Advanced Concrete Technology ZONGJIN LI
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Advanced Concrete Technology Advanced Concrete Technology Zongjin Li JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. 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Title. TP877.L485 2011 620.136—dc22 2010031083 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 To students, teachers, researchers, and engineers in the field of concrete, who are the driving forces for the development of the science and technology of concrete, including the personnel working on the China 973 project, Basic Study on Environmentally Friendly Contemporary Concrete (2009CB623200). CONTENTS Preface xi 1 Introduction to Concrete 1 1.1 Concrete Definition and Historical Development 1 1.2 Concrete as a Structural Material 7 1.3 Characteristics of Concrete 10 1.4 Types of Concrete 14 1.5 Factors Influencing Concrete Properties 16 1.6 Approaches to Study Concrete 19 Discussion Topics 21 References 22 2 Materials for Making Concrete 23 2.1 Aggregates 23 2.2 Cementitious Binders 31 2.3 Admixtures 68 2.4 Water 85 Discussion Topics 88 Problems 89 References 90 3 Fresh Concrete 94 3.1 Workability of Fresh Concrete 94 3.2 Mix Design 107 3.3 Procedures for Concrete Mix Design 116 3.4 Manufacture of Concrete 122 3.5 Delivery of Concrete 123 3.6 Concrete Placing 125 3.7 Early-Age Properties of Concrete 135 vii viii Contents Discussion Topics 137 Problems 137 References 138 4 Structure of Concrete 140 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Structural Levels 141 4.3 Structure of Concrete in Nanometer Scale: C–S–H Structure 145 4.4 Transition Zone in Concrete 152 4.5 Microstructural Engineering 156 Discussion Topics 162 References 163 5 Hardened Concrete 164 5.1 Strengths of Hardened Concrete 164 5.2 Stress–Strain Relationship and Constitutive Equations 189 5.3 Dimensional Stability—Shrinkage and Creep 197 5.4 Durability 216 Discussion Topics 246 Problems 246 References 248 6 Advanced Cementitious Composites 251 6.1 Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites 251 6.2 High-Strength Cementitious Composites 270 6.3 Polymers in Concrete 281 6.4 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 292 6.5 Self-Compacting Concrete 296 6.6 Engineered Cementitious Composite 310 6.7 Tube-Reinforced Concrete 312 6.8 High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete 316 6.9 Structural Lightweight Concrete 317 6.10 Heavyweight Concrete 317 Discussion Topics 317 Problems 319 References 320 7 Concrete Fracture Mechanics 326 7.1 Introduction 326 7.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 330 7.3 The Crack Tip Plastic Zone 337 7.4 Crack Tip Opening Displacement 340 7.5 Fracture Process in Concrete 342 7.6 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics for Concrete 346 7.7 Two-Parameter Fracture Model 348 7.8 Size Effect Model 355 7.9 The Fictitious Model by Hillerborg 364 7.10 R-Curve Method for Quasi-Brittle Materials 369 Contents ix Discussion Topics 374 Problems 375 References 379 8 Nondestructive Testing in Concrete Engineering 381 8.1 Introduction 381 8.2 Review of Wave Theory for a 1D Case 394 8.3 Reflected and Transmitted Waves 403 8.4 Attenuation and Scattering 406 8.5 Main Commonly Used NDT-CE Techniques 407 8.6 Noncontacting Resistivity Measurement Method 458 Discussion Topics 468 Problems 469 References 472 9 The Future and Development Trends of Concrete 476 9.1 Sustainability of Concrete 476 9.2 Deep Understanding of the Nature of Hydration 483 9.3 Load-Carrying Capability–Durability Unified Service Life Design Theory 485 9.4 High Toughness and Ductile Concrete 487 References 489 Index 491 PREFACE Concrete is the most widely used material in the world. It plays an important role in infrastructure and private buildings construction. Understanding the basic behaviors of concrete is essential for civil engineering students to become civil engineering professionals. There have been some very good books regarding concrete, including Concrete by Mindess, Young, and Darwin, Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials by Mehta and Monteriro, and Concrete Technology by Neville and Brook. The motivation to write this book is to introduce new methodologies, new developments, and new innovations in concrete technology. The unique features of this book include the introduction of end use guided research strategy for concrete, unification of materials and structures studies, and an emphasize on fundamental exploration of concrete structures, state of art of concrete development, and innovations. This book provides more comprehensive knowledge on concrete technology, including the systematic introduction of concrete fracture mechanics and nondestructive evaluation for concrete engineering. The book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction of concrete, including its historic development and advantages. Chapter 2 provides the knowledge of raw materials used for making concrete, covering aggregates, binders, admixtures, and water. Chapter 3 discusses the properties of fresh concrete, including workability and the corresponding mea- surement methods. Chapter 4 focuses on the structure of concrete at different scales, especially the calcium silicate hydrate at nanometer scale. Chapter 5 covers the properties of hardened concrete, including strength, durability, stress–strain relation, and dimension stability. Chapter 6 provides updated knowledge on various cement-based composites, including self-consolidation concrete, ultra-high-strength concrete, and extruded and engineered cementitious composites. Chapter 7 focuses the fracture behavior of concrete and provides the basic knowledge of frac- ture mechanics of concrete. Chapter 8 covers the essential knowledge of nondestructive testing of concrete engineering, including wave propagation theory in 1-D case, detecting principles of different NDT methodologies and techniques of different NDT methods. In Chapter 9, the issues regarding the future and development trend of concrete have been discussed. Although the book is designed and written primarily to meet the teaching needs for under- graduate students at senior level and graduate students at entry level, it can serve as a reference or a guide for professional engineers in their practice. xi xii Preface In the process of writing this book, the authors received enthusiastic help and invaluable assistance from many people, which is deeply appreciated. The authors would like to express his special thanks to Dr. Garrison C. K. Chau, Dr. Biwan Xu, and Dr. Jianzhong Shen for their help in editing the book draft. Mr. Mike Pomfret is acknowledged for his professional page proofreading. The photos provided by Profs. Wei Sun, Tongbo Sui, Linhai Han, and Zhen He; Drs. Xiaojian Gao, Herbert Zheng, and Jinyang Jiang; Mr. Peter Allen; and the companies of Ove Arup and Gammon are greatly appreciated. The support from China Basic Research Grant, Basic Research on Environmentally Friendly Contemporary Concrete (2009CB623200) is greatly acknowledged. Finally, I would like to thank for my wife, Xiuming Cui, my daughters Yexin Li and Aileen Li for their love, understanding, and support. Advanced Concrete Technology CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE 1.1 CONCRETE DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Concrete is a manmade building material that looks like stone. The word “concrete” is derived from the Latin concretus, meaning “to grow together.” Concrete is a composite material com- posed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Alternatively, we can say that concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of a bind- ing medium in which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregates.