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The Myths of Mexico & Peru CORNELL UNIVERSITY * -LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library F 1219.3.R38S74 The myths of Mexico & Peru, 3 1924 020 419 275 All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924020419275 THE MYTHS OF MEXICO &> PERU ^ The Princess is given a Vision (Page 141) William Sevvell THE MYTHS OF MEXICO 6? PERU BY LEWIS SPENCE AUTHOR OF "THE MYTHOLOGIES OF ANCIENT MEXICO AND PERU' "THE POPOL VUH" "THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT MEXICO" "A DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY" ETC. ETC. WITH SIXTY FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS MAINLY BY GILBERT JAMES AND WILLIAM SEWELL AND OTHER DRAWINGS AND MAPS LONDON GEORGE G. HARRA.P 6? COMPANY 3 PORTSMOUTH STREET KINGSWAY W.C. MCMXIII i- 1 * V 1**7 Hat Sly 20 r Printed by BALLANTYNE COMPANY AND LTD,„,„ AT THE BALLANTYNE PRESS Tavistock Street Covent Garden London PREFACE recent years a reawakening has taken place in the INstudy of American archaeology and antiquities, owing chiefly to the labours of a band of scholars in the United States and a few enthusiasts in the con- tinent of Europe. For the greater part of the nine- teenth century it appeared as if the last word had been written upon Mexican archaeology. The lack of excavations and exploration had cramped the outlook of scholars, and there was nothing for them to work upon save what had been done in this respect before their own time. The writers on Central America who lived in the third quarter of the last century relied on the travels of Stephens and Norman, and never appeared to consider it essential that the country or the antiquities in which they specialised should be examined anew, or that fresh expeditions should be equipped to discover whether still further monuments existed relat- ing to the ancient peoples who raised the teocallis of Mexico and the huacas of Peru. True, the middle of the century was not altogether without its Americanist explorers, but the researches of these were performed in a manner so perfunctory that but few additions to the science resulted from their labours. Modern Americanist archaeology may be said to have been the creation of a brilliant band of scholars who, working far apart and without any attempt at co-opera- tion, yet succeeded in accomplishing much. Among these may be mentioned the Frenchmen Charnay and de Rosny, and the Americans Brinton, H. H. Bancroft, and Squier. To these succeeded the German scholars Seler, Schellhas, and Forstemann, the Americans Winsor, Starr, Savile, and Cyrus Thomas, and the English- men Payne and Sir Clements Markham. These men, — PREFACE splendidly equipped for the work they had taken in hand, were yet hampered by the lack of reliable data a want later supplied partly by their own excavations and partly by the painstaking labours of Professor Maudslay, now the principal of the International College of Antiquities at Mexico, who, with his wife, is responsible for the exact pictorial reproductions of many of the ancient edifices in Central America and Mexico. Writers in the sphere of Mexican and Peruvian myth have been few. The first to attack the subject in the light of the modern science of comparative religion was Daniel Garrison Brinton, professor of American languages and archaeology in the University of Philadelphia. He has been followed by Payne, Schellhas, Seler, and FOrstemann, all of whom, however, have confined the publication of their researches to isolated articles in various geographical and scientific journals. The remarks of mythologists who are not also Americanists upon the subject of American myth must be accepted with caution. The question of the alphabets of ancient America is perhaps the most acute in present-day pre-Columbian archaeology. But progress is being made in this branch of the subject, and several German scholars are working in whole-hearted co-operation to secure final results. What has Great Britain accomplished in this new and fascinating field of science ? If the lifelong and valuable labours of the venerable Sir Clements Markham be excepted, almost nothing. It is earnestly hoped that the publication of this volume may prove the means of leading many English students to the study and consideration of American archaeology. There remains the romance of old America. The real interest of American mediaeval history must ever PREFACE circle around Mexico and Peru—her golden empires, her sole exemplars of civilisation ; and it is to the books upon the character of these two nations that we must turn for a romantic interest as curious and as absorbing as that bound up in the history of Egypt or Assyria. If human interest is craved for by any man, let him turn to the narratives of Garcilasso el Inca de la Vega and Ixtliixochitl, representatives and last descendants of the Peruvian and Tezcucan monarchies, and read there the frightful story of the path to fortune of red-heeled Pizarro and cruel Cortes, of the horrible cruelties com- mitted upon the red man, whose colour was "that of the devil," of the awful pageant of gold-sated pirates laden with the treasures of palaces, of the stripping of temples whose very bricks were of gold, whose very drain-pipes were of silver, of rapine and the sacrilege of high places, of porphyry gods dashed down the pyramidal sides of lofty teocallis, of princesses torn from the very steps of the throne—ay, read these for the most wondrous tales ever writ by the hand of man, tales by the side of which the fables of Araby seem dim —the story of a clash of worlds, the conquest of a new, of an isolated hemisphere. It is usual to speak of America as "a continent without a history." The folly of such a statement is extreme. For centuries prior to European occupation Central America was the seat of civilisations boasting a history and a semi-historical mythology second to none in richness and interest. It is only because the sources of that history are unknown to the general reader that such assurance upon the lack of it exists. Let us hope that this book may assist in attracting many to the head-fountain of a river whose affluents water many a plain of beauty not the less lovely because 3 PREFACE bizarre, not the less fascinating because somewhat remote from modern thought. In conclusion I have to acknowledge the courtesy or the Bureau of American Ethnology, which placed in my hands a valuable collection of illustrations and allowed me to select from these at my discretion. The pictures chosen include the drawings used as tail- pieces to chapters ; others, usually half-tones, are duly acknowledged where they occur. LEWIS SPENCE Edinburgh : July 191 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. The Civilisation of Mexico i II. Mexican Mythology 54 III. Myths and Legends of the Ancient Mexicans 118 IV. The Maya Race and Mythology 143 V. Myths of the Maya 307 VI. The Civilisation of Old Peru 348 VII. The Mythology of Peru 291 Bibliography 335 Glossary and Index 341 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Princess is given a Vision Frontispiece The Descent of Quetzalcoatl xiv Toveyo and the Magic Drum 16 The Altar of Skulls 26 The Guardian of the Sacred Fire 30 Pyramid of the Moon : Pyramid of the Sun 32 Ruins of the Pyramid of Xochicalco 34 The Spirit of the dead Aztec is attacked by an Evil Spirit who scatters Clouds of Ashes 38 The Demon Izpuzteque 40 Aztec The Calendar Stone 44 A Prisoner fighting for his Life 48 Combat between Mexican and Bilimec Warriors 53 Priest making an Incantation over an Aztec Lady 54 The Princess sees a Strange Man before the Palace 62 Tezcatlipoca, Lord of the Night Winds .,, 66 The Infant War-God drives his Brethren into a Lake and slays them 70 Statue of Tlaloc, the Rain-God 76 The Aged Quetzalcoatl leaves Mexico on a Raft of Serpents 80 Ritual Masks of Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca ; and Sacri- ficial Knife 84 The so-called Teoyaominqui 88 Statue of a Male Divinity go Xolotl 94 The Quauhxicalli, or Solar Altar of Sacrifice 98 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Macuilxochitl I03 The Penitent addressing the Fire Io6 Cloud Serpent, the Hunter-God IIQ Mexican Goddess XI 4 Tezcatlipoca xl 7 " " Place where the Heavens Stood 120 A Flood-Myth of the Nahua 122 The Prince who fled for his Life 126 The Princess and the Statues 130 The King's Sister is shown the Valley of Dry Bones 140 Mexican Deity 142 The Prince who went to Found a City 156 " " The Tablet of the Cross 160 Design on a Vase from Chama representing Maya Deities 166 The House of Bats 173 Part of the Palace and Tower, Palenque 183 The King who loved a Princess 186 Teocalli or Pyramid of Papantla : The Nunnery, Chichen- Itza 188 Details of the Nunnery at Chichen-Itza 190 The Old Woman who took an Egg home 192 Great Palace of Mitla : Interior of an Apartment in the Palace of Mitla 198 Hall of the Columns, Palace of Mitla 203 The Twins make an Imitation Crab 214 The Princess and the Gourds 220 The Princess who made Friends of the Owls 232 In the House of Bats 226 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACE How the Sun appeared like the Moon 330 Queen Moo has her Destiny foretold 240 The Rejected Suitor 343 Piece of Pottery representing a Tapir 347 Doorway of Tiahuanaco 348 Fortress at Ollantay-tampu 350 " " Mother and child are united 353 The Inca Fortress of Pissac 354 " Making one of each nation out of the clay of the earth 258 Painted and Black Terra-cotta Vases 380 Conducting the White Llama to the Sacrifice 313 " " The birdlike beings were in reality women 318 "A beautiful youth appeared to Thonapa " 330 " He sang the song of Chamaykuarisca" 323 " " The younger one flew away 324 " " His wife at first indignantly denied the accusation 336 " "He saw a very beautiful girl crying bitterly 338 MAPS The Valley of Mexico 330 Distribution of the Races in Ancient Mexico 331 Distribution of the Races under the Empire of the Incas 333 The Descent of Quetzalcoatl CHAPTER I : THE CIVILISATION OF MEXICO The Civilisations of the New World THERE is now no question as to the indigenous origin of the civilisations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru.
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