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Environmental Stewardship and Indigenous African Philosophies: Implications for Schooling, and Health Education in Africa: a Case of Ghana

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Environmental Stewardship and Indigenous African Philosophies: Implications for Schooling, and Health Education in Africa: a Case of Ghana ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP AND INDIGENOUS AFRICAN PHILOSOPHIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING, AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN AFRICA: A CASE OF GHANA By ISAAC NORTEY DARKO A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Graduate Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto © Copyright by Isaac Nortey Darko 2014 ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP AND INDIGENOUS AFRICAN PHILOSOPHIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOLING, AND HEALTH EDUCATION IN AFRICA: A CASE OF GHANA Isaac Nortey Darko Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto 2014 ABSTRACT In the last 50 years, the pursuance of alternative discourses that would provide alternative solutions to the growing environmental challenges facing the African continent such as pollution poor sanitation, deforestation, desertification, erosion, and degradation have significantly increased. In line with such efforts, the main objective of this project is to identify the prospects and potentials inherent in Indigenous African perspectives on environmental stewardship and their usefulness in mitigating these challenges in Africa. This work, therefore, explores the numerous environmental stewardship ideas contained in proverbs, music, visual arts, adages, ‘Ananse’ (proverbial spider) stories and poems, in some Indigenous communities from Ghana; while at the same time, examining the impact of Westernization on the social, political, economic and cultural orientations of Indigenous environmental stewardship practices in traditional communities. The study involved five local communities within the Greater Accra and Eastern regions of Ghana. Over five months, 70 participants from Accra, Amamole, Pantang, Aburi and Nsawam ii were sampled for the research. Using one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions, semi structured questionnaires and observations; the sampled individuals shared cultural practices, beliefs and norms around environmental stewardship. Results of the study showed that almost all Indigenous communities developed complex systems that guided their existence and wellbeing. These systems were enshrined in sets of intricate relationships that existed between both humans and non-humans. These relations were regulated by sets of practices, norms and beliefs, which are mostly imbedded in African Traditional Religion (ATR). Thus Indigenous Ghanaian environmental stewardship reflected vital cultural and societal values such as responsibility, accountability, reciprocity, spirituality, and harmony. Three main African environmental ethics were established; first; interconnection and interdependence; second, environmental spirituality; and third, respect for authority. The study concluded with proposed changes in the Ghanaian education and health systems based on these ethics and other important local practices. Significant was the inclusion of local languages and local teaching methodologies in the classroom as well as health institutions. As an exploratory research, the results are capable of producing very well-founded cross-contextual generalities such as localized school curricula, localized health education and policies, which could be adapted for other Indigenous African nations. iii Dedication This work is first dedicated to my Creator, father and Almighty Yahweh for being super merciful and gracious to me. To my wife Lynessa Darko and daughter Abena Akonobea Darko, this work is for you. And to my entire family, especially my mom, Ms. Ntow, you are the best mom ever. Thank you for all the sacrifice, you have made for me and my siblings. I can never pay you back for the sacrifice. My prayer is that the good Lord will grant you good health and long life. You will forever be in my heart. iv Acknowledgement To begin with, I would like to acknowledge the handiwork of my Creator God who has wonderfully made me and blessed me with life and favoured me with guidance every step of the way. Jehovah I am grateful. Truly, when I count my blessings I count God many times. Taking lessons from the Swahili proverb “Pofu hasahau mkongojo wake” which literally means “a blind person does not forget the walking stick”, I would like to acknowledge the work and dedication of some individuals I was privileged to have known through the course of my studies, and whose wisdom, advice, intellect, sacrifice and trust in me sustained and guarded me through this level of education. Nana Sefa Atweneboah I, also known as Professor George Dei, my supervisor, has been more than a tremendous pillar in this journey. His devotion, care, attention to particulars, insistence on excellence, sacrifice, and directions, is what has brought me this far. Nana, words, are not enough to express my profound gratitude for the trust imposed in me. Words are not enough to tell the world how you fit my story. Only Jehovah, who sits up and watches over humans, will know the level of appreciation I have in my heart for your support. I am very grateful for all the times, and moments you spent directing, and coaching me through this journey. Indeed you have demonstrated that humility makes room for wisdom. You never kept the gift and blessings of God to yourself but spread it to others like me. Nana, “dabi dabi na mεka m’asεm”. One day the whole world will know how your guidance brought me this far. Thank you for the mentoring, critique, speed and accuracy with which you work. It’s amazing! To my dedicated committee members (Professor Peter Sawchuk, Professor Njoki Wane and Dr. Dorothy Goldin Rosenberg), you have and will remain an invaluable part of my life. You have indeed taught me to understand the Akan proverb “wisdom is like a baobab tree; no one individual can embrace it”. Dr. Goldin Rosenberg, your trust, confidence and dedication to my work and life really encouraged me to go this far. I am really privileged and will remain indebted to you for the opportunity you gave me for being one of the few students you accepted to work with and helped with their thesis. You have indeed exemplified the Akan proverb that “what you help a child to love can be more important than what you help him/her to learn”. You have taught me to love change, to do my best to make the world a better place for future generations; you have taught me that knowledge, hope, and courage have no boundaries. I can never do or say anything that will be enough to reward you for the efforts you have put in my life, only v words can express it. Thank you. Prof. Sawchuk thanks for the privilege and opportunity to know you. When times were hard for me as a graduate international student, you stepped in even though I was not yet your student. The smiles and encouragement you offered me every time I saw you really helped me through this journey. I am very thankful for all the time and sacrifice. Your intellectual prowess, humility, care, understanding and the hope you instill in your students will always leave untainted marks in our lives. Thank you for everything! Professor Njoki has been more than a supervisor. Like a shepherd finds the lost sheep in the desert, your timely advice and direction helped me to navigate the treacherous roads of the academy. I am grateful for your willingness to help even with short notices. Your advice and support have brought me this far. Thank you Professor! I am also grateful to Professor Edward Shizha of Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada, for serving as an external examiner for this project. Professor it was a great privilege to have known you. Thank you. The Swahili proverb “Daraja lililokuvusha usilitukane” which literally means, “do not despise a bridge on which you have crossed”, reminded me of the roles many individuals have played in ensuring that I get this far, hence my acknowledgement of their efforts. First and foremost, I am indebted to my roommate and his wife, Mr. George Amoafo and Mrs. Constance Amoafo, and their little girl Angel Amoafo, all the gratitude there is in the world, goes to you. For over five years, I lived with this couple, and not even a day did we even look into each other’s eyes with anger or dislike. You have been my immediate family ever since I stepped foot in Canada and treated me extremely well. We dined, laughed, joked and planned together. Thank you very much for allowing me into your lives. Many thanks also go to Dr. Paul Banahene and his wife, Mrs. Martha Banahene for their care, advice and unflinching support throughout my studies at both Masters and PhD levels. Sir Paul thanks once again. I can never forget the dedication, commitment, and support I received form Jade McDonnell, a.k.a. Abena Jade. Your editorial skills, intellect and love for African traditions especially proverbs, really provided the arm to rest on. I am especially thankful for the editorial work you did on this project. I can never reward or payback your time and efforts, but I know the good Lord will give you much more than I can think for you. Thank you Abena! Even though Margaret Brennan is now retired, I will be an ungrateful person if I did not mention her name. Margaret was the administrative support and courage for students like me who come to Canada and are bombarded with complex academic life. I will never forget the role vi you have played in my life. Thank you Margaret! Kirstein Person is another person whose name if missed will make this work incomplete. Your experience and love for students make you the mother of all graduate students in HSSSJE. Always willing to help, even if it’s out of your jurisdiction you did your best to get me to the right person. How would I have navigated this intricate academic life without your prompt and apt counsel? Thank you Kirstein! I will also like to acknowledge the support of Wendy Mauzeroll; always willing to help students with financial matters.
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