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Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates Impact of • Stefano Bocchi and Francesca Orlando Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates Edited by Stefano Bocchi and Francesca Orlando Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Agronomy www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates Editors Stefano Bocchi Francesca Orlando MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Stefano Bocchi Francesca Orlando University of Milan University of Milan Italy Italy Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy/special issues/Soil Invertebrates). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-719-1 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-720-7 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Valentina Vaglia. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Preface to ”Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates” ....... ix Cristina Menta, Federica Delia Conti, Carlos Lozano Fondon,´ Francesca Staffilani and Sara Remelli Soil Arthropod Responses in Agroecosystem: Implications of Different Management and Cropping Systems Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 982, doi:10.3390/agronomy10070982 .............. 1 Mar´ıa P´ıa Rodr´ıguez, Anah´ı Dom´ınguez, Melisa Moreira Ferroni, Luis Gabriel Wall and Jose´ Camilo Bedano The Diversification and Intensification of Crop Rotations under No-Till Promote Earthworm Abundance and Biomass Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 919, doi:10.3390/agronomy10070919 .............. 21 Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk, Paweł Radzikowski, Jarosław Stalenga and Mariusz Matyka Comparison of the Effect of Perennial Energy Crops and Arable Crops on Earthworm Populations Reprinted from: Agronomy 2019, 9, 675, doi:10.3390/agronomy9110675 ............... 37 Kinga Treder, Magdalena Jastrzębska, Marta Katarzyna Kostrzewska and Przemysław Makowski Do Long-Term Continuous Cropping and Pesticides Affect Earthworm Communities? Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 586, doi:10.3390/agronomy10040586 ............. 53 Magdalena Jastrzębska, Marta K. Kostrzewska and Kinga Treder Phosphorus Fertilizers From Sewage Sludge Ash and Animal Blood Have No Effect on Earthworms Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 525, doi:10.3390/agronomy10040525 .............. 67 Oliver Knox, David Backhouse and Vadakattu Gupta A Comparative Study of Field Nematode Communities over a Decade of Cotton Production in Australia Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 123, doi:10.3390/agronomy10010123 ............. 77 Oliver Knox, Katherine Polain, Elijha Fortescue and Bryan Griffiths Distribution and Restricted Vertical Movement of Nematodes in a Heavy Clay Soil Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 221, doi:10.3390/agronomy10020221 .............. 89 Isabella Ghiglieno, Anna Simonetto, Francesca Orlando, Pierluigi Donna, Marco Tonni, Leonardo Valenti and Gianni Gilioli Response of the Arthropod Community to Soil Characteristics and Management in the Franciacorta Viticultural Area (Lombardy, Italy) Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 740, doi:10.3390/agronomy10050740 ............. 97 Luis de Pedro, Luis Gabriel Perera-Fern´andez,Elena L´opez-Gallego,Mar´ıaP´erez-Marcos and Juan Antonio Sanchez The Effect of Cover Crops on the Biodiversity and Abundance of Ground-Dwelling Arthropods in a Mediterranean Pear Orchard Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 580, doi:10.3390/agronomy10040580 .............113 v Elia Guariento, Filippo Colla, Michael Steinwandter, Julia Plunger, Ulrike Tappeiner and Julia Seeber Management Intensification of Hay Meadows and Fruit Orchards Alters Soil Macro- Invertebrate Communities Differently Reprinted from: Agronomy 2020, 10, 767, doi:10.3390/agronomy10060767 ..............129 vi About the Editors Stefano Bocchi is a Full Professor of Agronomy and Cropping Systems at the Department of Environment Science and Policy, State University of Milan, Italy. As a Visiting Scientist at the Agronomy Department University of California, Davis, IRRI – Philippines, and Wageningen University, he developed research projects on cereals, forage crops, agro-food systems analysis, and management. He is a teacher in several graduate and undergraduate courses of agronomy, agroecology, agro-food systems, foodshed management, landscape agronomy, tropical crops, and organic farming; member of the scientific board of the Ph.D. program in agro-ecology; director of the “Geomatic Lab for Agriculture and Environment” for agricultural and cropping system analysis, biodiversity, forest and pasture inventories, use and application of GIS tools for natural and agricultural resource analysis; Director of CICSAA Inter-University Centre for International Cooperation for Agro-food systems development; team research leader in several projects on farming system analysis and management, both at national and international level. He has been involved in several projects for international cooperation in Albania, Brasil, China, Ecuador, Egypt, Kenya, Lebanon, Peru, Philippines, Sierra Leon, and Tanzania. He is the delegate of the Dean for sustainability. He is the author of more than 170 scientific papers and a Board Member of various scientific societies. He was the scientific curator of the Biodiversity Park in EXPO 2015. Francesca Orlando was a researcher at the Department of Environmental Science and Policy (University of Milan) and then at the Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (University of Brescia). During her work, she addressed different aspects of the integrated assessment of sustainability in agriculture. She obtained her degree in Agricultural Science, and a Ph.D. in Climatology and Soil Science, from the University of Florence. She is an expert in agronomy and soil science, with a focus on the impacts and benefits of the agricultural practices belonging to conservative agriculture, precision farming, and organic farming. During her career, she studied the implications of different crop management methods and climate and micro-climate trends in chemical, physical, and biological soil fertility, as well as on the quality and quantity of the productions. She was involved in many national and international projects and was WP leader of 3 projects concerning precision farming and organic farming for rice. She has given numerous presentations at international conferences and published about 30 papers focused on the performance and efficacy of innovative techniques and tools in agriculture, aimed to optimize input use and reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture on natural resources, such as soil. vii Preface to ”Impact of Agricultural Practices on Biodiversity of Soil Invertebrates” Soil fauna plays a key role in many soil functions, such as organic matter decomposition, humus formation, and nutrient release, modifying the soil structure and improving its fertility. In particular, soil invertebrates play key roles in determining soil suitability for agricultural production and realizing sustainable farming systems. This fauna includes an enormous diversity of arthropods, nematodes, and earthworms. However, they suffer from the impact of agricultural activities, with implications for the capacity of soil to maintain its fertility in the long-term and to provide ecosystem services. Some agricultural practices may create crucial changes in soil habitats and properties, with consequences for invertebrate biodiversity. In the few last decades, especially under intensive and specialized farming systems, a loss in soil ecosystem services has been observed, as a result of the reduction in the biological fertility with a decrease of both the abundance and taxonomic diversity of the soil faunal communities. On the other hand, some agricultural practices, such as those based on crop rotation, minimum tillage, cover crops and soil-covering, can support sustainable soil management and promote useful soil fauna. Therefore, due to concerns about the sensibility of soil biota to the agricultural practices, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable management strategies, to realize a microclimate and habitats favorable for the biodiversity of soil invertebrates and to reduce the soil disturbance, such as that due to tillage or chemical input. Stefano Bocchi, Francesca Orlando Editors ix agronomy Article Soil Arthropod Responses in Agroecosystem: Implications of Different Management and Cropping Systems Cristina Menta 1,*, Federica Delia Conti 1, Carlos Lozano Fondón 1, Francesca Staffilani 2 and Sara Remelli 1 1 Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze
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