďůĞͿ͕ŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĞĚƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌƵƐŝŶŐŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ ƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůƵƐĞƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĨŽƌĂƚŵŝŶĞƐ͘ • KŶĐĞƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚůĂƐŬĂŶŵĂƌŬĞƚƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƐƵĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚůǇ ĂŶĂůǇǌĞĚĂŶĚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ͕ĂƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƚŽƚŚĞ ůĂƐŬĂ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǆƉŽƌƚƵƚŚŽƌŝƚǇƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĐĂƉŝƚĂůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶǁŽƵůĚ ďĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌ͘

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͗ • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌďƵůŬĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͖ • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐůĞĞƉĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͖ • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘

ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚĞƐƚŝŶŐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͗ • hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŵŽƌƚĂƌŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŚƵƐĨĂƌ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƵƐŝŶŐ ĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨůŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƚĞƐƚƚŚĞŝƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŽƉƚŝŵŝǌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐǁŝůůďĞĂŶŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ • ŽŶƚŝŶƵĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ,ZĞĚŝͲDŝǆĂŶĚůĂƐŬĂWƌĞĐĂƐƚĞƌƐƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŝůůďĞŽĨĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘ dŚŝƐǁŽƌŬǁŝůůďĞĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚĞĚďǇ,ZƚŚŝƐƐƉƌŝŶŐŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶĚĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇƵƌŽƌĂ ŶĞƌŐǇ͘

/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌůŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĂůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͗

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 9 of 114 • ,ĞĂůǇĐůĂǇŝƐǁŽƌƚŚǇŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĂůĂƚƚĞŶƚŝŽŶƐŝŶĐĞŝƚŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇďĞŝŶŐƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĂƐƉĂƌƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŽǀĞƌďƵƌĚĞŶŝŶƚŚĞhƐŝďĞůůŝŽĂůDŝŶĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘&ƌŽŵŐĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ĚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚďǇƚŚĞh&DŝŶĞƌĂů/ŶĚƵƐƚƌǇZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͕,ĞĂůǇĐůĂǇŝƐ ŬŶŽǁŶƚŽďĞŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚǇŬĂŽůŝŶĐůĂǇ͘/ƚŵĂǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůŝƚƚůĞŽƌŶŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŽďĞƵƐĞĨƵů ŝŶŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͘ • h&͛Ɛ^ŝůǀĞƌ&ŽǆĐůĂǇ͕dĂŶĂŶĂsĂůůĞǇůŽĞƐƐĂŶĚƐŝůƚƐŵĂǇĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚŽƉĞŶƵƉ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐĨŽƌƌĞŵŽƚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͘

/ŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͗ • 'ĂƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐĨŽƌŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů ƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐŽĨĚƌǇƐŽĚŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞĂŶĚƐŽĚŝƵŵ;ŵĞƚĂͿƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞ͘ • WŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽĨĂůŬĂůŝƐƚŽƵƐĞŝŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐƐŽĚŝƵŵŽƌƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ ŚĂǀĞŶŽƚǇĞƚďĞĞŶŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŶŽŽďǀŝŽƵƐůŽĐĂůĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞƐ͘dŚĞ ƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƐŽĚŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞŝƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽůǇƐŝƐŽĨ ƐĂůƚĨƌŽŵƐĞĂǁĂƚĞƌ͘dŚƵƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŽĚŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞĐŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŵĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůŽŶůǇŝĨƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĚƌĂŵĂƚŝĐĂůůǇĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨ͕ĨŽƌ ĞǆĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂůĂƌŐĞŚǇĚƌŽͲĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĚĂŵďĞŝŶŐďƵŝůƚ͘,ŽǁƚŚĞůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŽƵůĚŝŵƉĂĐƚƚŚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽƐƚŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĂ ĚĂŵŝƐǁŽƌƚŚǇŽĨĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶ͘

WƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƉƌŽƚŽƚǇƉŝŶŐ͗ • ZĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐůĞĞƉĞƌƐ • WĂǀŝŶŐďůŽĐŬƐ • WĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ • ZĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇďƌŝĐŬƐ • ZĂĚŝĂŶƚĨůŽŽƌƐůĂďƐ • &ůŽŽƌ͕ǁĂůůĂŶĚĐĞŝůŝŶŐƚŝůĞƐ • ŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐ • ǆƚĞƌŝŽƌǁĂůůƐŚĞĂƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐŝŵƵůĂƚĞĚƌŽĐŬ͕ƐŝŵƵůĂƚĞĚǁŽŽĚ͕ĞƚĐ͘ • ZŽŽĨŝŶŐƐŚŝŶŐůĞƐ • ZĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐǁĂůůďůŽĐŬƐ • &ŽĂŵĞĚͬĂĞƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƐƵůĂƚŝŶŐďůŽĐŬƐ • tŚĂƚĞǀĞƌůŽĐĂůƉƌĞĐĂƐƚĞƌƐǁĂŶƚƚŽƚƌǇ

ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĞǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶ͗ • dŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ǁŚĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶůŽĐĂůůǇ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͕ŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞƚĞƐƚĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐƚĞĞůƌĞďĂƌ͕ďĂƐĂůƚƌĞďĂƌ͕ĐŚŽƉƉĞĚƐƚĂŝŶůĞƐƐƐƚĞĞůǁŝƌĞ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƉŽůǇƉƌŽƉǇůĞŶĞ͕ŶǇůŽŶ͕ŐůĂƐƐ͕ďĂƐĂůƚ͕ĂŶĚƌĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇĐĞƌĂŵŝĐĨŝďĞƌƐ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 10 of 114 WƵďůŝĐŝǌĞĂŶĚůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚďǇ,Z͗ • dƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵƚŚĞϮϭƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌǇĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚďǇ,ZŝŶƚŽĂǁŽƌůĚͲĐůĂƐƐ ŽŶͲůŝŶĞĐŽŵƉĞŶĚŝƵŵ͕ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐĐůŽƐĞƚŽǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨƌŽŵĂŶǇŝŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ • ǆƉĂŶĚ,Z͛ƐϮϭƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌǇĐĞŵĞŶƚůŝďƌĂƌǇďǇĂĐƋƵŝƌŝŶŐĐŽƉŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇŽŶůǇƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚĂŶĚŵĂŬĞƚŚĞĞŶƚŝƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽh& ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ,ZĂŶĚZĂƐŵƵƐŽŶůŝďƌĂƌŝĞƐ͘

/ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŶĞŐŽƚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͗ • ƚůĞĂƐƚƚŚƌĞĞƉĂƚĞŶƚƐĞǆŝƐƚĨŽƌŚŝŐŚͲĐĂůĐŝƵŵĨůǇĂƐŚďĂƐĞĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘,Žǁ ƚŚĞǇǁŝůůŝŵƉĂĐƚůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĐŽƐƚƐŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĞǆƉůŽƌĞĚ͘

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚĂƌĞĂƐŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ƵƉŽŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 11 of 114 ,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 12 of 114 ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ

&ŽŽƚŶŽƚĞƐ ϭ͘DĂůŽŶĞ͕W͘'͕͘ZĂŶĚĂůů:ƌ͕͕͘͘͘Θ<ŝƌŬƉĂƚƌŝĐŬ͕d͘;ϭϵϴϱͿ͘WŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨĂůŬĂůŝͲ ĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚĂůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞďŝŶĚĞƌƐŝŶŵŝůŝƚĂƌǇŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ Misc. Paper GL-85-15͕ 'ĞŽƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƌŵǇtĂƚĞƌǁĂǇƐǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ^ƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕h^ ŽƌƉƐŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐ͘ Ϯ͘WƌŽǀŝƐ͕:͘>͕͘/ǀĂŶĞǀĞŶƚĞƌ͕:͘^͘:͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ Geopolymers – structure, processing, properties and industrial applications͘ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ͕h<͕tŽŽĚŚĞĂĚWƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ>ƚĚ͕ϭϲϳͲϭϵϯ͘ ϯ͘WŝĞƌĐĞ͕͘D͕͘ĂŶƚƌĞůů͕<͘:͕͘ĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇǁĂƐƚĞĨŽƌŵƐĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐƚĞƐƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐʹĐĂƐƚ ƐƚŽŶĞĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚĂůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ͘ PNNL-19505͕WĂĐŝĨŝĐEŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚ EĂƚŝŽŶĂů>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌǇ͕h͘^͘ĞƉƚ͘ŽĨŶĞƌŐǇ͘ ϰ͘ĂůĂŐƵƌƵ͕W͘;ϭϵϵϴͿ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĨŽƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƚŝǀĞĐŽĂƚŝŶŐŽĨƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ Final Report FHWA 1998-12. ϱ͘WĞƌĞƌĂ͕͘^͕͘ΘdƌĂƵƚŵĂŶ͕Z͘>͘;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌƵƐĞĂƐƌĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇ ĐĂƐƚĂďůĞƐ͘ Advances in Technology of Materials and Materials Processing͕ϳ΀Ϯ΁͗ϭϴϳͲϭϵϬ͘ ϲ͘WŚĂŵ͕E͘d͕͘Θ,ŽĂŶŐ͕,͘>͘;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘DĂŬŝŶŐĨŽĂŵĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐĨƌŽŵĨůǇĂƐŚďĂƐĞĚŽŶ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ͘ Strategic Materials and Computational Design͕ĞƌĂŵŝĐ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWƌŽĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƐϯϭ΀ϭϬ΁͗ϴϯͲϵϬ͘ ϳ͘dŚŽŬĐŚŽŵ͕^͕͘'ŚŽƐŚ͕W͕͘Θ'ŚŽƐŚ͕^͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ĐŝĚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĨůǇĂƐŚďĂƐĞĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ŵŽƌƚĂƌƐ͘͟ International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering͕ϭ΀ϲ΁͘ ϴ͘^Śŝ͕͕͘<ƌŝǀŝŶŬŽ͕W͘s͕͘ΘZŽǇ͕͘D͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes͘ďŝŶŐĚŽŶ͕ h<͕dĂǇůŽƌĂŶĚ&ƌĂŶĐŝƐ͕ϭϳϳͲϮϭϵ͘ ϵ͘WŚĂŝƌ͕:͘t͘;ϮϬϬϲͿ͘'ƌĞĞŶĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌǇĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƵƐĞ͘ Green Chemistry͕ϴ͗ϳϲϯͲϳϴϬ͘ ϭϬ͘ĂǀŝĚŽǀŝƚƐ͕:͘;ϭϵϵϰͿ͘WƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ Alkaline Cements and Concretes͕ <ŝĞǀ͕hŬƌĂŝŶĞ͕ϵ͘ ϭϭ͘ǀĂŶĞǀĞŶƚĞƌ͕:͘^͘:͕͘WƌŽǀŝƐ͕:͘>͕͘ƵǆƐŽŶ͕W͕͘ΘƌŝĐĞ͕͘'͘;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚ ĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĂƐĚƌŝǀĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůĂĚŽƉƚŝŽŶŽĨĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ Waste Biomass Valor͕ϭ͗ϭϰϱͲϭϱϱ͘ ϭϮ͘,ŽĨĨŵĂŶ͕͕͘DĂŶĂŐĞƌŽĨ,ĞĂůǇWŽǁĞƌWůĂŶƚ͕'ŽůĚĞŶsĂůůĞǇůĞĐƚƌŝĐŽŵƉĂŶǇ͘WĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϰ͕ϮϬϬϴ͘ ϭϯ͘&ĞƌƌĞĞ͕^͕͘^ƵƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŶĚĞŶƚŽĨŚĞŶĂWŽǁĞƌWůĂŶƚ͕ƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇ͕>>͘WĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϴ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 13 of 114 ϭϰ͘ZŽďĞƌƚƐ͕>͕͘sWĂŶĚ'ĞŶĞƌĂůDĂŶĂŐĞƌŽĨ&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆ'ŽůĚDŝŶĞ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ'ŽůĚDŝŶŝŶŐ͕/ŶĐ͘͘ WĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕KĐƚŽďĞƌϮϵ͕ϮϬϭϬ͘ ϭϱ͘h͘^͘'ĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ƵƌǀĞǇ;ϮϬϬϰͲϮϬϭϬͿ͘ĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͘ Mineral Commodities Summaries͕ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͘ƵƐŐƐ͘ŐŽǀͬŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐͬƉƵďƐͬŵĐƐ͕ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚŽŶ ϬϭͬϭϯͬϮϬϭϭ͘ ϭϲ͘ĂƚƚĞůůĞ͕/ŶĐ͘dŽǁĂƌĚĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ World Business Council for Sustainable Development͕ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ǁďĐƐĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ŽƌŐ͕͕ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚŽŶϬϭͬϭϯͬϮϬϭϭ͘ ϭϳ͘hƐŝďĞůůŝŽĂůDŝŶĞ͕/ŶĐ͘dŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŽĂů͘ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƵƐŝďĞůůŝ͘ĐŽŵͬŽĂůͺĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͘ĂƐƉ͕ ƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚŽŶϬϭͬϭϯͬϮϬϭϭ͘ ϭϴ͘dŚŽŬĐŚŽŵ͕^͕͘'ŚŽƐŚ͕W͕͘Θ'ŚŽƐŚ͕^͘;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨĨůǇĂƐŚďĂƐĞĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ŵŽƌƚĂƌƐŝŶƐƵůƉŚĂƚĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇZĞǀŝĞǁ͕ ϯ΀ϭ΁͗ϯϲͲϰϬ͘ ϭϵ͘KůŝǀŝĂ͕D͕͘^ĂƌŬĞƌ͕W͕͘ΘEŝŬƌĂǌ͕,͘tĂƚĞƌƉĞŶĞƚƌĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨůŽǁĐĂůĐŝƵŵĨůǇĂƐŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͘ Proceedings ICCBT 2008͕΀ϰϲ΁͗ϱϭϳͲϱϯϬ͘ ϮϬ͘tŽƌƌĞůů͕͘;ϮϬϬϯͿ͘ŶĞƌŐǇƵƐĞĂŶĚĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶĐǇŽĨƚŚĞh͘^͘ĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Presentation to the Policy Implementation Committee of the Energy Conservation and GHG Emmissions Reduction in Chinese TVEs Project.

DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϲϬϬĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůƌĞůĂƚĞĚďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƵƉŽŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 14 of 114 ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ

WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐŝŶ/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌůĂƐŬĂ

;ƐůŝĚĞƐŚŽǁͿ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 15 of 114 ,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 16 of 114 “Promoting and advancing the development of healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans and other Circumpolar people.” Geopolymers in Alaska

WƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚďǇ͗ ŽůĞ^ŽŶĂĨƌĂŶŬ ŽĨƚŚĞ Cold Climate Housing Research Center >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ͗ ϭϬϬϬ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ^ƚƌĞĞƚ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ DĂŝů͗ W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ WŚŽŶĞ͗ ϵϬϳͲ ϰϱϬͲ ϭϳϮϲ ŵĂŝů͗ ĐŽůĞΛĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ tĞď͗ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ

ƚĂŵĞĞƚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ&E^DĂǇŽƌ͕Ɖƌŝů͕ϮϬϭϭ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯ About Cold Climate Housing Research Center

Promoting and advancing the development of healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans and other circumpolar people.

Founded October 1, 1999

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯ About Cold Climate Housing Research Center

• /ĚĞŶƚŝĨǇŝƐƐƵĞƐĐƌŝƚŝĐĂůƚŽĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƐŚĞůƚĞƌĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌŝƌĐƵŵƉŽůĂƌƉĞŽƉůĞ • ĞǀĞůŽƉƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŽĂĚĚƌĞƐƐƚŚĞƐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚ ŝŶŝƚŝĂƚĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐ • WƌŽŵŽƚĞŽƵƌĨŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ • ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚĞƐƚŝŶŐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ĐĞƌƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ • ^ƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞůŽĐĂůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƐ • ǆƉĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵŵƉŽůĂƌŶŽƌƚŚ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰ 21st Century Cements at CCHRC

ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚƚĞƐƚŝŶŐŽĨ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂŶĚ DĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵWŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƚŽůĚ ůŝŵĂƚĞ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚĞƌƐŝŶĐĞϮϬϬϳ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϱ Ours is a Concrete Civilization Concrete is used extensively for: • WĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ • ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ • ZŽĂĚƐͬďƌŝĚŐĞƐ • WŝƉĞƐ • &ŽŽƚŝŶŐƐ ͙ĂŶĚŵƵĐŚ͕ŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞ

Three tons are produced for every person on the planet per year and demand is increasing.

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϲ Global Cement Production by Country

^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂƚĂĨƌŽŵh^'^ ϮϬϬϲΘϮϬϬϴDŝŶĞƌĂů ŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇĞŵĞŶƚ ^ƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐ͗ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͘ƵƐŐƐ͘ŐŽǀͬŵŝ ŶĞƌĂůƐͬƉƵďƐͬĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇͬĐĞ ŵĞŶƚͬĐĞŵĞŶŵĐƐϬϲ͘ƉĚĨ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͘ƵƐŐƐ͘ŐŽǀͬŵŝ ŶĞƌĂůƐͬƉƵďƐͬĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇͬĐĞ ŵĞŶƚͬŵĐƐͲϮϬϬϴͲĐĞŵĞŶ͘ƉĚĨ

'ƌĂƉŚƐĨƌŽŵ͗ dŚĞKŝůƌƵŵ͘ĐŽŵ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞŽŝůĚƌƵŵ͘ĐŽŵͬŶ ŽĚĞͬϰϭϲϮ

/ŶϮϬϬϳŚŝŶĂĞǆƉŽƌƚĞĚŽŶůǇϯϯŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞϭ͘ϯďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐƚŚĞǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͘ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϳ What is Concrete?

Cement Sand Rock Admixtures Water (Binder) (Fine (Coarse (Chemicals) Aggregate) Aggregate)

Batch Plant Mixer / Truck (Dry Mixing) (Wet Mixing)

Concrete

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϴ Concrete is Mostly Aggregate

Cement Sand Rock Admixtures Water (Binder) (Fine (Coarse (Chemicals) Aggregate) Aggregate)

Batch Plant Mixer / Truck (Dry Mixing) (Wet Mixing)

And the aggregate is about the Concrete same whatever cement is used

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϵ Concrete is Cement Paste & Aggregate

Cement Concrete (Binder) Sand* (Fine Admixtures Aggregate) (Chemicals) нсRock (Coarse Water Aggregate)

Aggregate

Cement Paste

Ύ DŽƌƚĂƌŝƐĐĞŵĞŶƚƉĂƐƚĞĂŶĚƐĂŶĚ;ŶŽƌŽĐŬͿ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϬ Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Paste

Imported Imported Water Manufactured Admixtures Portland Cement

Portland Cement Paste

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϭ What is Portland Cement?

• WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĂ hydraulic cement͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚǁĂƚĞƌŝƐĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉĂƌƚŽĨŝƚƐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘

• tĂƚĞƌŵĂŬĞƐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚ ĐĞŵĞŶƚĞĂƐǇƚŽƵƐĞ͘

• WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͛ƐǁĂƚĞƌͲ ďĂƐĞĚďŽŶĚŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞƌŽŽƚ ŽĨŝƚƐĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ͘

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϮ What is Portland Cement? DŽŶŝĐĂůŵĞŝĚĂͬdŚĞEĞǁzŽƌŬdŝŵĞƐ

Limestone, Clay and Gypsum ;DŝŶĞƌĂůƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ĂůĐŝƵŵ͕^ŝůŝĐŽŶ͕ ůƵŵŝŶƵŵĂŶĚ/ƌŽŶͿ

WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂŚƵŐĞ ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚ ŝŶŽůƚŽŶĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ Portland Cement

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϯ Disadvantages of Portland Cement

• tĂƚĞƌĂďƐŽƌƉƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ

ĂƌĐĂĚĞŶĞƚ͘ŽƌŐ • WƌĞŵĂƚƵƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ ƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐƌĞƉĂŝƌ • WŽŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŝŶƐĂůƚǇ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ • ĂŵĂŐĞĚďǇĨŝƌĞ • ^ƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůKϮ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ • ůůŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽůĂƐŬĂ;ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇ

WĂƌƚŽĨĂĐĞŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶƚŝŶƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ ĨƌŽŵ<ŽƌĞĂͿ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϰ Emissions from Portland Cement Manufacturing

Creating one ton of Portland cement:

• WƌŽĚƵĐĞƐŶĞĂƌůǇŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨKϮ • WƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂďŽƵƚϯŬŐŽĨEKy͕ĂŶĂŝƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐƚŽŐƌŽƵŶĚͲůĞǀĞůƐŵŽŐ

• WƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂďŽƵƚϬ͘ϰŬŐŽĨWDϭϬ ʹƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƚĞŵĂƚƚĞƌƚŚĂƚ ŝƐŚĂƌŵĨƵůǁŚĞŶŝŶŚĂůĞĚ ͻ Portland cement manufacturing accounts for about 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϱ Geopolymers* – Discovered in the 1950s

Alumina-Silicate Alkali-Activator Water ŽĂů&ůǇƐŚ͕ ^ŽĚŝƵŵ,ǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ DŝŶĞdĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ ^ŽĚŝƵŵ^ŝůŝĐĂƚĞ ůĂƐƚ&ƵƌŶĂĐĞ^ůĂŐ͕ ůĂǇ͕^ŝůƚ͕>ŽĞƐƐĞƚĐ͘

ZĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŽŶůǇĂ ƐŝŵƉůĞďĂƚĐŚƉůĂŶƚ

Geopolymer Cement

* COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ĂŬĂůŬĂůŝͲĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĞŵĞŶƚ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϲ Geopolymers are Amorphous

WĞƚĞƌƵǆŽŶ͛Ɛ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌ :ŽƐĞƉŚĂǀŝĚŽǀŝƚƐ͛ŵŽ ůĞĐƵůĂƌŵŽĚĞůƐ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ͕:DĂƚĞƌ^Đŝ͕ϮϬϬϳ͕ ϰϮ͗Ϯϴϭϵ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐCCHRC ϭϳ Not New to the Corp of Engineers

“Alkali-activated binders have the potential to become the best and in many cases the most economical binder for routine construction and may evolve into a new generation of building materials.”

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐCCHRC ϭϴ Current Geopolymer Product Manufactures

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϵ Advantages of Geopolymers

• ZĞĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĞŶĂďůĞƐĂƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚ

ƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶŐůŽďĂůKϮ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĐĐƵƌƐ • hƐĞƐǁĂƐƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌǇĨĞĞĚƐƚŽĐŬ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ ŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůǁĂƐƚĞƐͿ • ZĞĚƵĐĞƐƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚůŝĨĞͲĐǇĐůĞĐŽƐƚƐ • /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶůŝĨĞŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ • KƉĞŶƐƵƉŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐĨŽƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚƚĂŬĞĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͛ ƵŶŝƋƵĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϮϬ Geopolymers Novel to - and needed by - Alaska

Ύ • ϴϬйůĞƐƐKϮ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ • ϮƚŽϰƚŝŵĞƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌΎ • DŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞΎ • DŽƌĞƐƚĂďůĞΎ • >ĞƐƐƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞΎ • ^ĞůĨͲĂĚŚĞƌĞŶƚ • &ŝƌĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽхϭϴϬϬȗ& • ĐŝĚ͕ďĂƐĞΘƐĂůƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ • ůĂƐƚΘĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ

'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂŵƉůĞƐĂƚ,Z

Ύ dŚĂŶKƌĚŝŶĂƌǇWŽƌƚůĂŶĚĞŵĞŶƚ;KWͿ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϭ Binder Comparison

Comparison of Typical Physical Characteristics ;^ƉĞĐŝĂůŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶƐǁŝůůǇŝĞůĚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐͿ OPC MPCs Geopolymers ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŝŶƉƐŝ;dǇƉŝĐĂůͿ ϯ͕ϬϬϬͲϳ͕ϬϬϬ ϴ͕ϬϬϬͲϭϮ͕ϬϬϬ ϱ͕ϬϬϬͲϭϲ͕ϬϬϬ ĞŶĚŝŶŐdĞŶƐŝůĞ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŝŶƉƐŝ ϮϱϬͲϭ͕ϬϬϬ ϵϬϬͲϭϳϬϬ ϯϬϬͲϮ͕ϵϬϬ Ɖ,dŽůĞƌĂŶĐĞ ϲ͘ϱƚŽϭϰ ϯƚŽϭϭ ϯƚŽϭϰ ^ĂůƚdŽůĞƌĂŶƚ;ŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐǆƉŽƐƵƌĞͿ EŽ zĞƐ zĞƐ DĂǆ͘^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůdĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ϭ͕ϱϬϬΣ& Ϯ͕ϯϬϬΣ& Ϯ͕ϬϬϬͲϮ͕ϳϬϬΣ& ƵƌŝŶŐdŝŵĞ;ĞŵŽůĚŝŶŐͿ ϭͲϮĂǇƐ ϭϬŵŝŶͲϮŚƌƐ ϯŚƌͲϯĚĂǇƐ ƵƌŝŶŐdŝŵĞ;,ŝŐŚ^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚͿ ϮϴĚĂǇƐ ϯĚĂǇƐ ϯĚĂǇƐ ƵƌŝŶŐdĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞZĂŶŐĞ ϱΣͲϰϮϬΣ& ϴΣͲϭϭϬΣ& ϱϬΣͲϮϬϬΣ& ŽŶĚƐdŽ/ƚƐĞůĨ EŽ zĞƐ zĞƐ ŽŶĚƐdŽZĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ EŽ zĞƐ zĞƐ ^ŚƌŝŶŬƐƵƉŽŶĚƌǇŝŶŐ zĞƐ EŽ EŽ ŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨdŚĞƌŵĂůǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬϬϭϮ Ϭ͘ϬϬϬϬϬϬϭϳ ΕϬ͘ϬϬϬϬϬϭ ďƐŽƌďƐtĂƚĞƌ zĞƐ EŽ EŽ &ŽĂŵĂďůĞ zĞƐ zĞƐ zĞƐ KWŝƐKƌĚŝŶĂƌǇWŽƌƚůĂŶĚĞŵĞŶƚ DWƐĂƌĞDĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵWŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĞŵĞŶƚƐ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞĂůŬĂůŝĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚĂůƵŵŝŶŽƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϮϮ The Cost of Concrete in Fairbanks tŚĂƚĚŽĞƐŝƚĐŽƐƚƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͍

• tŚĂƚĚŽĞƐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƐƚƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͍

• tŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƐƚƵƐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͍

• dŚĞƐŚŽƌƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ͗ The costs are about the same for ordinary concrete Geopolymer costs are less for high performance concrete hƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐƐŽŵĞƉůĂĐĞĞůƐĞ Using geopolymer cement benefits Fairbanks & Alaska

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϯ Modern* Portland Cement Pastes

Imported Imported Imported Water Manufactured Supplementary Admixtures Portland Cementitious (Expensive) Cement Materials*

Portland Cement Paste

* ,ŝŐŚĞƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞΘĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŚĂŶKW COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ Ϯϰ * ^D͛Ɛ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ŵĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ͕ƐŝůŝĐĂĨƵŵĞ͕ƐůĂŐ͕ĞƚĐ CCHRC Geopolymer* Cement Paste

Local Alumina- Imported Water Silicate Materials Admixtures & ;ŽĂů&ůǇƐŚ͕ Alkali-Activator DŝŶĞdĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ ;^ŽĚŝƵŵ,ǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ ^ŝůƚ͕>ŽĞƐƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ н^ŽĚŝƵŵ^ŝůŝĐĂƚĞͿ

Geopolymer Cement Paste

*ĂŬĂůŬĂůŝͲĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĞŵĞŶƚ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϱ Concrete Quality ~ Cost

High Performance & Cost Concrete Specification ;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ $$$

Mix Design (How much of what to use): ͻdǇƉĞŽĨĞŵĞŶƚ Concrete ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨ^ƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌǇĞŵĞŶƚŝƚŝŽƵƐDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ Quality ͻdǇƉĞΘƐŝǌĞŐƌĂĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ ͻYƵĂŶƚŝƚǇŽĨĞĂĐŚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ͻtĂƚĞƌƚŽĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽ͕ƐůƵŵƉ͕ĞƚĐ ;^ŝĚĞǁĂůŬƐͿ ͻdǇƉĞƐ͕ƐŝǌĞƐΘƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ $ Ordinary – Low Cost

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϲ Portland Cement Concrete Cost*

Concrete Prescription Specification High Performance & Cost ;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ $200

Mix Design (How much of what to use): Portland ͻdǇƉĞŽĨĞŵĞŶƚ Cement ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨ^ƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌǇĞŵĞŶƚŝƚŝŽƵƐDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ Concrete ͻdǇƉĞΘƐŝǌĞŐƌĂĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ Quality ͻYƵĂŶƚŝƚǇŽĨĞĂĐŚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ͻtĂƚĞƌƚŽĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽ͕ƐůƵŵƉ͕ĞƚĐ ;^ŝĚĞǁĂůŬƐͿ ͻdǇƉĞƐ͕ƐŝǌĞƐΘƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ $84 Ordinary – Low Cost * WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϳ $200 Geopolymer Cement Concrete Cost*

High Performance Concrete Performance Specification & Cost

;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ

Mix Design (How much of what to use): Geopolymer $84 ͻdǇƉĞŽĨĞŵĞŶƚ Cement ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨ^ƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌǇĞŵĞŶƚŝƚŝŽƵƐDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ Concrete ͻdǇƉĞΘƐŝǌĞŐƌĂĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ Quality ͻYƵĂŶƚŝƚǇŽĨĞĂĐŚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ? ͻtĂƚĞƌƚŽĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽ͕ƐůƵŵƉ͕ĞƚĐ ;^ŝĚĞǁĂůŬƐͿ ͻdǇƉĞƐ͕ƐŝǌĞƐΘƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ $? Ordinary – Low Cost * WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϴ Concrete Material Cost* Breakdown

Portland Cement Geopolymer Cement* Concrete Concrete Material ΨͬǇĚϯ ΨͬǇĚϯ ĞŵĞŶƚ ϰϳ͘ϵϰ Ϭ͘ϯϮ ^ĂŶĚ ϯ͘ϭϱ ϯ͘ϭϱ ZŽĐŬ ϭϬ͘ϴϬ ϭϬ͘ϴϬ ĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ Ϯϭ͘ϲϲ ϭϳ͘ϳϳ ůŬĂůŝͲĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌ Ͳ ϱϮ͘ϭϳ tĂƚĞƌ Ϭ͘ϭϭ Ϭ͘ϭϭ $ per cubic yard $83.66 $84.32

* WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER * EŽƚǇĞƚŽƉƚŝŵŝǌĞĚĨŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽƌĐŽƐƚǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯϵ Processing Costs* are ~ the same

Portland Cement Geopolymer Cement Concrete Concrete Process ΨͬǇĚϯ ΨͬǇĚϯ ĂƚĐŚŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ DŝǆŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ ,ĂƵůŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ WůĂĐŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ &ŝŶŝƐŚŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƵƌŝŶŐ ƐĂŵĞ ƐĂŵĞ $ per cubic yard $ ƐĂŵĞ $ ƐĂŵĞ

* WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϬ Using Alaskan Waste Materials

• Ash ŝƐƚŚĞƌĞƐŝĚƵĞƚŚĂƚƌĞŵĂŝŶƐ ĂĨƚĞƌĐŽĂůŝƐďƵƌŶĞĚ

ͻFly Ash ŝƐ ƚŚĞďǇͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨůƵĞ ŐĂƐĞƐ;ƚŚŝŶŬŽĨŝƚĂƐĐĞŵĞŶƚͿ ͻBottom ash ŝƐƚŚĞŚĞĂǀŝĞƌĂŶĚ ĐŽĂƌƐĞƌďǇͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ;ƚŚŝŶŬŽĨŝƚĂƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞͿ

ŽĂůƐŚ • ZŽƵŐŚůǇ 300 tons ŽĨĂƐŚ per day ĂƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐĂƌĞĂ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϭ Alaskan Fly Ash

Fly Ash &ůǇĂƐŚŝƐŵŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐƐƉŚĞƌĞƐ ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚŽĨŵĂŶǇŵĞƚĂůŽǆŝĚĞƐ͕

ďƵƚŝƐŵŽƐƚůǇƐŝůŝĐĂ;^ŝKϮͿĂŶĚƐŽŵĞ ĂůƵŵŝŶĂ;ůϮKϯͿ͘

KƚŚĞƌĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǀĂƌǇǁŝƚŚ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϯϬйƚŽƚĂů͘

ůĂƐŬĂŶĐŽĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂƐŚƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵƚŚĂŶ ŵŽƐƚĂƐŚĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ͘dŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐ &ůǇƐŚ ƵƐŝŶŐŝƚĨŽƌŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ͕ďƵƚŝƚǁŽƌŬƐ͘

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϮ Alaskan Resources – Not Wastes

Mine Tailings - Benign

ůĂƐŬĂŶŵŝŶĞƐ͕ůŝŬĞ&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆĂŶĚ WŽŐŽ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞďĞŶŝŐŶǁĂƐƚĞƚŚĂƚ ƐƚŝůůŵƵƐƚďĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚĂŶĚ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĚ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞĂůŝĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘

dŚĞƐĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐĂƌĞƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚůǇ ĨŝŶĞůǇͲŵŝůůĞĚƋƵĂƌƚǌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨ ĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞŐƌŝŶĚŝŶŐ͘

dŚŝƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŵĂŬĞƐŐŽŽĚĨŝůůĨŽƌ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďůǇĂŶĂĐƚŝǀĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ͘ DŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐŽĨĨŝŶĞůǇŵŝůůĞĚƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶƚŚĞ&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆŐŽůĚŵŝŶĞƌĞƚĞŶƚŝŽŶƉŽŶĚ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϯ Alaskan Wastes – From Bad to Good

Mine Tailings - Hazardous KŶĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŝƐƚŚĞĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐ͕ƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƚŝǀĞĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐǁŝƚŚŝŶĂŶ ŝŵƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐ͕ŚŝŐŚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘

dĂŝůŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵůĂƐŬĂŶŵŝŶĞƐ͕ůŝŬĞ ZĞĚŽŐ͕ĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐƚŚĂƚďŝŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƚŽǆŝĐ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŽĂƐƚĂďůĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘

Why not USE tailings from Pebble Mine instead of fighting over how to waste them? For making sea wall blocks?

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϰ Other Alaskan Materials

Many Alumino-silicates will work

• <ĂŽůŝŶĐůĂǇ • ĨƌŽŵĐŽĂůŵŝŶĞŐĂŶŐƵĞ;ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůůĂǇĞƌĞĚŝŶ ƐŽŝůĂďŽǀĞĐŽĂůĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐͿ

• 'ůĂĐŝĂůƐŝůƚͬǁŝŶĚͲďůŽǁŶůŽĞƐƐ

• KƚŚĞƌĐůĂǇƐ͕ǌĞŽůŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚŶĂƚƵƌĂůůǇ ŽĐĐƵƌƌŝŶŐĂůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐ

• These will be especially important for producing geopolymer cement in rural Alaskan villages ůĂǇ͕ƌĞĨŝŶĞĚĂŶĚŝŶͲƐŝƚƵ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϱ Alaskan Materials – Composition

EŽƚĞ͗ ϭͿ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶĂ ΘEĂĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŝŶ ůĂƐƚǇĞĂƌ͛ƐĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƐǇĞĂƌƐ,ĞĂůǇ ĂƐŚƐĂŵƉůĞƐ;,& Θ,&ǆͿ

ϮͿ ŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶ&ĞK ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƌĂǁĂŶĚĐĂůĐŝŶĞĚ ƵƌŽƌĂĂƐŚ;&ϭ Θ&ϭͿ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϲ Alaskan Materials – Particle Size

dŚĞ red D<ŝƐ ĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚ DĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚĨŽƌ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘

&ŝŶĞƌƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŵŽƌĞ ƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚƐŝůŝĐĂ ΘĂůƵŵŝŶĂĐĂŶďĞ ĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚ͘ DĂŶǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂƌĞ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ͘

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϳ Feasible and Incrementally Scalable

Large Scale Applications

• ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ • Railroad ties • ZŽĂĚƐĂŶĚďƌŝĚŐĞƐ ĂǇďƌŝĚŐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ • ZĞƚĞŶƚŝŽŶǁĂůůƐ • ^ĞĂǁĂůůƐ • ,ĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐǁĂƐƚĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ

W͛ƐEŽƌƚŚ^ƚĂƌĂƌƚŝĨŝĐŝĂůŝƐůĂŶĚŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ƌŵŽƌůŽĐŬƐĐĂƐƚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐďǇhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇZĞĚŝͲDŝǆ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϴ Geopolymer Concrete Railroad Ties

ARR Replaces 50,000 Every Year • WƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚĨŽƌ $3M annually • ĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ • ZĞĚƵĐĞĚĐŽƐƚƐ;ĞƐƉ͘ƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐͿ • ŽŶŽƚĚĞŐƌĂĚĞůŝŬĞǁŽŽĚ • EŽŶͲƉŽůůƵƚŝŶŐ • ƌĞĂƚĞƐũŽďƐ • hƐĞƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ ĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚŽĨĂƐǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞĂŬĂ͞ƐůĞĞƉĞƌ͟ • ŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƌĂŝů ůŝŶĞƐƚŽĂŶĂĚĂĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞzƵŬŽŶ • hƐĞĚŝŶƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĂŶĚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶƚƌĂĐŬ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯϵ Small Applications and Products

Niche Market Applications • WƌĞͲĐĂƐƚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉĂŶĞůƐ • ƌŝĐŬƐ͕ďůŽĐŬƐ͕ƉĂǀĞƌƐ͕ƚŝůĞƐ͕ƐŚŝŶŐůĞƐ • WŝƉĞƐ͕ĐƵůǀĞƌƚƐ • ZĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ • &ŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨŝŶƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚǁĂůůƉĂŶĞůƐ • ZŽĂĚĂŶĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƌĞƉĂŝƌ • ƌŝĚŐĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ • WƌŽƚĞĐƚŝǀĞĐŽĂƚŝŶŐƐ • ĚŚĞƐŝǀĞƐ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƚƵďƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϬ Small Applications and Products

Countertops and Pre-Casting

• &ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐŚĂƐĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉ ĂŶĚƉƌĞͲĐĂƐƚŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐ • &ŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨĂŶĚĚƵƌĂďůĞ • DĂĚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ • ƌĞĂƚĞƐũŽďƐŝŶůĂƐŬĂ ĐĂƐƚĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŬΘĐŽƵŶƚĞƌ • hƐĞƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞǁĂƐƚĞĚ • ZĞĚƵĐĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŝŵŝůĂƌŐŽŽĚƐ • EŽŶͲƉŽůůƵƚŝŶŐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϭ New Applications and Products

Insulation and Wall Panels • &ŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨ • DĂĚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ • ƌĞĂƚĞƐũŽďƐŝŶůĂƐŬĂ • hƐĞƐŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞǁĂƐƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ • ZĞĚƵĐĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŝŵŝůĂƌŐŽŽĚƐ • EŽŶͲƉŽůůƵƚŝŶŐ • Innovative processes and product designs will be possible that take advantage of geopolymers’ unique performance characteristics.

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϮ Valuable over short & long terms

Value Capturing • /ŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůůǇƐĐĂůĂďůĞǁŝƚŚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ

• EŝĐŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůŝƚƚůĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ • ^ŝŵƉůĞ͕ƐŚŽƌƚƌƵŶƉƌĞͲĐĂƐƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ • ƵƐƚŽŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐůŝŬĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐ

• WƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶďĞ ĚŽŶĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ/WĨŽƌ ůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ

• DĞĞƚŝŶŐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞŵĂŶĚƐǁŝůů ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚ ůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵǀĂůƵĞ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϯ Transition and impediments will cost?

Internal to the concrete manufacturing & raw material businesses: ͻ >ŝĐĞŶƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉĂƚĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ͻĂƚĐŚƉůĂŶƚĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚĂƚŝŽŶƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌĂůŬĂůŝŶŝƚǇ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ͻZĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ĨůǇĂƐŚͿƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐŽŶƚƌŽůΘƐƵƉƉůǇĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƐ ͻDŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŽŵĂƚĐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ͻWƌŽĐĞƐƐĐŽŶƚƌŽůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ͻWƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĐĞƌƚŝĨŝĞĚƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐůĞĞƉĞƌƐͿ

External – In the concrete product markets: ͻ dƌĂŶƐŝƚŝŽŶŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƉƌĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝǀĞƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ͻƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐʹĨŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ǁĂůůƐ͕ďĞĂŵƐ͕ĞƚĐ ͻdƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞʹƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ďƌŝĚŐĞƐ͕ƌƵŶǁĂǇƐ͕ĞƚĐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϰ Usefulness and Problems Solved

Local Geopolymer Production Will • WƌŽǀŝĚĞůŽǁͲĐŽƐƚ͕ƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐĞŵĞŶƚ • ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞůŽĐĂůŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐ • ƌĞĂƚĞůŽĐĂůũŽďƐ • hƚŝůŝǌĞǁĂƐƚĞĨůǇĂƐŚΘŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ • ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞůĂƐŬĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐŽƐƚƐ • ZĞĚƵĐĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐΘĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐ ŽĨĨƵƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚůĂƐŬĂ Globally Geopolymers Will • ŶĂďůĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ

• ĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƌĂƚĞŽĨKϮ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ • ŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĨƵĞů • /ŵƉƌŽǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇ ZŝƐŝŶŐ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ĂƐƐĞƐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϱ What’s Next in Fairbanks? Leveraging CCHRC’s expertise and investment • ǆƉĂŶĚ,Z͛ƐϮн'ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞůŝďƌĂƌǇĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐŝǌĞŝƚŽŶƚŚĞǁĞď • ǆƉĂŶĚĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƚŝŽŶƐƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵŽƌĞůĂƐŬĂŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ Further economic analysis & business planning • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůďƵůŬŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐůĞĞƉĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ • &ŽƌůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŽƚŚĞƌƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ Product prototyping at CCHRC • ĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚĞƐƚŝŶŐ • ZĂĚŝĂŶƚĨůŽŽƌƐůĂďƐ͕ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐ͕ƚŝůĞƐ͕ĞǆƚĞƌŝŽƌǁĂůůƐŚĞĂƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƌŽŽĨŝŶŐƐŚŝŶŐůĞƐ͕ƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƉĂǀĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƉĂǀŝŶŐƐƚŽŶĞƐ͕ƌĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐǁĂůů ďůŽĐŬƐ͕ƌĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇďƌŝĐŬƐ͕ĨŽĂŵĞĚŝŶƐƵůĂƚŝŶŐďůŽĐŬƐ͕ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ Investigating other available Alaskan materials

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϲ “Promoting and advancing the development of healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans and other Circumpolar people .” Questions?

Contact Cole Sonafrank: • ĐŽůĞΛĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ • ϵϬϳͲ ϰϱϳͲ ϯϰϱϰ • ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ • W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ • ϭϬϬϬ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ^ƚƌĞĞƚ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϴ ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ

ůĂƐŬĂŶ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŽƐƚƐ

;ƐůŝĚĞƐŚŽǁͿ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 65 of 114 ,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 66 of 114 “Promoting and advancing the development of healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans and other Circumpolar people.” The Cost of Concrete in Fairbanks tŚĂƚĚŽĞƐŝƚĐŽƐƚƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͍

• tŚĂƚĚŽĞƐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƐƚƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͍

• tŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƐƚƵƐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͍

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC Ϯ What is Concrete?

Cement Sand Rock Admixture Water (Binder) (Fine (Coarse s Aggregate) Aggregate) (Chemicals)

Batch Plant Mixer / Truck (Dry Mixing) (Wet Mixing)

Concrete

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϯ Concrete is Mostly Aggregate

Cement Sand Rock Admixture Water (Binder) (Fine (Coarse s Aggregate) Aggregate) (Chemicals)

Batch Plant Mixer / Truck (Dry Mixing) (Wet Mixing)

And the aggregate is about the Concrete same whatever cement is used

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰ Concrete is Cement Paste & Aggregate

Cement Concrete (Binder) Sand (Fine Admixture Aggregate) (Chemicals) нсRock (Coarse Water Aggregate)

Aggregate

Cement Paste

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϱ Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Paste

Imported Imported Water Manufactured Admixtures Portland Cement

Portland Cement Paste

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϲ Modern* Portland Cement Pastes

Imported Imported Imported Water Manufacture Supplementary Admixtures d Portland Cementitious (Expensive) Cement Materials*

Portland Cement Paste

* ,ŝŐŚĞƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞΘĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŚĂŶKW COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ ϳ * ^D͛ƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ŵĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ͕ƐŝůŝĐĂĨƵŵĞ͕ƐůĂŐ͕ĞƚĐ CCHRC Geopolymer* Cement Paste

Local Alumina Imported Water Silicate Materials Admixtures & ;ŽĂů&ůǇƐŚ͕ Alkali Activator DŝŶĞdĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ ;^ŽĚŝƵŵ,ǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ ^ŝůƚ͕>ŽĞƐƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ н^ŽĚŝƵŵ^ŝůŝĐĂƚĞͿ

Geopolymer Cement Paste

*ĂŬĂůŬĂůŝͲĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĞŵĞŶƚ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϴ Concrete Quality ~ Cost

High Performance & Cost Concrete Specification ;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ $$$

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϵ Portland Cement Concrete Cost*

Concrete Prescription Specification High Performance & Cost ;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ $200

High Performance Concrete Performance Specification & Cost

;ƌŝĚŐĞƐͿ

Mix Design (How much of what to use): Geopolymer $84 ͻdǇƉĞŽĨĞŵĞŶƚ Cement ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨ^ƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌǇĞŵĞŶƚŝƚŝŽƵƐDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ Concrete ͻdǇƉĞΘƐŝǌĞŐƌĂĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ ͻdǇƉĞƐŽĨĚŵŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ Quality ͻYƵĂŶƚŝƚǇŽĨĞĂĐŚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ͻtĂƚĞƌƚŽĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĂƚŝŽ͕ƐůƵŵƉ͕ĞƚĐ ;^ŝĚĞǁĂůŬƐͿ ͻdǇƉĞƐ͕ƐŝǌĞƐΘƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ $? Ordinary – Low Cost * WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϭ Concrete Material Cost* Breakdown

* WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER * EŽƚǇĞƚŽƉƚŝŵŝǌĞĚĨŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽƌĐŽƐƚǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϮ Processing Costs* are the same

* WĞƌĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂϮϬϭϬ COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϯ Transition and impediments will cost?

Internal to the concrete manufacturing & raw material businesses: ͻ >ŝĐĞŶƐŝŶŐƵƐĞŽĨƉĂƚĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚǇ ͻĂƚĐŚƉůĂŶƚĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚĂƚŝŽŶƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌĂůŬĂůŝŶŝƚǇ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ͻZĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů;Ğ͘Ő͘ĨůǇĂƐŚͿƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐŽŶƚƌŽůΘƐƵƉƉůǇĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƐ ͻDŝǆĚĞƐŝŐŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŽŵĂƚĐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ͻWƌŽĐĞƐƐĐŽŶƚƌŽůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ͻWƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĐĞƌƚŝĨŝĞĚƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƐůĞĞƉĞƌƐͿ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϰ Feasible and Incrementally Scalable

Large Scale Applications

W͛ƐEŽƌƚŚ^ƚĂƌĂƌƚŝĨŝĐŝĂůŝƐůĂŶĚŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ƌŵŽƌůŽĐŬƐĐĂƐƚŝŶ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐďǇhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚǇZĞĚŝͲDŝǆ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϱ Geopolymer Concrete Railroad Ties

The Alaska Railroad Replaces 50,000 Every Year

ͻ WƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚĨŽƌ $3M annually • ĂŶΘƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĂĚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ • ZĞĚƵĐĞĚĐŽƐƚƐ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐͿ • ŽŶŽƚĚĞŐƌĂĚĞůŝŬĞǁŽŽĚ • EŽŶͲƉŽůůƵƚŝŶŐ • ƌĞĂƚĞƐůĂƐŬĂŶũŽďƐ ƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞĂŬĂ͞ƐůĞĞƉĞƌ͟ • hƐĞƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞǁĂƐƚĞĚ • ŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞƐĞǆƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƌĂŝůůŝŶĞƐƚŽ ĂŶĂĚĂĂŶĚŽǀĞƌƚŚĞzƵŬŽŶ • hƐĞĚŝŶƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĂŶĚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶƚƌĂĐŬ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϲ Valuable over short & long terms

Value Capturing ͻ/ŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůůǇƐĐĂůĂďůĞǁŝƚŚŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ

ͻEŝĐŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůŝƚƚůĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ • ^ŝŵƉůĞ͕ƐŚŽƌƚͲƌƵŶƉƌĞͲĐĂƐƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ • ƵƐƚŽŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐůŝŬĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐ

ͻWƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶďĞ ĚŽŶĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƉĂƚĞŶƚĂďůĞ /ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůWƌŽƉĞƌƚǇĨŽƌůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ

ͻDĞĞƚŝŶŐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĚĞŵĂŶĚƐǁŝůůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǇŝĞůĚůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵǀĂůƵĞ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϳ Local & Global Benefits

Local Geopolymer Production Will ͻWƌŽǀŝĚĞůŽǁͲĐŽƐƚ͕ƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ͻĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŽƐƚƐĞŶĂďůŝŶŐůŽĐĂůŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ͻƌĞĂƚĞůŽĐĂůũŽďƐ ͻhƚŝůŝǌĞǁĂƐƚĞĨůǇĂƐŚΘŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ ͻĞĐƌĞĂƐĞůĂƐŬĂŶŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐŽƐƚƐ ͻZĞĚƵĐĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐΘĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐ ŽĨĨƵƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚůĂƐŬĂ Globally Geopolymers Will ͻŶĂďůĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ

ͻĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƌĂƚĞŽĨKϮ ƌĞůĞĂƐĞ ͻŽŶƐĞƌǀĞĨƵĞů ͻ/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƐĂĨĞƚǇ ZŝƐŝŶŐ'ƌĞĞŶŚŽƵƐĞ'ĂƐĞƐ

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϭϴ Questions?

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ CCHRC ϰϴ ,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 86 of 116 ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ

/ŶƚĞƌŝŽƌůĂƐŬĂ͛Ɛ'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌWŽƚĞŶƚŝĂů

;ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚͿ

tŽƌŬŽŶĨůĞƐŚŝŶŐŽƵƚƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚĞƚĂŝůƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚǁŝƚŚůĂƐŬĂŶŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝƐŽŶͲŐŽŝŶŐĂŶĚǁŝůůďĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĂƐƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĞǀŽůǀĞ͘,ZǁŝůůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞ&E^ĂĐŽƉǇŽĨƚŚĞĨŝŶĂůǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘ƌĂĨƚƐĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽĂŶǇŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐƵƉŽŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚ͘

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 87 of 114 ,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 88 of 114 This draft is a work in progress

Geopolymer Cement Can — and Should be — Produced in Alaska

ƌĞƉŽƌƚĨŽƌĂŶĚĨƵŶĚĞĚďǇƚŚĞ &ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐEŽƌƚŚ^ƚĂƌŽƌŽƵŐŚ

ǇdǇ<ĞůƚŶĞƌΘŽůĞ^ŽŶĂĨƌĂŶŬ͕,Z

ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϬ

/͘ǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌǇ //͘/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ///͘dŚĞƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ /s͘WƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ • ZĂŝůƌŽĂĚdŝĞƐ • ƌŝĐŬƐ͕ůŽĐŬƐ͕WĂǀĞƌƐĂŶĚdŝůĞƐ • ŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐ • ZŽĂĚZĞƉĂŝƌ • /ŶƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕tĂůůWĂŶĞůƐĂŶĚĞŝůŝŶŐdŝůĞƐ • ZĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ s͘KƚŚĞƌDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ s/͘^ƵŵŵĂƌǇ This draft is a work in progress

/͘ǆĞĐƵƚŝǀĞ^ƵŵŵĂƌǇ

dŚŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŝƐĂƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌǇƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůŽĨĂŶůĂƐŬĂŶͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͘KƵƌƐƚĂƚĞ͕ůŝŬĞƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ŚĂƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚǇƉŝĐĂůůǇĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞĚ ŝŶůĂƐŬĂƵƐŝŶŐůŽĐĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ DƵĐŚŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŝƐĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚͲďĂƐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͘ tŚŝůĞĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŚĂƐĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚƌĂǁďĂĐŬƐ͗ŝƚǁŝůů ĐƌƵŵďůĞĂŶĚĐƌĂĐŬŝŶƐŽŵĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐƉŽŽƌůǇŝŶƐĂůƚǇĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĐŽƌƌŽĚĞƐƚŚĞ ƐƚĞĞůƵƐĞĚƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŝƚ͘/ƚĂůƐŽĂďƐŽƌďƐǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƐŚĂƉĞŽǀĞƌƚŝŵĞ͘WĞƌŚĂƉƐŽĨ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ƵƐĞƐĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨĞŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌ͕ůŝŐŚƚĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ŵŽƌĞƐƚĂďůĞ͕ŚĞĂƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ͕ĂŶĚ ŝŵƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƚŽǁĂƚĞƌ͘ůƐŽ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐŵŽƌĞĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚ͕ůĞƐƐĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ĂŶĚůĞƐƐ ĚĂŵĂŐŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ ďŽŝůĞƌƐůĂŐ͕ŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ůŽĞƐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐĨŽƵŶĚŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͘hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐǁŝůůŵĂŬĞƵƐĞŽĨǁĂƐƚĞĚǁĂƐƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŚŝůĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽďĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞĚĂŶĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘ ŶǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ƵƐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ůĂƐŬĂŶƐŶĞĞĚĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘DŽƐƚŶŽƚĂďůǇ͕ůĂƐŬĂŚĂƐĂƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇǀŝƚĂůƚŽ ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘dŚĞůĂƐŬĂZĂŝůƌŽĂĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ;ZZͿƵƐĞƐǁŽŽĚƚŝĞƐƐŚŝƉƉĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ>ŽǁĞƌϰϴ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐĂƌĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞĂŶĚůĞƐƐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĚĂŵĂŐŝŶŐƚŚĂŶ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůǁŽŽĚƚŝĞƐ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĐŽƵůĚďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶĂŶŽƚŚĞƌůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ͶƌŽĂĚĂŶĚďƌŝĚŐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƉĂŝƌ͘ ƌŝĐŬƐ͕ďůŽĐŬƐ͕ƉĂǀĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŝůĞƐĐĂŶĂůůďĞŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ͕ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐĂƌĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŝŶƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚǇĂŶĚĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞĞĂƐŝůǇŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ KƚŚĞƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŝŶƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ǁĂůůƉĂŶĞůƐĂŶĚĐĞŝůŝŶŐƚŝůĞƐ͘ ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁŽƵůĚƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨ ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŚŝƉƉĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ƵƐĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇͲŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚŽĨ͕ĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƚĞũŽďƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƵƐĞƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘

Geopolymer cement can—and should be—produced in Alaska.

2 This draft is a work in progress

//͘/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ

ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝƐ͕ĂŶĚǁŝůůĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƚŽďĞ͕ĂǀŝĂůĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƵƉŽŶǁŚŝĐŚ ŽƵƌĞĐŽŶŽŵǇŝƐďĂƐĞĚ͘ďŽƵƚƚŚƌĞĞƚŽŶƐƉĞƌŚƵŵĂŶŽŶĞĂƌƚŚĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĞǀĞƌǇǇĞĂƌ͘ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝƐ ŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵůŽĐĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŐƌĂǀĞůďŽƵŶĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌďǇĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞůĂƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌǇ͕ ƚŚĂƚďŝŶĚĞƌŚĂƐďĞĞŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵůŝŵĞƐƚŽŶĞ͕ĂůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĐůĂǇƐ͕ ŐǇƉƐƵŵ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ͘

ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƵƐĞƐĂƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨĞŶĞƌŐǇ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇ͖ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŵĂŶǇĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ͖ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚŬŝůŶŝƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͛ƐůĂƌŐĞƐƚƉŝĞĐĞŽĨŵŽǀŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĞŶŽƵŐŚĞŶĞƌŐǇƚŽƌŽƚĂƚĞĂŶĚĨŝƌĞĂƐŚŝŐŚĂƐϯϬϬϬΣ&͘

WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞ ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐǇĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚŽĨϰϱϬƉŽƵŶĚƐŽĨĐŽĂů͘dŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐϱͲϴйŽĨŐůŽďĂůĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚƌĞĐĞŶƚĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞƐƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚĂƚŶƵŵďĞƌĞǀĞŶŚŝŐŚĞƌ͘ĞŵĞŶƚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞŐƵŶƌĞƚƌŽĨŝƚƚŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚƐƚŽƌĞƵƐĞƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞ ŚĞĂƚĨƌŽŵŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚĞƐĞƉůĂŶƚƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͘

3 This draft is a work in progress

/ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌϭйŽĨh͘^͘ĞŶĞƌŐǇĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶŐŽĞƐŝŶƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŐǇƉƐƵŵͲďĂƐĞĚĚƌǇǁĂůů ƌĞůĞĂƐŝŶŐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌϮϱďŝůůŝŽŶƉŽƵŶĚƐŽĨKϮĂŶŶƵĂůůǇ͘ /ŶϮϬϬϲ͕ĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϭϬϬŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚǁĂƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ ^ƚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐŝŶŚŝŶĂ͘dŚĞƚŽƚĂůϮϬϬϲǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶǁĂƐĂďŽƵƚ Ϯ͘ϱďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐ͘ŶŶƵĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘ WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂůƐŽƐƵĨĨĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͘/ƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚŽůĚƵƉ ǁĞůůŝŶƐĂůƚǇĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚĞĞůƵƐĞĚƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞŝƚƚĞŶĚƐƚŽƐůŽǁůǇĐŽƌƌŽĚĞĂǁĂǇ͘ WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂůƐŽĂďƐŽƌďƐǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĞǆƉĂŶĚƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚůǇǁŝƚŚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ͘ ůůŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂŝƐŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĞĚĨƌŽŵŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͘dŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŚŝďŝƚƐůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝƚǇ͘ŶĂďůŝŶŐůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽƵůĚĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĂůƚĞƌƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐǀŝĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƌƵƌĂůůĂƐŬĂŶǀŝůůĂŐĞƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͘

Geopolymer Cements EĞǁĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůůǇƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĂůůƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂŶĚŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ͕ĨŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨ͕ǁĂƚĞƌƉƌŽŽĨ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞĂůƌĞĂĚǇĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ dŚĞǇďŽŶĚƐƚƌŽŶŐůǇƚŽŵŽƐƚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ĚŽŶŽƚĞǆƉĂŶĚŽƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ͕ĂƌĞĨŽĂŵĂďůĞ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƚŽƐĂůƚƐ͕ĂĐŝĚƐ͕ĂŶĚĂůŬĂůŝƐ͘dŚĞǇĂůƐŽƌĞƋƵŝƌĞůĞƐƐĞŶĞƌŐǇƚŽŵĂŬĞĂŶĚĂƌĞŵŽƌĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇďĞŶŝŐŶ͘/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ĐĞŵĞŶƚĐƌĞĂƚĞƐŽŶůǇ͘ϭͲ͘ϭϱƚŽŶƐŽĨKϮ͘dŚƵƐ͕ϳͲϵƚŝŵĞƐĂƐŵƵĐŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŵĞůĞǀĞůŽĨKϮĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĐƵƌĞŵŽƌĞƌĂƉŝĚůǇƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚͲďĂƐĞĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞǇŐĂŝŶŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚǁŝƚŚŝŶϮϰŚŽƵƌƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞǇƐĞƚƐůŽǁůǇĞŶŽƵŐŚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǇĐĂŶďĞŵŝǆĞĚĂƚĂďĂƚĐŚ ƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚŝŶĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵŝǆĞƌ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂůƐŽŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽĨŽƌŵĂƐƚƌŽŶŐ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůďŽŶĚǁŝƚŚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇƉůĂĐĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚĞǆƉĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůǇůŝƚƚůĞ͘ ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂŶĂůƵŵŝŶĂƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ĂŶĂůŬĂůŝĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽĚŝƵŵ ŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ͕ƐŽĚŝƵŵƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌ͘

4 This draft is a work in progress

EĞĂƌůǇĂŶǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŵĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌĂƌĞĂƐ͘ůĂƐŬĂŚĂƐĂŶƵƌŐĞŶƚĂŶĚ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌŵĂŶǇŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞƐƚͲƐƵŝƚĞĚůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶƐƚŽƵƚŝůŝǌĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐĚƵĞƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĂŶĚƵƐĞŽĨůĂƐŬĂŶŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞ ŝŶͲƐƚĂƚĞĨƌŽŵĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĨŽƵŶĚŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ŵĂŶǇŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƚǇƉŝĐĂůůǇĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ǁĂƐƚĞ͘

Active Ingredient Source Alaskan Source ŽĂůĨůǇĂƐŚ ŽĂůƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ ZĞĚŽŐDŝŶĞ͕ DŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚĐŽŵƉůĞǆŽƌĞ <ĞŶƐŝŶŐƚŽŶDŝŶĞ͕ DŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ ďŽĚŝĞƐ ƵƉĐŽŵŝŶŐWĞďďůĞDŝŶĞ ^ŝůƚ ŽĚŝĞƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ >ĂŬĞƐ͕ƌŝǀĞƌƐ tŝŶĚͲďůŽǁŶƐŝůƚ͕ƐŽŝůǁŝƚŚŶŽ >ŽĞƐƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƐ DĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ <ĂŽůŝŶĐůĂǇ hƐŝďĞůůŝDŝŶĞ ůĂƐƚĨƵƌŶĂĐĞƐůĂŐ DĞƚĂůƐŵĞůƚŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚƐ ŶŽŶĞ KƚŚĞƌĂůƵŵŝŶĂ ƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐ ǌĞŽůŝƚĞĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ

ŽŵŵŽŶůǇƵƐĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ;ĐĂůĐŝŶĞĚŬĂŽůŝŶͿĨŽƵŶĚƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐĐŽĂů ĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ͕ĨůǇĂƐŚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďǇͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨŚŝŐŚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ďůĂƐƚ ĨƵƌŶĂĐĞƐůĂŐ͕ĂŶĚǌĞŽůŝƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇĨŽƵŶĚŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͘

5 This draft is a work in progress

dŚĞĚƌǇĂůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƉŽǁĚĞƌŝƐĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĂůŬĂůŝƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƚŽĨŽƌŵƚŚĞ ĐĞŵĞŶƚďŝŶĚĞƌƉĂƐƚĞ͘ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŽĚŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞ;ůǇĞͿ͕ƐŽĚŝƵŵƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞ;ǁĂƚĞƌŐůĂƐƐͿ ĂŶĚĐůĞĂŶǁĂƚĞƌŝƐƚǇƉŝĐĂů͘hŶƚŝůŝƚĐƵƌĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŚŝŐŚůǇĐĂƵƐƚŝĐ;ĞǀĞŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚ ĐĞŵĞŶƚͿ͕ƐŽĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůĐĂƌĞŵƵƐƚďĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŽŚĂŶĚůĞŝƚƐĂĨĞůǇ͘ůĞĂŶƐĂŶĚƐ͕ĨŝůůĞƌƐ͕ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘DĂŶǇƐƵĐŚŵŝǆĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůŚĞĂƚ͕ďƵƚ ƐŽŵĞĚŽĐƵƌĞƚŽĨƵůůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂƚƌŽŽŵƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ͘dŚĞĂůŬĂůŝĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌƐŶĞĞĚĞĚĨŽƌ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƐŽĚŝƵŵŚǇĚƌŽǆŝĚĞĂŶĚƐŽĚŝƵŵƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞ͕ŵƵƐƚďĞƐŚŝƉƉĞĚƚŽůĂƐŬĂ͘dŚĞǇ ĂƌĞŝŶĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞĂŶĚƌĞĂĚŝůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶĚƌǇĨŽƌŵ͘

ŽůĚůŝŵĂƚĞ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚĞƌŚĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ ƚǁŽǇĞĂƌƐŝŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚŵŽĚĞƌŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŶŐŚŽǁƚŚĞǇ ĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞƵƐŝŶŐƌĂǁŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƌĞĂĚŝůǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƐŚĨƌŽŵĐŽĂůͲĨŝƌĞĚ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƉůĂŶƚƐĂŶĚŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͘dŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƐŵĂŬĞƚŚĞŵǁĞůůͲƐƵŝƚĞĚĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚƌĞƐŽůǀĞ ŵĂŶǇĞǆŝƐƚŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐǁŝƚŚŚŽƵƐŝŶŐŝŶĐŽůĚĐůŝŵĂƚĞƐǁŚŝůĞƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘ tŝƚŚƐŽŵƵĐŚƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůĨŽƌĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐĐĂŶďĞĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶƚŚĞƵŶƚĂƉƉĞĚůĂƐŬĂŶŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘dŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐǁŝůůƵƚŝůŝǌĞŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞǁĂƐƚĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ ŐƌŽǁƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞũŽďƐ͘

6 This draft is a work in progress

///͘dŚĞƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐŚĂǀĞĞǀŽůǀĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚǁŝƚŚƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞĂĚĞƌ ŝŶŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ͘DŝĚƐĐĂůĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐďĞŐĂŶƚŽƐƉƌŽƵƚŝŶϮϬϬϴ ǁŚĞŶĞŽďŽŶĚďĞŐĂŶƵƐŝŶŐĨůǇĂƐŚĂŶĚďŽŝůĞƌƐůĂŐƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͘

dŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĂǁŝĚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐůŽǁKϮĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƌĂĚŝŽĂĐƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƚŽǆŝĐǁĂƐƚĞĞŶĐĂƉƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĨŽĂŵĨŽƌŚŝŐŚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝŶƐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ ĨŽƵŶĚƌǇĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐĞĂůĂŶƚƐ͕ƚŽŽůŝŶŐĨŽƌĂĞƌŽŶĂƵƚŝĐƐ͕ĨŝƌĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚͬŚĞĂƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐĂƌďŽŶͲĨŝďĞƌ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂŶĚŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞ͘dŚĞĚƌǇƉŽǁĚĞƌƐĂƌĞŵŝǆĞĚǁŝƚŚůŝƋƵŝĚƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚŵŽƐƚůǇŽĨ ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞĚďǇƉŽƵƌŝŶŐ͕ƐƉƌĂǇŝŶŐĂŶĚͬŽƌƚƌŽǁĞůŝŶŐŝŶƚŽŽƌŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌŵĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁĞĚƚŽĐƵƌĞ͘dŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚďŝŶĚĞƌŵĂǇĂůƐŽďĞŵŝǆĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĨƵůůƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƐĂŶĚƐ͕ĨŝůůĞƌƐ͕ ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽĨŽƌŵƐƚƵĐĐŽƐ͕ŵŽƌƚĂƌƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌŶŽƚĂůů ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƵƐĞƐĂƌĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĨŽƌĂŶůĂƐŬĂŶďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ͕ŝŶƚƵƌŶ͕ŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞƐƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞĚĨŽƌƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĂŶǇŽĨƚŚŽƐĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘

dŚĞĞŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁŝůůƌĞĂƉƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͘

7 This draft is a work in progress

ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůůǇůĞƐƐĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ůĞƐƐĞǆƉĂŶƐŝǀĞ͕ůĞƐƐ ƉŽůůƵƚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚůĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚƚŚĂŶĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘DĂŬŝŶŐĂůĂƌŐĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚǇŽĨ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐǁŽƵůĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĂƉůĂŶƚƌŽƵŐŚůǇƚŚĞƐŝǌĞŽĨĂƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚďĂƚĐŚƉůĂŶƚ͘dŚĞůĂƌŐĞ ŬŝůŶĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽŵĂŬĞƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞŶŽƚŶĞĞĚĞĚĨŽƌŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕ŶŽƌĚŽĞƐŝƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƚŚĞƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨĞŶĞƌŐǇƚŚĂƚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƐ͘DĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐůŝƚƚůĞŽƌŶŽƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚĨŽƌŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚǀƐ͘ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

Process for creating portland cement:

Process for creating geopolymer cement using rock or other unprocessed material:

Process for creating geopolymer cement using fly ash:

8 This draft is a work in progress

/s͘WƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ

dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐĂŶĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ƵƐŝŶŐ ĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵůĂƐŬĂŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞůĂƐŬĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘

Railroad ties ZĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞƐ͕ĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚ͞ƐůĞĞƉĞƌƐ͕͟ĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚƚŽƐĞĐƵƌĞƚŚĞƚƌĂĐŬŝŶ ƉůĂĐĞ͘tŽŽĚĞŶƚŝĞƐ͕ŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇƵƐĞĚ͕ĐŽŶƐƵŵĞǁŽŽĚƐƚŽĐŬƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞĐŽĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĐƌĞŽƐŽƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŽďĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĚĂŵĂŐŝŶŐ͘/Ŷ ƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ǁŽŽĚĞŶƚŝĞƐƐƉůŝƚ͕ƌŽƚĂŶĚƐƵĨĨĞƌĨƌŽŵŝŶƐĞĐƚĚĂŵĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞZZƵƐĞƐŚĂƌĚǁŽŽĚƚŝĞƐŽŶŶĞĂƌůǇĂůůŝƚƐƚƌĂĐŬĂŶĚƵƐĞƐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐŽŶŚŝŐŚĚĞŐƌĞĞ ƚƵƌŶƐ͘dŚĞƚŝĞƐĂƌĞƐŚŝƉƉĞĚƚŽŶĐŚŽƌĂŐĞĨƌŽŵƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ/ŶĚŝĂŶĂ͘ dŚĞůĂƐŬĂZĂŝůƌŽĂĚŝƐĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨϲϱϭŵŝůĞƐŽĨƚƌĂĐŬ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϯ͕ϬϬϬͲ ϯ͕ϮϱϬƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞƐƉĞƌŵŝůĞ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐŽĨƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚǇ͕ƚŚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐďĞůŽǁƵƐĞϲϬϬŵŝůĞƐ ŽĨƚƌĂĐŬ͕ĂŶĚϯ͕ϬϬϬƚŝĞƐƉĞƌŵŝůĞ͘

Railroad figures dŝĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ϳŝŶ͘ǆϵŝŶ͘ǆϴ͘ϱĨƚ͘ DŝůĞƐŽĨƚƌĂĐŬ ϲϬϬ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŝĞƐƉĞƌŵŝůĞ ϯ͕ϬϬϬ dŽƚĂůƚŝĞƐŝŶůĂƐŬĂ ϭ͕ϴϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ

ǆƉĞĐƚĞĚůŝĨĞƚŝŵĞŽĨĂƚŝĞ;ŝŶǇĞĂƌƐͿ ϯϬͲϰϬ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŝĞƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚŽƵƚƉĞƌǇĞĂƌ ϱϬ͕ϬϬϬ

ŽƐƚŽĨĂŚĂƌĚǁŽŽĚƚŝĞ Ψϲϱ ŽƐƚŽĨĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞ ΨϭϭϬ ŽůůĂƌƐƐƉĞŶƚŽŶŚĂƌĚǁŽŽĚƚŝĞƐƉĞƌǇĞĂƌ Ψϯ͕ϮϱϬ͕ϬϬϬ

ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐĚŽŶŽƚƐƉůŝƚ͕ŽƌƐƵĨĨĞƌŝŶƐĞĐƚŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƚŝŽŶ͘ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐĂůƐŽĨĂƌĞďĞƚƚĞƌŝŶ ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐŚĂƌƐŚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘dŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂůďĞŶĞĨŝƚŽǀĞƌǁŽŽĚĞŶ ƚŝĞƐ͕ďƵƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĞǀĞŶŐƌĞĂƚĞƌďĞŶĞĨŝƚ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐǁŝůůŶŽƚĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚĞĂƐƋƵŝĐŬůǇĂƐƚŚŽƐĞŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

9 This draft is a work in progress

'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚŝĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶZƵƐƐŝĂ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞǇ ǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽďĞŝŶŐŽŽĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌĂĨƚĞƌϭϯǇĞĂƌƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘

Concrete railroad tie figures ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉĞƌƚŝĞ;ĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚƐͿ ͘ϭϰ ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƉĞƌŵŝůĞ;ĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚƐͺ ϰϯϬ dŽŶƐŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚŶĞĞĚĞĚƉĞƌŵŝůĞ ϭϮϬ dŽŶƐŽĨƐĂŶĚĂŶĚŐƌĂǀĞůŶĞĞĚĞĚƉĞƌŵŝůĞ ϳ͕ϲϬϬ

ƐĂŶĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƚĞĚĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵ&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐƚŽtŚŝƚĞŚŽƌƐĞŝƐĂďŽƵƚϲϬϬ ŵŝůĞƐ͘ǇƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚ͕ƚŚĂƚĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞǁŽƵůĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƚǁŽŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŝĞƐ͘ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŶŐƚŚĞƚŝĞƐĨƌŽŵ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŽƵůĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞϮϳϬ͕ϬϬϬĐƵďŝĐǇĂƌĚƐŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚƵƐĞϳϲ͕ϬϬϬƚŽŶƐŽĨ ĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚϱϬϬ͕ϬϬϬƚŽŶƐŽĨƐĂŶĚΘŐƌĂǀĞů͘ůůŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞŝŶͲƐƚĂƚĞ͕ƚŚƵƐ ĂǀŽŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐǁŽŽĚĞŶƚŝĞƐ͘ ŶǇůĂƐŬĂͲƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƌĂŝůǁĂǇƚŝĞƐǁŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƚŽŵĞĞƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞǇ ĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚ͘dŚĞůĂƐŬĂZĂŝůƌŽĂĚŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶǁŝůůŽŶůǇƵƐĞƚŝĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĞĞƚƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂŶZĂŝůǁĂǇ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚDĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞͲŽĨͲtĂǇƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶ;ZDͿƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĞŶƚĞƌ/ŶĐ͘;dd/Ϳ͕ůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶŽůŽƌĂĚŽ͕ƚĞƐƚƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƌĂŝů ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐ͘

Bricks, blocks, pavers, tiles ƌŝĐŬƐ͕ƉĂǀĞƌƐĂŶĚďůŽĐŬƐŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞƚŚĂŶƚŚŽƐĞŵĂĚĞ ǁŝƚŚWŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘KƵƚƐŝĚĞƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͕ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌďůŽĐŬƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚ ƚŽĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚŝĂůŚŽƵƐĞƐ͕ŐĂƌĂŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĨĞŶĐĞƐ͘ ƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶǇĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐŝŶůĂƐŬĂƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞďƌŝĐŬƐ͕ƚŝůĞƐ͕ƉĂǀĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ďůŽĐŬŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘dŚĞǇƵƐĞƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞƐ͘^ŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůŶĞǁďůŽĐŬďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶůĂƐŬĂŶŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌͲŵĂĚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐǁŽƵůĚďĞĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŵĂƌŬĞƚƚŚĂƚĂůƌĞĂĚǇŚĂƐĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŽƌƐ͘KŶĞŽƉƚŝŽŶƚŽĂǀŽŝĚĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŝƐƚŽƐƚĂƌƚĂ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐĂůŝŶĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐďƌŝĐŬƐ͕ďůŽĐŬƐĂŶĚƉĂǀĞƌƐ͘dŚĞ ďůŽĐŬƐĐĂŶďĞƐŽůĚƚŽůŽĐĂůĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐůĂƌŐĞĐŚĂŝŶƐƚŽƌĞƐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐŚŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞďůŽĐŬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘dŚŝƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐǁŝůůĐƌĞĂƚĞ ũŽďƐǁŚŝůĞŵĂŬŝŶŐĂŶůĂƐŬĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘

Road/Bridge/Dam Construction dŽĚĂǇ͕ƌŽĂĚƐ͕ďƌŝĚŐĞƐ͕ĚĂŵƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘&ůǇĂƐŚŝƐŽĨƚĞŶŵŝǆĞĚŝŶǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĞŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͛ƐƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ŚĞĂƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞƉĞƌŵĞĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ĐƵƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚƐŚƌŝŶŬĂŐĞ͘&ůǇĂƐŚŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŝŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ

10 This draft is a work in progress

^ƚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚŝƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůWƌŽƚĞĐƚŝŽŶŐĞŶĐǇ͘DĂŶǇƐƚĂƚĞƐŚĂǀĞůĂǁƐ͕ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ŽƌƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĨůǇĂƐŚŝŶƌŽĂĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ͘

Source: American Coal Ash Association 2004

:ƵƐƚĂƐĨůǇĂƐŚďǇŝƚƐĞůĨĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂďŝŶĚĞƌ͕ŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ůŽĞƐƐ͕ƐůĂŐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞƵƐĞĚĞǆĐůƵƐŝǀĞůǇ͕ŽƌŝŶĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƌŽĂĚƐĂŶĚŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵĨĨĞƌƐĞǆƚĞŶƐŝǀĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐĚĂŵĂŐĞĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞ͛ƐǀĂƌǇŝŶŐĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ůĂƐŬĂŚĂƐƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĨƵƚƵƌĞƌŽĂĚƐ͕ďƌŝĚŐĞƐĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐĐŽƵůĚƉƌŽďĂďůǇďĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚďǇĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐĨůǇ ĂƐŚĨƌŽŵůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐŽƌŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞ͛ƐŵĂŶǇŵŝŶŝŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ ĞƚƚĞƌǇĞƚ͕ƐŝŵƉůǇƵƐŝŶŐĨůǇĂƐŚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŝůůŵĂŬĞƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĨĂƌŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞĂŶĚůĞƐƐƉƌŽŶĞƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐŚĂƌƐŚĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͘

Pipes dŚĞďĞŶĞĨŝƚŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉŝƉĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞǀŝĚĞŶƚĨŽƌŵĂŶǇǇĞĂƌƐ͘ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ ĂĚĚƐƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇĂŶĚƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚǇƚŽƉŝƉĞĨŽƌŵĂŶǇĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ͘DĂŬŝŶŐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞǁŝƚŚ

11 This draft is a work in progress

ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚŽƐĞďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨďĞŝŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůůǇĨƌŝĞŶĚůǇ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŵĂŬĞƐƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌůǇŐŽŽĚƐĞǁĞƌƉŝƉĞĚƵĞƚŽŝƚƐ ŚŝŐŚĞƌƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽĐŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶĨƌŽŵĂĐŝĚƐ͘

Fireproof insulation and wall panels ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐĨŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨĐŽĂƚŝŶŐŝƐŶŽƚĂĚŝĨĨŝĐƵůƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dǇƉŝĐĂůůǇĂŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞŝƐ ůĂǇĞƌĞĚŽŶƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƐƵďƐƚĂŶĐĞǀŝĂƌŽůůŝŶŐ͕ƐƉƌĂǇŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͘KĨƚĞŶĨĂďƌŝĐƐĂƌĞ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌůĂǇĞƌƐ͘

Countertops ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐĂƌĞŐĂŝŶŝŶŐƉŽƉƵůĂƌŝƚǇ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƚǇƉĞƐŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇƵƐĞĚ͘ĞĐĂƵƐĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞŵŽƌĞŚĞĂƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ͕ůĞƐƐƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞĂŶĚ ŚĂƌĚĞƌƚŚĞǇƐŚŽƵůĚŵĂŬĞďĞƚƚĞƌĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

Refractory applications ƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝŶŚĞƌĞŶƚĨŝƌĞƉƌŽŽĨĂŶĚŚĞĂƚƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞǇĂƌĞ ŝĚĞĂůĨŽƌƵƐĞĂƐŚĞĂƚŝŶŐƐǇƐƚĞŵƉĂƌƚƐ͕ĨŝƌĞďƌŝĐŬ͕ĨŝƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵŽƌƚĂƌ͕ŵĞƚĂůĨŽƌŵƐͬŵŽůĚƐĂŶĚŝŶ ŵĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ s͘KƚŚĞƌDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ŶŽƚŚĞƌĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞƚǇƉĞŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚ;DWͿ͘ DĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞƐĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵŵĂŶǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂůƐŽĨŽƵŶĚŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ DWƐĂƌĞŽŶůǇĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĨŽƌŶŝĐŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĐŽƐƚŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵ ƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŚŝŐŚĞƌĂŶĚŵĂǇŐĞŶĞƌĂůůǇďĞƵŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŵĂǇŽƵƚǁĞŝŐŚƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌĞǆƉĞŶƐĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵƉŚŽƐƉŚĂƚĞƐ͛ĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇĨĂƐƚƐĞƚƚŝŵĞĂŶĚĨŝƌĞƌĞƚĂƌĚĂŶƚƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐ͘ s/͘^ƵŵŵĂƌǇ KƵƌĐŝǀŝůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶǁĂƐďƵŝůƚǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘tŚŝůĞŚĂǀŝŶŐŵĂŶǇďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ͕ƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨŵĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞƐƵďƐƚĂŶƚŝĂů͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨKϮ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƐŚĂƉĞĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƚĞƐŽǀĞƌƚŝŵĞ͕ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝƚŝƐƵƐĞĚ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌ͕ůŝŐŚƚĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞ͕ŵŽƌĞƐƚĂďůĞĂŶĚŝŵƉĞƌǀŝŽƵƐƚŽǁĂƚĞƌ͘ /ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŝƐŵŽƌĞĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞǇĐƵƌĞŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞ ƌĂƉŝĚůǇƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵĂƐƚƌŽŶŐĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůďŽŶĚǁŝƚŚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇƉůĂĐĞĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘

ƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐƌĞĂƚĞƐŽŶůǇ͘ϭͲ͘ϭϱƚŽŶƐŽĨKϮ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƐĞǀĞŶƚŽ ŶŝŶĞƚŝŵĞƐĂƐŵƵĐŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŵĞůĞǀĞůŽĨKϮĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͘

12 This draft is a work in progress

>ĞƐƐŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƌǇĂŶĚĞŶĞƌŐǇŝƐŶĞĞĚƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞŝŶŐƌĞĚŝĞŶƚƐĨŽƌ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ŐůĂĐŝĂůƐŝůƚ͕ůŽĞƐƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůǇĨůǇĂƐŚĂŶĚŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ĂƌĞŚĂǌĂƌĚŽƵƐƚŽƚŚĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽĐƌĞĂƚĞĂǀĂůƵĞͲĂĚĚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŽƵůĚƌĞŵŽǀĞƚŚĞŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ǁĂƐƚĞƐƚƌĞĂŵĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇǁŽƵůĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐũŽďƐĨŽƌ ůĂƐŬĂŶƐ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶŽĨůĂƐŬĂŶͲŵĂĚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽƐƚƐƐĂǀĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁĂƐƚĞƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ ŵŝƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ŶǇƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚͲďĂƐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐĂŶďĞ ŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞĞŶĚůĞƐƐĨŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ ƌĞĨƌĂĐƚŽƌǇĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞ͘ůĂƐŬĂŚĂƐĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƌĂŝůƌŽĂĚƚŝĞƐ͘ 'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƚŝĞƐǁŝůůůĂƐƚůŽŶŐĞƌ͕ĂƌĞŵŽƌĞƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞŵĂĚĞĨƌŽŵŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůǇ ŐŽŝŶŐƚŽǁĂƐƚĞ͘ZŽĂĚƐ͕ďƌŝĚŐĞƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŽƌƌĞƉĂŝƌĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐ͘'ĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽŝĚĞĂůĨŽƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐďƌŝĐŬƐĂŶĚƉĂǀĞƌƐ͕ǁĂůůƉĂŶĞůƐ͕ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƚŽƉƐĂŶĚƉŝƉĞƐ͘ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůǇĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞŚŝŐŚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞĐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶ͕ĂŶĚƐŚŽƵůĚ͕ďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶ ůĂƐŬĂƵƐŝŶŐůĂƐŬĂŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚũŽďƐĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨǇŝŶŐůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͘

13 This draft is a work in progress

14 ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ ĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĂŶĚŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽƐƚƐ

;ĨŝŐƵƌĞͿ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 103 of 114 GHCSonafrank November 2010

Preliminary Gross Concrete Cost Estimates

$ / ton $ / ton of material Raw Material min max Portland Cement $170 $300 Admixtures $3,840 $6,400 Sand $5 $9 Rock $9 $12 Water $1 $12 Aurora Fly Ash $0 $3 Aurora Bottom Ash $0 $3 Healy Fly Ash $5 $8 Other $5 $8 Freight (Seattle->Fairbanks) $600 $1,000 Industrial Bulk Price (for min) 50% Sodium Hydroxide $1,050 $1,900 Sodium Silicate $1,000 $1,800 Potassium Hydroxide $1,300 $2,400 Other Additives $1,800 $3,400

tons / cu yd $ / cu yd $ / cu yd of concrete min max Portland Cement-based Concrete 2.12 $84 $196 Portland Cement 100% 0.28 $47.94 $84.60 Sand 223% 0.63 $3.15 $5.67 Rock 426% 1.20 $10.80 $14.40 Admixtures 2% 0.0056 $21.66 $90.24 5% Water 33% 0.09 $0.11 $1.12

tons / cu yd $ / cu yd $ / cu yd Not Yet Optimized* of concrete min max Geopolymer-based Concrete min 2.27 $84 $224 max Aurora Fly Ash 75% 0.21 $0.00 $0.55 65% Healy Fly Ash 25% 0.07 $0.32 $0.53 25% Other 0% 0.00 $0.00 $0.21 10% Sand 223% 0.63 $3.15 $5.66 223% Rock 426% 1.20 $10.80 $14.42 426% Sodium Hydroxide 10% 0.03 $29.61 $107.16 20% Sodium Silicate 8% 0.02 $22.56 $60.91 12% Other Additives 3.5% 0.01 $17.77 $33.56 7.0% Water 35% 0.10 $0.12 $1.18 50%

* Note: 1The "min" and "max" here do not mean minnium and maximum possible costs. They estimate the minimum and maximum costs of the specified range of mix designs when produced on an industrial scale. Commercially optimal mix designs may fall outside of this range 2This simple first comparison does not take into account the differences in cement quality, nor what those differences mean to quantity required for any given use/project. Given that the base performance of geopolymers is superior to portland cement, less should be required (in relation to aggregate) to achieve comperable performance concrete. 3The minimum portland cement costs have been reviewed and corrected by a local Redi-mix producer. The Geopolymer material costs are gueses based upon bulk retail costs rather than industrial scale quotations. 4The geopolymer mix designs themselves have not been optomized for any specified level of product performance. They are meant to reflect a likely worst case for cement somewhere in the middle of the potential performance range. ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ& ůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŵƉůĞŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŬĞǇ ůĞŵĞŶƚĂůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨůĂƐŬĂŶZĂǁDĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ

;ĨŝŐƵƌĞͿ WĂƌƚŝĐůĞ^ŝǌĞŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŶĂůǇƐŝƐZĞƐƵůƚƐ

;ĨŝŐƵƌĞͿ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 105 of 114 ůƵŵŝŶĂͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŵƉůĞŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶŬĞǇ

D< ͲWŽǁĞƌWŽǌǌ͕ŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůDĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶĨŽƌƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ &ϭ ͲƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇ͛ƐŚĞŶĂƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ƐĂŵƉůĞϭ &ϭ ͲƵƌŽƌĂŶĞƌŐǇĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ƐĂŵƉůĞϭ͕ĐĂůĐŝŶĞĚĂƚϭϰϬϬΣ&ĨŽƌϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ

,& Ͳ,ĞĂůǇϭƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ϮϬϬϵƐĂŵƉůĞ ;ƐƚŝůůƵƐŝŶŐůŝŵĞƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞƐƵůƉŚĞƌͿ ,&ϭ Ͳ,ĞĂůǇϭĨůǇĂƐŚĨƌŽŵďŝŶϭ ,&ϯ Ͳ,ĞĂůǇϭĨůǇĂƐŚĨƌŽŵďŝŶϯ ,&ϲ Ͳ,ĞĂůǇϭĨůǇĂƐŚĨƌŽŵďŝŶϲ h&& Ͳh&ƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚĨůǇĂƐŚ &<Ϯ Ͳ&Žƌƚ<ŶŽǆŐŽůĚŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ͕ƐĂŵƉůĞϮ͕ĨŝŶĞƐƚŶĞĂƌƚŚĞĚĂŵ WK'K ͲWŽŐŽŐŽůĚŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐ ZĞĚŽŐ ͲZĞĚŽŐůĞĂĚͬŝŶĐŵŝŶĞƚĂŝůŝŶŐƐͲdŽǆŝĐ Z> Ͳ>ŽĞƐƐĨƌŽŵĂĐƵƚďĂŶŬĂůŽŶŐZŽƐƐŝĞƌĞĞŬƌŽĂĚ >^ Ͳůŝ^ŽŶĂĨƌĂŶŬ͛ƐůŽƚůŽĞƐƐͬƐŝůƚ͕ŶĞĂƌƚŚĞƚŽƉŽĨƐƚĞƌ>ƵŵƉ ZD ͲŚĞŶĂZŝǀĞƌDƵĚ͕ĨƌŽŵϱϬ͛ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌŝǀĞƌΛŚĞŶĂWƵŵƉǁĂǇƐŝĚĞ ^Ͳ, ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨ,ĞĂůǇůĂǇ ^Ͳ,' ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐůĂǇĨƌŽŵ,ŝŶŬůĞǇ'ƵůĐŚ ^Ͳ> ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐůĂǇĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ>ŝǀĞŶŐŽŽĚŚŝŐŚǁĂǇ ^ͲD ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐůĂǇĨƌŽŵDƵƌƉŚǇŽŵĞ ^Ͳ^& ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐůĂǇĨƌŽŵh&͛Ɛ^ŝůǀĞƌ&ŽǆĚĞƉŽƐŝƚ ^Ͳd, ͲĂǀŝĚ^ƚĂŶŶĂƌĚ͛ƐƐĂŵƉůĞŽĨĐůĂǇĨƌŽŵƚŚĞdĂǇůŽƌ,ŝŐŚǁĂǇ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 106 of 114

Particle Size Distribution of Alaskan Fine Particulate Alumina-Silicate Materials

Ϭ͘Ϭϲ

Ϭ͘Ϭϱϱ D< ,& Ϭ͘Ϭϱ &<Ϯ WK'K Ϭ͘Ϭϰϱ Z> >^ Ϭ͘Ϭϰ ZD Ϭ͘Ϭϯϱ ^Ͳ, ^Ͳ,' Ϭ͘Ϭϯ ^Ͳ> ^ͲD Size (mm)Size Ϭ͘ϬϮϱ ^Ͳ^& ^Ͳd, Ϭ͘ϬϮ &ϭ ,&ϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϭϱ ,&ϯ ,&ϲ Ϭ͘Ϭϭ h&& ZĞĚŽŐ Ϭ͘ϬϬϱ &ϭ

Ϭ ϱϬй&ŝŶĞƌƚŚĂŶ ϰϬй&ŝŶĞƌƚŚĂŶ ϯϬй&ŝŶĞƌƚŚĂŶ ϮϬй&ŝŶĞƌƚŚĂŶ ϭϬй&ŝŶĞƌƚŚĂŶ ƉƉĞŶĚŝǆ' hƐŝďĞůůŝŽĂůWƌŽĚƵĐĞƐDŽƌĞdŚĂŶWŽǁĞƌ͕WŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚWƌŽĨŝƚ

;ŽƉͲĞĚͿ

,ZͲ ǁǁǁ͘ĐĐŚƌĐ͘ŽƌŐ͕W͘K͘ŽǆϴϮϰϴϵ͕&ĂŝƌďĂŶŬƐ͕<ϵϵϳϬϴ͕ϵϬϳͲϰϱϳͲϯϰϱϰ 109 of 114 110 of 114 Usibelli Coal Produces More Than Power, Pollution and Profit

ďǇ',ŽůĞ^ŽŶĂĨƌĂŶŬ͕EŽǀĞŵďĞƌϮϭ͕ϮϬϭϬ

ƵƌŶŝŶŐhƐŝďĞůůŝĐŽĂůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƐŝŵƉůǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƉŽǁĞƌ͕ƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽĨŝƚ͘ƵƌŶŝŶŐĐŽĂůĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂůŝŐŚƚǁĞŝŐŚƚĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞ͘/ƚĐŽƵůĚƉůĂǇĂǀĂůƵĂďůĞƌŽůĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͛Ɛ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝŽŶƚŽĂƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͘tĞƐŚŽƵůĚƐƚŽƉĐĂůůŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞ͞ǁĂƐƚĞ͟ ĂŶĚƚŚƌŽǁŝŶŐŝƚĂǁĂǇ͕ŽƌǁŽƌƐĞƚƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŝƚůŝŬĞƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘dŚŝƐǁŽƵůĚĂůůŽǁƵƐƚŽƐƚŽƉŝŵƉŽƌƚŝŶŐ ĂůůƚŚĞƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚǁĞƵƐĞŝŶůĂƐŬĂĨƌŽŵƉůĂĐĞƐůŝŬĞ<ŽƌĞĂ͘ ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂƌĞƵŶĚĞƌƵƚŝůŝǌĞĚ͘ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂĨĨŽƌĚĂďůĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͘ ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĞǆƚƌĞŵĞƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĂĚĂƉƚĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͘ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐĞĐŽŶŽŵǇŶĞĞĚƐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ůĂƐŬĂŶƐŶĞĞĚũŽďƐ͘ůĂƐŬĂŶƐĂƌĞĂƚƚŚĞ ĨŽƌĞĨƌŽŶƚŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĨŽƌƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƌĐƚŝĐ͘WĞŽƉůĞ ĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂƌĞǁĂŬŝŶŐƵƉƚŽƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚĂŬĞǇƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĂĐŚŝĞǀŝŶŐƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚǇŝƐ ŶŽƚǁĂƐƚŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘,ŽǁĨĂƌďĞŚŝŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝůůǁĞůĞƚůĂƐŬĂŐĞƚďĞĨŽƌĞǁĞ ƚŽŽǁĂŬĞƵƉĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝǌĞŽƵƌďůĞƐƐŝŶŐƐĨŽƌǁŚĂƚƚŚĞǇĂƌĞĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƚŽĚŽŽƵƌďĞƐƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵ͍ dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂƐŝƚŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇĚŽŶĞ͕ƚĂŬĞƐĂůŽƚŽĨĞŶĞƌŐǇĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂůŽƚŽĨĂŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘dŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐǇĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚŽĨĂďŽƵƚϰϱϬ ƉŽƵŶĚƐŽĨĐŽĂůĂŶĚƌĞůĞĂƐĞƐĂďŽƵƚŽŶĞƚŽŶŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘dŚĞǀĂƐƚ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚǇŽĨƚŚĞϮ͘ϴďŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶƐŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚĂŶŶƵĂůůǇĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚŝƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ďǇďƵƌŶŝŶŐĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐ͕ĂůůƚŽŽŽĨƚĞŶĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚǁŚĂƚĞǀĞƌĞůƐĞǁŝůůďƵƌŶůŝŬĞƚŝƌĞƐŽƌŵĞĚŝĐĂů ǁĂƐƚĞƐ͕ĂŶĚŝƐĂŵĂũŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŽƌƚŽĂŝƌƉŽůůƵƚŝŽŶ͘ /ŶƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐĂŶĚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞůĞĂƌŶĞĚƚŚĂƚĂůůŽǁŝŶŐĨŝŶĞ ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƚĞŵĂƚƚĞƌ͕ůĞƚĂůŽŶĞƚŽǆŝŶƐ͕ƚŽĨůǇƵƉĂŶĚŽƵƚŽĨƐŵŽŬĞƐƚĂĐŬƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĂŝƌƉĞŽƉůĞ ďƌĞĂƚŚĞůĞĂĚƐƚŽĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂďůĞŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘^Ž͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚŝŶƚŚĞ h^͕ĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚʹǁŚŝĐŚŚĞůƉƐƚŚĞƉƌŝĐĞŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĚŽŵĞƐƚŝĐĂůůǇƚŽĐŽǀĞƌŵŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵĐŽƐƚƐ͘/ŵƉŽƌƚĞĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŚƵƐĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽďĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞůǇĐŚĞĂƉ;ŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐƵŶƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚĨŽƌĞŝŐŶĐŽƐƚƐͿ͘dŚŝƐ͕ĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶŽƵƌƐƚƌƵŐŐůŝŶŐĞĐŽŶŽŵǇ͕ŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůĞƐĨŽƌƌĞƚĂŝŶŝŶŐůŽŽƉŚŽůĞƐ ŝŶ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƚƚŝŐŚƚĞŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŝƌƋƵĂůŝƚǇƌĞŐƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘

Alaska’s blessing ůĂƐŬĂŝƐďůĞƐƐĞĚƚŽŚĂǀĞƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐŽĨĐŽĂůƚŚĂƚŝƐǀĞƌǇĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĂƚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƚ ŽĨƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͘tĞĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞŽŶůǇƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚŝƐďůĞƐƐŝŶŐʹƚŚĞůŽǁƐƵůĨƵƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚŶĞĂƌ ĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŽǆŝĐŵĞƚĂůƐůŝŬĞŵĞƌĐƵƌǇĂŶĚĂƌƐĞŶŝĐĐŽŵŵŽŶůǇŝŶŽƚŚĞƌƚǇƉĞƐŽĨĐŽĂů͘ůŝŶĚĞĚďǇ ŽƵƚŵŽĚĞĚƉƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐ͕ǁĞĂƌĞŵŝƐƚĂŬĞŶŝĨǁĞƚŚŝŶŬƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞďůĞƐƐŝŶŐŝƐĂĐƵƌƐĞ͗ hƐŝďĞůůŝĐŽĂůĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐĂŶĂďŶŽƌŵĂůůǇŚŝŐŚĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨĐĂůĐŝƵŵ͘ tŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽĂůŝƐďƵƌŶĞĚƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŚĞĂƚ;ƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚĞĂŵ͕ƚŽƐƉŝŶƚƵƌďŝŶĞƐ͕ƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚǇͿ͕ƚŚĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵĞŶĚƐƵƉŝŶƚŚĞĂƐŚĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚĂůŽƚŽĨƐŝůŝĐŽŶĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵ͕ĂďŝƚŽĨŝƌŽŶ͕

111 of 114 ŵĂŐŶĞƐŝƵŵ͕ƐŽĚŝƵŵĂŶĚƵŶďƵƌŶĞĚĐĂƌďŽŶĂŶĚƚƌĂĐĞƐŽĨŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚĂůƐ͘ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐƵƉŽŶŚŽǁ ƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐĂƌĞŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĚ͕ƚŚĂƚĂƐŚŝƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚǁŽĨŽƌŵƐ͘tĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐĂůůŝŶŐŽŶĞ ͞ĐĞŵĞŶƚ͟ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͞ĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞ͘͟WƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇǁĞĐĂůůƚŚĞŵ͞ĨůǇĂƐŚ͟ĂŶĚ͞ďŽƚƚŽŵĂƐŚ͟ĂŶĚ ƉĂǇƚŽǁĂƐƚĞƚŚĞŵďŽƚŚ͘ WŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŚĂƌĚĞŶƐŝŶƚŽĂƵƐĞĨƵůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵ͕ƐŝůŝĐŽŶĂŶĚŝƌŽŶƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŝƚƐ ŵĂŝŶĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŚĞĂƚĞĚƵƉƚŽĚƌŝǀĞŽĨĨƚŚĞĐĂƌďŽŶĚŝŽǆŝĚĞĂŶĚǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞŵŵŽƌĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůůǇƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞ͘&ůǇĂƐŚ͕ĂƐĂĐŽŵďƵƐƚŝŽŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͕ŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵĂĚĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌůǇ ƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞ͘/ƚŝƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐĞĚŵŽƐƚůǇŽĨĞǆƚƌĞŵĞůǇĨŝŶĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŽĨƐŝůŝĐŽŶ͕ĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵĂŶĚĐĂůĐŝƵŵ ŽǆŝĚĞƐŝŶĂŶĂŵŽƌƉŚŽƵƐ͕ŐůĂƐƐǇĨŽƌŵƚŚĂƚŝƐŵŽƌĞƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĐƌǇƐƚĂůůŝŶĞĨŽƌŵƐƚǇƉŝĐĂůŝŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ &ŽƌĚĞĐĂĚĞƐĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐŚĂǀĞĂĚĚĞĚĨŝŶĞƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƚĞƐƚŽƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚŵŝǆĞƐ ƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐĞŵĞŶƚƉůƵƐƐĂŶĚĂŶĚƌŽĐŬ͘hƐƵĂůůǇƚŚĞ ŐŽĂůƐĂƌĞƚŽĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝƚƐƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĂŶĚĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘dŚƌĞĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂƌĞƐŝůŝĐĂĨƵŵĞ;ĂŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůďǇͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƚͿ͕ŵĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ;ĐĂůĐŝŶĞĚŬĂŽůŝŶĐůĂǇͿĂŶĚĨůǇĂƐŚ ĨƌŽŵĐŽĂůͲĨŝƌĞĚƉŽǁĞƌƉůĂŶƚƐ͘^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŚĂǀĞƐůŽǁůǇĞǀŽůǀĞĚƚŽĂůůŽǁƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƌŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƐ͘/ƌŽŶŝĐĂůůǇ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞ ƌŽŽƚŽĨǁŚǇƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĐĂůĐŝƵŵĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨůĂƐŬĂŶĨůǇĂƐŚŚĂƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚĂƐ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽƵƐ͘

Prescriptive vs. Performance Standards ŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝƐĂĐƌƵĐŝĂůĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨŽƵƌĐŝǀŝůŝǌĂƚŝŽŶ͘ďŽƵƚƚŚƌĞĞƚŽŶƐƉĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶŽŶĞĂƌƚŚĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚĞĂĐŚǇĞĂƌ͘tŚŝůĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌĂĐŬŝŶŐŵĂǇďĞŝŶĞǀŝƚĂďůĞ͕ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌƵŵďůŝŶŐĐĂƵƐĞƐ ĐĂƚĂƐƚƌŽƉŚĞƐ͘ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůǇ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞĐŚŽƐĞŶƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůŝƚƐƵƐĞďǇƐĞƚƚŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͘KƵƌ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĚŽŶŽƚƐŝŵƉůǇƐƉĞĐŝĨǇŚŽǁƚŚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŵƵƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵʹƚŚĂƚŝƐƵƐƵĂůůǇ ĚŝĨĨŝĐƵůƚƚŽǀĞƌŝĨǇǁŚŝůĞĂďƌŝĚŐĞŽƌƐŬǇƐĐƌĂƉĞƌŝƐďĞŝŶŐďƵŝůƚ͘&ŽƌĂǀĂƌŝĞƚǇŽĨƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆŝƚǇŽĨĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌǇ͕ŵŽƐƚŽĨŽƵƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐƐƉĞĐŝĨǇĞǆĂĐƚůǇǁŚĂƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵƵƐƚ ďĞŵĂĚĞŽĨĂŶĚŚŽǁŝƚŵƵƐƚďĞƵƐĞĚ͘^Ž͕ǁŚĂƚŝƐĂŶĚŝƐŶŽƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶĐĂƌĞĨƵůůǇ͕ĐůĞĂƌůǇĂŶĚƐŝŵƉůǇĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ͘ĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĂĚǀĞŶƚŽĨƉŽĐŬĞƚĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐ͕ƐƵĐŚ ƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚǇǁĂƐŚĞůƉĨƵů͘ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƵĐŚĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐŝƐŶŽƚĂƐĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĚŝƌĞĐƚůǇĂĨĨĞĐƚƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐĂŶĚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚŝĞƐŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͕ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞƐ͕ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐǁŚĂƚƉŽůŝƚŝĐƐŝƐĂůůĂďŽƵƚ͘ƐŝŶƐŽŵĂŶǇŽƚŚĞƌƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ůĂƐŬĂ͛ƐŶĞĞĚƐĨŽƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĂƌĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽĨƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ͘KƵƌŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞǆƚƌĞŵĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚƌŝƐŬŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĞǆŽƌďŝƚĂŶƚĐŽƐƚƐŽĨ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐŽƵƌǀĂƐƚǁŝůĚĞƌŶĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚůŽĐĂů ĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐůŝŬĞĨůǇĂƐŚ͕ĂƌĞŶŽƚĂůǁĂǇƐƌĞĨůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽƵƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͘dŚĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂů͕ĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚ͕ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽĨŝƚĂďůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨ ůĂƐŬĂŝƐƐƚǇŵŝĞĚďǇƚŚĞƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨŵĂŶǇƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͘dŚĂƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŽƐĂǇƚŚĂƚůĂƐŬĂǁŽƵůĚ

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Portland & Geopolymer Concretes ŵŽƌƉŚŽƵƐƉŽůǇ;ƐŝĂůĂƚĞͲƐŝůŽǆŽͿƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐĂƌĞďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůǇŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͖ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐŶŽƚŽŶůǇƚŚĞĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇ͕ďƵƚŽĨĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĂƐŝƚ ĂŐĞƐ͘hŶůŝŬĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞͲŚǇĚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƉŽůǇŵĞƌŝĐŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƐŝůŝĐŽŶ͕ ŽǆǇŐĞŶĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶƵŵĨŽƌŵĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚ͕ĂŶĚĐŚĂƌŐĞĚďĂůĂŶĐĞĚďǇ͕ƐŽĚŝƵŵ͕ƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĐĂůĐŝƵŵĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘dŚĞǇĂƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞĚŝŶĂŶĂůŬĂůŝŶĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͘

113 of 114 dŚƵƐ͕ŐůŽďĂůŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶƚŚĞŵŝƐĐŽŶǀĞƌŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŶƚƐ͘dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚŝƐƐƚƌŝǀŝŶŐƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚƉĞƌŚĂƉƐƌĞƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƉĞƌŶŝĐŝŽƵƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĐĂƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞŵĂƚƵƌĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨŽƵƌĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͗ƚŚĞůŬĂůŝŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞZĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ;ZͿ͘dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚŝƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚĂůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƐŽƌ ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌƐ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽǁĐŽƐƚ͕ƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƐŵĂůů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚ͘ dŚĞůŬĂůŝŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞZĞĂĐƚŝŽŶƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚ͗ŝƚƐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞƉĞŶĚƐƵƉŽŶƚŚĞŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞƚŽǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŝƚŝƐĂůŬĂůŝŶĞ͘^ŽŵĞ ŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĂůŽŶŐǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵĞǀĞƌͲƐŽͲƐůŽǁůǇĚŝƐƐŽůǀĞƐƐŝůŝĐĂĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶĂĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĚƌŽĐŬŝŶĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͘dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĞŝŶƚŽŵŽůĞĐƵůĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞůĂƌŐĞƌ ƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞƚŚĞǇŚĂĚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůǇŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ͕ǁĞĂŬĞŶŝŶŐŽƌďƌĞĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĐĂůĐŝƵŵͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞͲ ŚǇĚƌĂƚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵ͘ǀĞŶƚƵĂůůǇƚŚĞĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĐƌƵŵďůĞƐ͘ /ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚ͕ŐĞŽƉŽůǇŵĞƌĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŶŽƚďĂƐĞĚƵƉŽŶǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚŝƐŵƵĐŚůĞƐƐƉĞƌŵĞĂďůĞ͘/ƚƐƌĂƉŝĚ ĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƚŚĞĚŝƐƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶĂŶĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐŝůŝĐĂĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝŶĂĨƌŽŵƐŽƵƌĐĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƚŚĂƚŝƐĨĂƌŵŽƌĞƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƐĂŶĚĂŶĚƌŽĐŬĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞ͘ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞĨƌŽŵ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵĂĚĞŝŶZƵƐƐŝĂŝŶƚŚĞϭϵϱϬƐƵƐŝŶŐĂůŬĂůŝͲĂĐƚŝǀĂƚĞĚďůĂƐƚĨƵƌŶĂĐĞƐůĂŐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐ ŵŽƌĞĚƵƌĂďůĞƚŚĂŶƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ͘dŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŝƐƚŚĂƚĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ ůŬĂůŝŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞZĞĂĐƚŝŽŶĂƌĞƌĞĂĚŝůǇŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘

Modern Hybrid Cements KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐƵƐƵĂůůǇŐŝǀĞŶĨŽƌŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂůĐĞŵĞŶƚŝƚŝŽƵƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ;^DͿůŝŬĞ ƐŝůŝĐĂĨƵŵĞ͕ŵĞƚĂŬĂŽůŝŶ͕ŐƌŽƵŶĚƐůĂŐ͕ŽƌĨůǇĂƐŚŝŶƚŽŵŽĚĞƌŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŵŝǆĞƐŝƐƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŝƚƐ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞůŬĂůŝŐŐƌĞŐĂƚĞZĞĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚďĞŝŶŐŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚĞĚŝƐƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ ŽĨĂŶĂůŬĂůŝĂĐƚŝǀĂƚŽƌƚŽƚŚĞŵŝǆ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƉĂƚŚƐŽĨĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶŝƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƵƐŝŶŐĐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŚǇďƌŝĚƐŽĨĐĂůĐŝƵŵͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞͲŚǇĚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĂŵŽƌƉŚŽƵƐ ƉŽůǇ;ƐŝĂůĂƚĞͲƐŝůŽǆŽͿƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ ŶĚƚŚĂƚůĞĂĚƐďĂĐŬƚŽǁŚǇƚŚĞĂƐŚƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĨƌŽŵďƵƌŶŝŶŐhƐŝďĞůůŝĐŽĂůŝƐĂĐĞŵĞŶƚǁĞƐŚŽƵůĚ ƐƚŽƉǁĂƐƚŝŶŐ͘/ƚŝƐĂĨŝŶĞ͕ƌĞĂĐƚŝǀĞ͕ŚŝŐŚͲĐĂůĐŝƵŵĂůƵŵŝŶŽͲƐŝůŝĐĂƚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƚŚĂƚŝƐƌĞĂĚǇƚŽƵƐĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƌĞƋƵŝƌŝŶŐĞǆƉĞŶƐŝǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐŽƌƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐƚŚĞWĂĐŝĨŝĐKĐĞĂŶ͘ĂŶŝƚďĞ ƵƐĞĚƚŽƌĞƉůĂĐĞƉŽƌƚůĂŶĚĐĞŵĞŶƚƚŽĚĂǇ͍EŽ͘ĂŶŝƚďĞĐŽŵĞĂĐŽƌĞĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚǇŝŶůĂƐŬĂ͛Ɛ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͍zĞƐ͘tŝůůƚŚĂƚŚĂƉƉĞŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĂůůǇ͍EŽ͘^ŚŽƵůĚǁĞƉƌŽĂĐƚŝǀĞůǇŚĞůƉĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŝƚ ĚŽĞƐ͍

114 of 114 Marketing Strategy Infrastructure/Housing/The Product

The key to the success of any product is predictable Quality Control and Outcome. Therefore, the marketing strategy would be to market the MetaCrete System™ (Factory to Field on site in modular format, material on site) and the products.

Since bridge restoration projects are in general part of a large project that may consist of several miles of pavement along with 2 or 4 bridges, a general contractor will generally appreciate a subcontract price on special items such as “Bridge Deck Overlays”. Further, the EPA is requiring special paperwork where chemical systems are specified and used (such as Polyester Concrete). Subcontracting such projects is an attractive option for the general contractor to stay away from EPA compliance paperwork.

Thus, the marketing strategy would be to offer in place prices to general contractors of the MetaCrete System™, which would include material, equipment, equipment operator and field engineer to direct and control the project. General labor and traffic control would be provided by the general contractor.

Marketing the MetaCrete System™ versus product would provide distinct advantages over the competition and clearly easier to have specified as a system by specifying Department of Transportation engineers, since it would provide the state as owner with superior quality assurance.

Further, our competition must make a major investment in, not only product development, but equipment development and or purchase to compete moving into our second phase, leave aside our developed raw material resources since 1992, and pending ASTM certified testing which is at this point 1 year after mixing.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MARKETING STRATEGY

a) The Nation will be split into 4 main regions similar to the AASHTO regions defined herein.

b) In each of these main regions, one person would be established as a strong link/promoter between the Department of Transportation high level officials and the benefits of using MetaCrete System™s.

c) For each area, which may include more, or less than one state, that has within it approximately 5,000 bridge decks, a MetaCrete Bridge and Housing Technical Center that offers in-field manufacturing would be established. 5,000 concrete decks x average of 1,000 sq yds = 5 million sq yds @ $45/sq yd installed material and labor = $225 million (Potential Market) in just the infrastructure bridge deck market containing only 5,000 of our Nation’s 600,000 Bridges.

d) A MetaCrete representative (factory) would be hired as each state/area in a region, product sales reach $ 4 Million for two consecutive years, until then a national representative from the Headquarters Office will serve the area.

e) Other services would be available to the “technical center”, such as SVT (Sequoia Valley Testing) Mobile Laboratory which would provide field, quality control testing during construction projects or performance monitoring.

MetaCrete Geopolymer Technical Centers

MetaCrete Technical Center is an independent agency working under a contract with Covalent Mineral Technologies/ Rio Blanco Development/Sequoia Valley Resources/Eco Polymer Technologies or a TBD parent. The center is to represent the Buy America Infrastructure Restoration Program and promote the Affordable Lifetime Sustainable Green Housing Program in a specific region.

Requirements for a MetaCrete Technical Center

1. It must be a stand-alone organization with its only purpose to promote, market and service sustainable low embedded carbon green MetaCrete Systems™ for use in the CleanTech Sector. 2. It must have financial capabilities to fully support the program in its designated region (s). 3. It must make an up-front investment of $1.5 million, of which a non-refundable $150,000 for the license for the exclusive territory and technical support from MetaCrete the manufacturer. $1,350,000 will go towards leasing the computer guided mixing and dispensing/placement equipment to manufacture the final product in the field. 4. It must contract with or employ a Professional Engineer to be trained and guided by the green performance characteristics of MetaCrete to assist the permit and compliance issues in its territory.

Regional Associations of State Highway and Transportation Officials

The following steps will help move the Company into these two dimensions:

1. The Company will start mining. Drilled deposits have been established and little development prior to mining will be necessary. 2. We will immediately develop and begin building a plant facility that will process raw material into the most valuable product possible, and we will move into the markets such as Green Technology to include, MetaCrete, MetaCrete Systems, Covalent Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymer Powder coating), i.e, Grouts, Plasters, Paints, Protective Coatings and Concretes, that will the most profit potential for the product. 3. Begin working with various wholesalers and retailers, such as Rezcast Industrial noted in this NSF application as a customer. The Product

Type $/Ton Associated Bulk Pricing

Raw Kaolin 1”- approx $ 60.00

Kaolin 325 mesh - .0017” approx.$100.00

Kaolin 75 micron 3% moisture $140.00

Kaolin 30 micron 3% moisture $160.00

Kaolin 15 to 2 micron 1% moisture $180.00 to $250.00

Kaolin with geopolymer $200.00 to $500.00

The Market

White Kaolin Clay in its natural state can be used in various industries including agriculture, cosmetics, and the building industry, to name a few. Although these different areas will not be our ultimate goal, we will begin selling into these areas to create a cash flow as quickly as possible. These sales will command a price in the range of $60 to $150 per ton. Our ultimate goal will be to combine kaolin with natural polymers. This will enable us to move into valuable markets, which will include grouts, binders, resins, precast materials, and thermo set inorganic Polymer based material. Sales in these markets will command a price in the range of $150 to $500 per ton at the micron level, with further development the price point would increase substantially. The implementation of California’s cap-and-trade under AB 32 became effective on January 1, 2013. Starting in the first compliance period of 2013, all large industrial facilities that emit over 25,000 metric tons CO2 per year (including cement plants) will be required to acquire and hold emissions permits. Starting in the second compliance period of 2015, industrial fuel combustion at facilities with emissions at or below 25,000 metric tons CO2e per year were be included. Eleven cement plants were to be affected, according to the California Air Resources Board. Four are in PG&E’s territory and five in SCE’s territory. The remaining two plants affected serve the Los Angeles Department of Public Works.

It is a tremendous opportunity to be able to make a cement material that will minimize CO2 emissions and comply with all EPA and Cap and Trade rulings. The alternative would be to import all cement from China or India.

In 2011 and to current date, approximately 66 million tons of cement was produced in the US (USGS data). California was the second largest producer behind Texas and accounts for between 10 and 15% of the national production, or approximately 7 million tons. If the company takes only 1% of this market, it will be able to sell 70,000 tons per year. By selling plain ground kaolin to the cement industry at $60 per ton, this would create an annual revenue stream of $4.2 million. If the Company sells a kaolin and natural polymers mixture at a minimum of $110 per ton this would create an annual revenue stream of $7.7 million.

The Freedonia Group, Inc. estimates a $3.2 billion industry in additives market to the concrete industry and that the industry will grow at a rate of 6.4%. Along this line the Company has a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) with a company for license of patented technology that molecularly binds our aluminosilicate powder to produce an alternative to Portland cement, and as a filler and extender in plastics, paints, etc. This product can command a price of $400 to $1,500 per ton depending on its use. This new process will create a whole new alternative to existing products that will come from natural materials and use less energy to create. The key to our success is not only our ability to find and process this existing resource but to utilize our licensed proprietary abilities with other natural materials. We could make some current products obsolete.

LBNL-4849E

Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response in the California Cement Industry

Daniel Olsen, Sasank Goli, David Faulkner, Aimee McKane Environmental Energy Technologies Division

December 2010

Disclaimer

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Abstract

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Cement Plant Characteristics

Figure 1. Diagram of the cement manufacture process at a modern cement plant

2.1. Cement Plant Design Characteristics

2.2. Cement Plant Operations Limitations

3.0 Energy Use

Figure 2. Energy used in the production of cement in the United States, 1978-2008.

Source data from USGS Mineral Yearbook, various years

Figure 3. Specific fuel and electrical intensity used to manufacture one metric ton of cement, 1978-2008.

Source data from USGS Mineral Yearbook, various years.

Figure 4. Estimated 1999 baseline specific electrical energy use for wet and dry cement plants.

Source data from Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making.

4.0 Energy Efficiency and Demand Response Opportunities

4.1. Energy Efficiency Opportunities

4.2. Demand Response Opportunities

4.3. Load Shedding

4.4. Load Shifting

Figure 5. Electrical power used by Lehigh Permanente cement plant weekdays during August 2009.

Source data from PG&E’s InterAct database.

Figure 6. Electrical power used by the Lehigh Permanente cement plant weekdays during September 2009.

Source: PG&E’s InterAct database.

5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1. Conclusions

5.2. Recommendations

• • • •

5.3. Benefits to California

6.0 References

7.0 Glossary

Green and Natural Polymers Are Beneath the Roots of the Giant Sequoias of Tulare County California

Go green, go natural! When it comes to polymers , green and natural are not the same. As their name implies, natural polymers (or biopolymers) are polymers that occur naturally or are produced by living organisms (such as cellulose, silk, chitin, protein, DNA). By a wider definition natural polymers can be man-made out of raw materials that are found in nature.

Although natural polymers still amount to less than I % of the 300 million tons of organic petroleum based composites produced per year, their production is steadily rising. In the U.S., demand for natural polymers has been predicted to expand 6.9 percent annually and rise from $3.3 billion in 2012 to $4.6 billion in 2016. The natural polymers market is driven by a growing demand for natural polymers with pharmaceutical and medical applications. Natural polymers also are used i n construction and adhesives, food, the food packaging and beverage industries, and cosmetics and toiletries, as well as the paint and inks industries. The market is led by cellulose ethers and also includes starch and fermentation polymers, exudates and vegetable gums, protein-based polymers, marine polymers and inorganic geopolymers.

So, What's Green?

Green polymers, on the other hand, are those produced using green (or sustainable) chemistry, a term that appeared in the 1990s. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition , green chemistry relates to the "design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of substances haza rdous to hu mans, animals, plants, and the environment." Thus, green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. Natural polymers are usually green.

Let's take a closer look at what drives the green and renewable polymer industries. According to Dr. Rolf Mulhaupt from the University of Freiburg, Gennany, the development of the green polymer industry is inevitable:

In the production of polymers, green principles include:

• Low carbon footprint • A high content of raw material in the product • A clean (no-waste) production process • No use of additional substances such as organic solvents • High energy efficiency in manufacturing • Use of renewable resources and renewable energy • Absence of health and environmental hazards • High safety standards • Controlled product lifecycles with effective waste recycling

Inaddition, the use of renewable resources for green polymer production should not:

• compete with food production , • promote intensified farming or deforestation • use transgenic plants or genetically modified bacteria • produce hazardous inhalable spores or nanoparticles.

There are three basic strategies to produce renewable polymer composites:

1. Using biomass and/or carbon dioxide to produce 'renewable oil' and green monomers for highly resource- and energy-effective polymer manufacturing processes 2. Through living cells, which are converted into solar-powered chemical reactors, using genetic engineering and biotechnology routes to produce biopolymers and bio-based polymers 3. By activation and polymerization of carbon dioxide Overall, it is definitely possible for plastic production to meet meet the demands of green chemistry for lean and clean production: solvent-free processes with efficient use of resources , and no byproduct formation, waste, or exploitation of renewable resources.

At the beginning of the 21st century we are experiencing a renaissance of macromolecular materials. There are several reasons for this paradigm shift and the envisioned transition from a carbon based society. The growing concerns consumers have regarding global wanning has resulted in a surge of legislative actions demanding sustainability and "green"products in the marketplace . These environmental regulations are demanding of the California economy the development of environmentally friendly products and methods with a low carbon footprint. Unfortunately technology is out pacing the over regulation of 20th century progressives , the do- good legislation is standing in the way of progress to overcome the negative impacts of the carbon economy. Will we take advantage of the possi bility? As Abraham Maslow once said, "One's only failure is failing to live up to one's own possibilities " Let's not fail!

To monitor the progress in green polymers and share ideas, scientists and manufacturers can attend an annual conference on sustainable production of plastics, composites and elastomers, Green Polymer Chemistry. It's dedicated to "the latest developments in producing conventional polymers from sustainable sources including plants and biorefineries, algae, waste and CO2." The next one will be in March in Germany.

More Common Than You Might Think

Green polymers, renewable polymers, and bioplastics already are more common than you might think. We all know about bioethanol as an emerging biofuel, produced by fermentation of sugar obtained from sugar cane or cellulose. Bioethanol also is a versatile raw biomaterial for producing olefin and diolefin monomers, including ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. In2010, Braskem in Brazil inaugurated a 200 kiloton/year plant producing green ethylene from sugar cane bioethanol for the production of Green Polyethylene, which is 100% recyclable.

Using processes that are even more energy-efficient, biomass can be directly converted into renewable coal and oil. Agricultural and forestry wastes already are used to prod uce renewable monomers. Processes have been developed to convert carbon dioxide into carbon monoxid e, methanol, form ic acid, and formaldehyde. Vegetable oils can be used to produce biodiesel and glycerol as a byproduct, which can be used to make a variety of monomers such as propane diol, acrylic acid, and even epichlorohydrin for the production of epoxy resins.

Carbohydrates , terpenes, proteins, and polyesters are chemically modified and used i n polymer processing and applications. Natural fibers provide excellent fiber reinforcement for thermosets and thermoplastics. Microfibrillated cellulose has been used in polymer nanocomposite s, including applications in medical implants. Lignin serves as renewable energy source in paper manufacturing, as a filler for cement, and in various polymers and rubbers. Thermoplastic lignin mixed with natural fibers (Arboform) combines the advantages of wood and synthetic thermoplastics. Biohybrids has been using starch as a blend component with polyolefins and compostable polyesters (Ecoflex). Chitosan and polylactic acid have numerou s medical applications. Casein is used as a binder and as an adhesive. Renewable monomers are already substituting for "oil-made" monomers. The ever- present plastic bottles are just one example. In 2011, Coca-Cola Co. announced a goal to make plastic bottles from 100% bio-based materials. Recyclable PET "PlantBottles," which use up to 30% bio-based monomers, were introduced in 2009, and can still be recycled.

S7 Supplementary Document Addressing Previous Summary Review

Resubmittal of SBIR Phase I:Low Embeded Carbon Geopolymer Cement From Indigenous Clay Mineral Previous NSF15-605/ 1621597 From critical peer review the PI believes points of weakness in the previous submittal have been addressed in this current submittal deadline date of June 16, 2016.This proposal is now the second NSF trip in The Fast Lane. I want to thank Ben Schrag for having the patience and kind suggestions continuing on the path to a proper format and inclusion of additional evidence. I believe significant clarity of answers to the project weaknesses are addressed by the addition of 5 pages to the Project Description, Budget Justification, Marketing Strategy and the five (5) member team. In addition there is now an inclusion of additional supplementary documents to support the purpose behind this proposal and technology defined. The Robust software package in the Data Management Plan with relevant analytics will address any data concerns.

The team selected brings relevant cross-training and experience that solidifies the success for a rapid commercialization of this innovation. The rewrite of the plan should make clear that a water- activated polymer reaction from stone powders is a logical transition from the petroleum based polymerization of the last century with many products. More importantly without divulging proprietary findings it should be obvious that Joseph Davidovits author of Geopolymer (Chemistry and Applications) and the PI with his team are capable of being in any one of the six hundred twelve (612) pages in his book.

The rewrite of the project description took into account the lack of clarity and focus as to a business plan. It should now become clear that there is an implied integration from that which is extracted and manufactured into finished end products. As part of a 4th Industrial Revolution product line derived from green sustainable methods, it could come across as what it is – something of this magnitude has never been the overnight success of a small business.

A traditional rhyme “Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue” can sum up the business model. Many small businesses have said that when green isn’t green enough the thought turns to blue; because to us as humans we see the oceans and the sky as blue. It is what we cannot see that this plan hopes to influence. The molecular level to be controlled must be understood and to be understood it must be engaged to solve the dilemmas of this century and introduce change with green technologies that lower carbon emissions, and continue to strive for no release of toxic chemicals to our environment. The products stated to release to the market will not only consist of cement through the Phase 1 research and development but will also result in by products flowing into the resin, drywall, bridge repair, road repair, railway development, coatings, fence posts, additive manufacturing such as 3d printing of homes, and other materials that will be weather resistant and have a long lasting effect without a release of toxins into the market.