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Facultad De Farmacia Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA FACULTAD DE FARMACIA TESIS DOCTORAL PUREZA Y ADULTERANTES EN DROGAS PSICOACTIVAS INCAUTADAS EN EL NORTE DE GALICIA DURANTE LOS AÑOS 2007 A 2015 Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Granada, 2018 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autor: María de los Ángeles Villar Núñez ISBN: 978-84-9163-913-8 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/52340 Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Pureza y adulterantes en drogas psicoactivas incautadas en el norte de Galicia durante los años 2007 a 2015 Memoria presentada por la Lda. Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez para aspirar al grado de Doctor. Esta tesis ha sido realizada bajo la dirección de la Dra. Mª Adolfina Ruíz Martínez. II Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Agradecimientos A mis padres, tío y abuelos, IV Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Agradecimientos AGRADECIMIENTOS He realizado esta tesis gracias al apoyo y ánimo constante de mis padres y tío Demetrio, a quienes se la dedico de forma especial. A mis padres, por enseñarme lo que significa el esfuerzo y el trabajo, que los frutos se recogen después de haber sembrado y cuidado con cariño la simiente, y por ser tan buenas personas. A ti, papá por enseñarme a leer mis primeras letras, que tanto me han servido y cuyas lecciones con tanto anhelo esperaba, con el libro de cuentos en la mano, sin permitirte descansar por duro que hubiera sido el día. Por vivir y disfrutar con el trabajo sin mostrar nunca cansancio, por adversas que fuesen las circunstancias. A ti, mamá, por quererme tanto, por hacer mi vida tan feliz, por haberme abierto tantas puertas y posibilidades, por guiarme de tu mano, por confiar siempre en mis capacidades, por ser tan especial y estar tan llena de bondades. Por ser mi maestra, de letras y de vida, mi pequeña Julita preciosa. A Demetrio, por ser mi segundo padre, por haber compartido conmigo su juventud e ilusiones y por ser un estudiante incansable. Te agradezco el haber guiado mi camino hasta esta maravillosa profesión de Farmacia. Me gustaría disfrutar más de tu compañía escuchando tu agradable discurso y aprendiendo con tus relatos históricos. A mis abuelos, Demetrio y Olimpia, por el precioso tiempo que compartieron conmigo enseñándome y contándome sus vivencias por las montañas de Cadafresnas y la Peña del Seo. A ti, abuela Olimpia, por tu dulzura y sentido común. Recuerdo tu buen humor constante, tu risa fácil, y tu sonrisa perenne. Y a ti, abuelo Demetrio por ser para mí una fuente de cariño infinito, por mantenerte ilusionado por la vida hasta el final. Los tiempos V Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Agradecimientos compartidos en la bodega, haciendo catas de vino, en el desván ahumando los chorizos, nuestros paseos en bicicleta, con sus paradas para reponer fuerzas en casa de alguno de tus conocidos, son para mí un recuerdo maravilloso. Los dos habéis sido para mí un ejemplo a seguir. Con vosotros aprendí muchas lecciones de vida, y fui muy feliz. A Jose, por haberme apoyado en momentos difíciles, por redirigir mis pensamientos negativos, por permanecer positivo y decirme siempre que puedo llegar, aunque la distancia sea larga. Al Dr. José Sánchez Morcillo, por haber sido siempre tan atento y solícito, por haber confiado en mí y por haberme brindado la oportunidad de conocer a Adolfina. Por su admirable dedicación al trabajo y su encantadora personalidad. A la Dra. Mª Adolfina Ruíz Martínez, por transmitirme positividad y acogerme en su Departamento como una más. Por su ayuda y ánimos, por saber ver el interés del tema que yo le proponía, por darme la seguridad que necesitaba y transmitirme su experiencia. Gracias a los dos, por vuestras buenas ideas y espíritu abierto y positivo. Al Dr. José Luque, mi profesor de Bioquímica, que me quiso tanto y me transmitió cariño y entusiasmo por la ciencia. A la Dra. Isabel Varela, por ser la primera que me dio la oportunidad de conocer lo que era el mundo de la investigación y por intentar a toda costa que continuara en él. Con esta tesis, finalizo una etapa que comenzó años atrás en el laboratorio 2.11 del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. A Jesús Mª Martínez Sanz, el primer contacto que tuve con el mundo de la oficina de farmacia, por ser tan sincero conmigo y darme tanta libertad. VI Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Agradecimientos A la Dra. Guadalupe, Lupe querida, por abrirme las puertas al mundo de la inmunocitoquímica y de la biología molecular, por su cariño y por anteponer siempre el corazón a la razón. A la Dra. Covadonga Pañeda, por sus inestimables, inteligentes y prácticos consejos y por ser fuente permanente de tranquilidad y sentido común. A Andrew, Beverley, Christine, James, Martin, por esos abrazos mañaneros y el cariño y apoyo que me brindaron en aquellos días en que estaba lejos de mi hogar. A la Dra. Nieves Fernández, por saber captar mi ilusión y ganas de comenzar en el mundo de la industria farmacéutica. Por su seriedad y empatía. A Teresa Varela, Teresita, por ese espíritu trabajador, y esa exigencia diaria, primero con ella misma, y por ende con el resto de compañeros. A mis compañeros de registros, Lino, Valentina, Camino, Noelia, Vanessa, Laura, Eva…formábamos un buen equipo. Al resto de compañeros “Syvaritas”, Óscar, Luisa, Lorena, Mónica, Julián, Chelo, los Pacos, Jorge, que me acogieron enseguida, lo que me hizo replantearme el estereotipo castellano recio y seco. Pasé mucho frío en León, pero la calidez humana incrementaba varios grados la temperatura. Fueron tiempos de trabajo duro, colmados de gratificantes resultados. Al Director del Área de Sanidad, Juan A. Hidalgo y al Jefe de Servicio, Antonio Mª Balseiro; a mis queridas compañeras de trabajo Elena, Dora y Marina, porque sin su dedicación, la elaboración de esta tesis no hubiera sido posible. Compartir trabajo y vivencias con vosotros es para mí un regalo diario. A mi querida compañera de inspecciones Amelia, con la que comparto experiencias sin par por tierras gallegas. Gracias por compartir conmigo tus experiencias vitales…por duras que VII Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Agradecimientos sean las circunstancias, hay que mantenerse fuertes y “descubrir el verano invencible que hay dentro de nosotras”. Tenemos un libro pendiente por escribir. A mis profesores y compañeros de trabajo, los actuales, y todos los previos. Sería imposible haber llegado hasta aquí sin vosotros. A todos mis amigos, desde los de mi primera infancia, Miriam, Natalia, a los posteriores, de la universidad, Alberto, Francisco, Virginia, Catalina, David G., David C., a Carmen, por sus bizcochos al Riscal, y las recientes incorporaciones, Esther, Elena, Cristina. En definitiva, a todas las personas nombradas o no en estas líneas, con las que he tenido la suerte de compartir mis horas, las que continúan en el día a día de mi vida y aquellas con las que no mantengo un contacto tan habitual, también las que ya no están aquí, brindo por haber compartido con vosotros los minutos de mi vida. VIII Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Glosario GLOSARIO AAS Ácido Acetilsalicílico AEMPS Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios CB1 Receptor cannabinoide tipo 1 CB2 Receptor cannabinoide tipo 2 CG-FID Cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización por llama CG-MS Cromatografía de gases - masas CSL Cayman Spectral Library DGPND Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas DEA Drug Enforcement Administration Administración para el Control de Drogas EDADES Encuesta Domiciliaria sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España EMA European Medicines Agency Agencia Europea de Medicamentos EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Observatorio Europeo sobre las Drogas y las Toxicomanías ENFSI European Network of Forensic Science Institutes Red Europea de Institutos Forenses ESDIP Encuesta sobre Salud y consumo de Drogas a los Internados en Instituciones Penitenciarias ETA Estimulantes de Tipo Anfetamínico ESDIP Encuesta sobre Salud y Consumo de Drogas a Internados en Instituciones Penitenciarias ESTUDES Encuesta Estatal sobre el Uso de Drogas en Enseñanzas Secundarias GABA Ácido Gamma-aminobutírico GBL Gamma-butirolactona IX Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Glosario GHB Ácido gamma-hidroxibutírico INCB International Narcotics Control Board INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística JIFE Junta Internacional de Fiscalización de Estupefacientes LSD Dietilamida del ácido lisérgico MDA 3,4-Metilendioxianfetamina MDEA 3,4-Metiledioxietilanfetamina MDMA 3,4-Metilendioximetanfetamina NIST National Institute of Standards Instituto Nacional de Estándares y Tecnología NMDA Receptor NMDA (N-metil-D-aspartato) NSP Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas OEDT Observatorio Español de la Droga y la Toxicomanía OEDT Observatorio Europeo sobre las Drogas y las Toxicomanías OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas ONUDD Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PND Plan Nacional sobre Drogas RAE Real Academia Española REITOX Red Europea de Información sobre Drogas y Toxicomanías SEAT Sistema Español de Alerta Temprana SNC Sistema Nervioso Central SOCA Serious Organized Crime Agency SWDRUG Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs X Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Glosario Grupo de Trabajo Científico para el análisis de Drogas Decomisadas THC (-)-trans-delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ó delta-9-THC UE Unión Europea XI Tesis Doctoral Mª de los Ángeles Villar Núñez Índice ÍNDICE
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