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Technical Report Documentation Page

  • 1. Report No.
  • 2. Government

Accession No.
3. Recipient’s Catalog No.
FHWA/TX-07/0-4392-2

  • 4. Title and Subtitle
  • 5. Report Date

January 2006; Revised December 2006
6. Performing Organization Code 8. Performing Organization Report No.
0-4392-2
Fiber in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
7. Author(s)
Dr. Kevin Folliard, David Sutfin, Ryan Turner, and David P. Whitney
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 3208 Red River, Suite 200
10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 11. Contract or Grant No.
0-4392

Austin, TX 78705-2650
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Texas Department of Transportation Research and Technology Implementation Office P.O. Box 5080
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Technical Report 9/1/01–8/31/03
14. Sponsoring Agency Code

Austin, TX 78763-5080
15. Supplementary Notes
Project conducted in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Texas Department of Transportation. Project Title: Use of Fibers in Concrete Pavement
16. Abstract Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is a major form of highway pavement in Texas due to its increase in ride quality, minimal maintenance, and extended service life. However, CRCP may sometimes experience pavement distress that results in early failure, either due to under-design or the use of poor construction materials. Significant effort has been made to improve the performance of some of these materials (e.g. siliceous river gravel) to achieve an acceptable level of performance but has been unable to provide a practical solution. This research study investigates whether fiber reinforcement may solve some of the problems associated with siliceous river gravel, particularly spalling.

The main objectives of this study were to: (1) Conduct a comprehensive literature review in order to determine the current state of the art regarding CRCP design and behavior as well as the role that fiber reinforcement may have in improving its performance; (2) Perform field investigations in order to verify constructability and workability of fibers in CRCP construction; (3) Perform frequent monitoring to evaluate the effect of fibers on crack spacing, crack width, and spalling development; (4) Perform laboratory testing that validate the effect of fibers on typical concrete paving mixes; (5) Provide TxDOT with recommendations as to possible changes in the construction and design specifications of CRCP, which could serve to reduce or prevent spalling.

Because the manifestation of spalling in CRCP may sometimes take several years, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions from this two-year study. However, based on the findings within the time frame of this project, fiber reinforcement did appear to prevent or limit spalling in the field test sections, when compared to the control sections that did not contain fibers. It is recommended that future monitoring of these test sections be performed to fully characterize the long-term efficacy of fibers in reducing or preventing spalling of CRCP.

  • 17. Key Words
  • 18. Distribution Statement

CRCP, continuously reinforced concrete pavements, pavements
No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161; www.ntis.gov
19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages
Unclassified Unclassified 198
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
22. Price

Fiber in CRCP Pavements

Dr. Kevin Folliard David Sutfin Ryan Turner David P. Whitney

CTR Technical Report: Report Date: Research Project:
0-4392-2 January 2006; Revised December 2006 0-4392
Research Project Title: Sponsoring Agency: Performing Agency:
Use of Fibers in Concrete Pavement Texas Department of Transportation Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin

Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 3208 Red River Austin, TX 78705

www.utexas.edu/research/ctr Copyright © 2007 Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin

All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

iv

Disclaimers

Authors’ Disclaimer: The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
Patent Disclaimer: There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new useful improvement thereof, or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United States of America or any foreign country.

Engineering Disclaimer

NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES.
Project Engineer: Dr. David W. Fowler
Professional Engineer License Number: Texas No 27859
P. E. Designation: Researcher

v

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Charles Gaskin and James Kosel of TxDOT.

Products

Product 3 (P3) is included in this report as Chapter 6, Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations

vi

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Research Background ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objectives...............................................................................................................1 1.3 Scope of Report .....................................................................................................................1

Chapter 2. Literature Review...................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement.......................................................................4 2.2 Materials and Mixture Proportions........................................................................................4
2.2.1 Cement Type.................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Water-to-Cementitious Ratio......................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Aggregate Type.............................................................................................................. 5 2.2.4 Chemical Admixtures .................................................................................................... 5 2.2.5 Supplementary Cementing Materials............................................................................. 6 2.2.6 Reinforcing Steel ........................................................................................................... 6 2.2.7 Sub-base Material .......................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Other Design Concepts and Issues.........................................................................................8
2.3.1 Allowable Crack Width ................................................................................................. 8 2.3.2 Slab Thickness ............................................................................................................... 9 2.3.3 Aggregate Type.............................................................................................................. 9 2.3.4 Sub-base....................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.5 Subgrade ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Performance Issues ..............................................................................................................10
2.4.1 Spalling ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.4.2 Punchouts..................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.3 Widened Transverse Cracks......................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Longitudinal Cracks..................................................................................................... 14 2.4.5 Crack Width................................................................................................................. 15 2.4.6 Crack Spacing .............................................................................................................. 15 2.4.7 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion............................................................................... 16
2.5 Construction and Paving......................................................................................................16
2.5.1 Paving Equipment........................................................................................................ 16 2.5.2 Roller Screeding........................................................................................................... 18 2.5.3 Subgrade/Sub-base....................................................................................................... 19 2.5.4 Placing Reinforcement................................................................................................. 19 2.5.5 Curing Methods ........................................................................................................... 20 2.5.6 Chemical Admixtures .................................................................................................. 20 2.5.7 Sampling and Testing of Materials.............................................................................. 21 2.5.8 Opening to Public Traffic ............................................................................................ 21
2.6 Service Life..........................................................................................................................22
2.6.1 Failure Modes .............................................................................................................. 22 2.6.2 Performance Issues ...................................................................................................... 22 2.6.3 Fatigue Performance .................................................................................................... 22
2.7 Fiber-reinforced Concrete....................................................................................................23

vii

2.8 Fiber Types ..........................................................................................................................23
2.8.1 Steel Fiber Reinforcement ........................................................................................... 24 2.8.2 Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement .................................................................................... 25 2.8.3 Dosage Rates and Applications ................................................................................... 26
2.9 Effects on Mix Design .........................................................................................................26 2.10 Effects on Fresh Concrete Properties.................................................................................27
2.10.1 Slump ......................................................................................................................... 27 2.10.2 Workability ................................................................................................................ 27 2.10.3 Air Content................................................................................................................. 28 2.10.4 Plastic and Drying Shrinkage..................................................................................... 28
2.11 Effects on Hardened Concrete Properties..........................................................................29
2.11.1 Compressive Strength ................................................................................................ 29 2.11.2 Tensile Strength ......................................................................................................... 30 2.11.3 Flexural Strength........................................................................................................ 30 2.11.4 Flexural Toughness.................................................................................................... 30 2.11.5 Fatigue........................................................................................................................ 32 2.11.6 Impact Loading .......................................................................................................... 32
2.12 Test Methods and Specifications.......................................................................................32
2.12.1 ASTM C 1018 (North America)................................................................................ 33 2.12.2 JSCE-SF4 (Japan) ...................................................................................................... 35 2.12.3 New Developments—Template Approach................................................................ 36
2.13 Applications of Fiber-reinforced Concrete........................................................................37
2.13.1 Industrial Floor Slabs................................................................................................. 37 2.13.2 Pavements .................................................................................................................. 38 2.13.3 Thin Bonded Overlays ............................................................................................... 39 2.13.4 Shotcrete .................................................................................................................... 39 2.13.5 Structural Members.................................................................................................... 40
2.14 Potential Applications of Fibers in CRCP and TBO in Texas...........................................40 2.15 Field Performance of Bonded Concrete Overlays .............................................................41 2.16 Existing Problems with CRCP in Texas............................................................................42 2.17 Possible Benefits of Fiber Reinforced Concrete in CRCP ................................................43
2.17.1 Reduced Plastic and Drying Shrinkage Cracking...................................................... 43 2.17.2 Crack Width Reduction.............................................................................................. 44 2.17.3 Enhanced Performance of Longitudinal Steel ........................................................... 44 2.17.4 Improved Ride Quality .............................................................................................. 44 2.17.5 Improved Spalling Resistance.................................................................................... 45 2.17.6 Extended Service Life................................................................................................ 45
2.18 Challenges of Implementing FRC in CRCP......................................................................45
2.18.1 Difficulty in Correlating FRC Performance to Pavement Design ............................. 45 2.18.2 Constructability and Finishability.............................................................................. 46 2.18.3 Increase in Cost.......................................................................................................... 46 2.18.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research ......................................... 46

Chapter 3. Laboratory Evaluation............................................................................................ 49

3.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................49

viii

3.2 Materials ..............................................................................................................................49
3.2.1 Cementitious Material.................................................................................................. 49 3.2.2 Aggregates ................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.3 Admixtures................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.4 Fibers............................................................................................................................ 51
3.3 Mixture Proportions.............................................................................................................53 3.4 Testing Procedures...............................................................................................................57
3.4.1 Fresh Concrete Properties............................................................................................ 57 3.4.2 Hardened Concrete Properties ..................................................................................... 57 3.4.3 Compressive Strength, Elastic Modulus, and Splitting Tensile Strength .................... 58 3.4.4 Flexural Toughness and Flexural Strength .................................................................. 58
3.5 Testing Results and Discussion ...........................................................................................61
3.5.1 Fresh Concrete Properties............................................................................................ 61 3.5.2 Slump ........................................................................................................................... 62 3.5.3 Air Content................................................................................................................... 63 3.5.4 Unit Weight.................................................................................................................. 63 3.5.5 Hardened Concrete Properties ..................................................................................... 63 3.5.6 Compressive Strength .................................................................................................. 63 3.5.7 Elastic Modulus ........................................................................................................... 64 3.5.8 Splitting Tensile Strength ............................................................................................ 65 3.5.9 Flexural Strength.......................................................................................................... 66 3.5.10 Flexural Toughness.................................................................................................... 67
3.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................72

Chapter 4. Field Evaluation 1.................................................................................................... 73

4.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................73 4.2 Materials ..............................................................................................................................75
4.2.1 Cementitious Material.................................................................................................. 75 4.2.2 Aggregates ................................................................................................................... 76 4.2.3 Admixtures................................................................................................................... 77 4.2.4 Fibers............................................................................................................................ 77
4.3 Mixture Proportions.............................................................................................................79 4.4 Mixing and Paving Procedure..............................................................................................82 4.5 Testing Program...................................................................................................................84
4.5.1 Fresh Concrete Properties............................................................................................ 85 4.5.2 Ambient Conditions..................................................................................................... 87 4.5.3 Constructability............................................................................................................ 87 4.5.4 Hardened Concrete Properties ..................................................................................... 91
4.6 Monitoring of Test Sections ................................................................................................98
4.6.1 Condition of Existing Adjoining Lanes ....................................................................... 98 4.6.2 Thermal Effects.......................................................................................................... 100 4.6.3 Crack Spacing ............................................................................................................ 105 4.6.4 Crack Width............................................................................................................... 110 4.6.5 Spalling ...................................................................................................................... 113
4.7 Discussion of Results and Summary .................................................................................113

ix

4.7.1 Section 1—Control .................................................................................................... 114 4.7.2 Section 2—SF1-25..................................................................................................... 114 4.7.3 Section 3—SnF1-4..................................................................................................... 115 4.7.4 Section 4—SF1-40..................................................................................................... 116 4.7.5 Section 5—SnF1-6..................................................................................................... 116 4.7.6 Section 6—SnF2-1.5.................................................................................................. 117 4.7.7 Section 7—Control .................................................................................................... 117

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  • Strength Characteristics by Partial Replacement of Cement with Brick Powder

    Strength Characteristics by Partial Replacement of Cement with Brick Powder

    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 7 (2018) pp. 94-99 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Strength Characteristics by Partial Replacement of Cement with Brick Powder Sanjay Raj. A Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Rukmini Knowledge Park, REVA University, Yelankha, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Preeti D B, Anil Kumar, Akshay Mangraj UG Scholars, School of Civil Engineering, Rukmini Knowledge Park, REVA University, Yelankha, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Abstract transportation from sources & also large scale depletion of The purpose of this research is to study the properties of fresh sources creates environmental problems & to overcome these and hardened states of M40 grade concrete, using Crushed problems there is a need of cost effective alternative and ROCK Powder (CRP) as fine aggregate to full amount of sand innovative materials. with Partial replacement of brick powder at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% to existing cement content. This paper Research Significance investigates quantitavely the strength of concrete mix at The most widely used fine aggregate for the different ages. The overall test results revealed that in making of concrete is natural sand, mined from the river beds. concrete mixtures, Crushed Rock Powder can be fully However, the availability of river sand for the preparation of substituted as an alternative material for natural sand (fine concrete is becoming scarce due to the excessive nonscientific aggregate) in presence of Brick powder upto 15%. These methods of mining. Apart from this, issues like lowering of findings guide the practitioner in selecting fly ash and water table, sinking of bridge piers, etc.
  • Crete Based on Spatial Distribution of Aggregate Size Fractions

    Crete Based on Spatial Distribution of Aggregate Size Fractions

    Image Anal Stereol 2020;39:147-159 doi: 105566/ias.2318 Original Research Paper QUANTIFICATION OF SEGREGATION IN PORTLAND CEMENT CON- CRETE BASED ON SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGGREGATE SIZE FRACTIONS MURAT OZEN, 1, MURAT GULER2 1Mersin University, Department of Civil Engineering, Mersin, Turkey; 2Middle East Technical University, De- partment of Civil Engineering, Ankara, Turkey e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (Received December 27, 2019; revised July 16, 2020; accepted July 23, 2020) ABSTRACT Segregation is one of the quality standards that must be monitored during the fabrication and placement of Portland cement concrete. Segregation refers to separation of coarse aggregate from the cement paste, re- sulting in inhomogeneous mixture. This study introduces a digital imaging based technique to quantify the segregation of Portland cement concrete from 2D digital images of cut sections. In the previous studies, segregation was evaluated based on the existence of coarse aggregate fraction at different geometrical re- gions of a sample cross section without considering its distribution characteristics. However, it is shown that almost all particle fractions can form clusters and increase the degree of segregation, thus deteriorating the structural performance of concrete. In the proposed methodology, a segregation index is developed by based on the spatial distribution of different size fractions of coarse aggregate within a sample cross section. It is shown that degradation in mixture’s homogeneity is controlled by the combined effect of particle dis- tribution and their relative proportions in the mixture. Hence, a segregation index characterizing the mixture inhomogeneity is developed by considering not only spatial distribution of aggregate particles, but also their size fractions in the mixture.
  • Report on the Performance of Portland Limestone Cements in Concrete 20160401

    Report on the Performance of Portland Limestone Cements in Concrete 20160401

    PERFORMANCES OF LIMESTONE MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENT AND CONCRETE Luc Courard, University of Liège, Belgium Duncan Herfort, Aalborg Portland A/S, Denmark Yury Villagrán, LEMIT and CONICET, Argentina Corresponding author: Luc Courard – University of Liège, Department of Architecture, Geology, Environment and Constructions, Allée de la Découverte, 9 (Quartier Polytech) – 4000 LIEGE (Belgium), Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction Fine limestone has been added to Portland cement for decades. This is normally achieved by “intergrinding” it with Portland cement clinker in the cement mill. Under normal operating conditions this will result in a surface area of the limestone fraction of between 800 and 1100 m 2/kg (depending on the grindability of the limestone) for a surface area of the clinker fraction of in the region of 400 m 2/kg. Less often the limestone is ground separately and blended with Portland cement. Separate addition of limestone to concrete as a clinker replacement is not widely practiced in conventional concrete, but is used as filler for modifying the rheology of self-compacting concrete. In the early literature limestone was generally regarded as “inert filler”. For this reason it has e.g. become the main constituent in most masonry cements where high levels of replacement of the Portland cement are needed to reproduce the properties of traditional lime mortars. However, for its application in concrete, which is the primary focus of this report, the limestone’s contribution to the hydration reactions can be significant when it is co-ground with the clinker, albeit in relatively small amounts. So much so that it can arguably be classified as an SCM alongside GBFS and fly ash.