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Drug Policies and Development International Development Policy Editor- in- Chief Ugo Panizza Guest Editors Julia Buxton Mary Chinery- Hesse Khalid Tinasti volume 12 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ idp Editorial Board Marc Bacchetta (Counsellor, Economic Research and Statistics Division, Word Trade Organisation (wto), Geneva, Switzerland) Jean- François Bayart (Professor of Anthropology and Sociology, The Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) Gilles Carbonnier (Vice- President, International Committee of the Red Cross (icrc), Geneva, Switzerland) Carlos Casas Tragodara (Professor of Economics, Universidad del Pacifico, and Director of the Center for Studies in Mining and Sustainability, Peru) Francis Cheneval (Professor of Political Philosophy, University of Zurich, Switzerland) Suren Erkman (Head, Industrial Ecology Group, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland) Till Förster (Professor of Anthropology, Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Basel, Switzerland) Ricardo Fuentes- Nieva (Executive Director, Oxfam Mexico) Pamela Martin (Professor of Politics and International Relations, Coastal Carolina University, us) Katharina Michaelowa (Professor of Political Economy and Development, University of Zurich, and Center for Comparative and International Studies (cis), Switzerland) Patrick Osakwe (Head, Trade and Poverty Branch, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (unctad), Geneva, Switzerland) Dennis Rodgers (Research Professor, Anthropology and Sociology, The Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland) Jésus Seade (Undersecretary for North America, Mexico’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE), Mexico) Elizabeth Sidiropoulos (Chief Executive, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), South Africa) Mahaman Tidjani Alou (Research Professor in Political Science, Faculty of Economics and Law, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey, Niger) Jorge Alberto Restrepo Torres (Associate Professor of Economics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia) James Zhan (Director of the Investment and Enterprise Division, unctad, Geneva, Switzerland) Editor- in- Chief Ugo Panizza (Professor of International Economics, Graduate Institute, Geneva) Deputy Editor- in- Chief and Executive Director Christophe Gironde (Senior Lecturer, Development Studies, Graduate Institute, Geneva) Deputy Editor- in- Chief Graziella Moraes Silva (Professor, Anthropology and Sociology, Graduate Institute, Geneva) Managing Editor Jienna Foster Editorial Manager Marie Thorndahl Copy- editing Dave Brooks Figure layout whybe.ch Translation Clare Ferguson Cover photo UN Photo/ Staton Winter Visit International Development Policy online http:// www.devpol.org and http:// debate.devpol.org International Development Policy— Published Volumes 1 - Africa: 50 Years of Independence, 2010, Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9782940415274. 2 - Energy and Development, 2011, Palgrave Macmillan/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9780230282483. 3 - Aid, Emerging Economies and Global Policies, 2012, Palgrave Macmillan/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9781137003409. 4 - Religion and Development, 2013, Palgrave Macmillan/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9781137329370. 5 - Education, Learning, Training: Critical Issues for Development, 2014, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004281141. 6 - Large- Scale Land Acquisitions: Focus on South- East Asia, 2015, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004304741. 7 - Combining Economic and Political Development: The Experience of mena, 2017, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004336452. 8 - Development as a Battlefield, 2017, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004349520. 9 - Alternative Pathways to Sustainable Development: Lessons from Latin America, 2017, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004351660. 10 - African Cities and the Development Conundrum, 2018, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004387928. 11 - The ilo @ 100: Addressing the Past and Future of Work and Social Protection, 2019, Brill Nijhoff/ Graduate Institute Publications, isbn: 9789004399006. THE GRADUATE INSTITUTE | GENEVA Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement Research Office P.O. Box 1672 CH– 1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland [email protected] http:// www.devpol.org http:// debate.devpol.org http:// graduateinstitute.ch Drug Policies and Development Conflict and Coexistence Edited by Julia Buxton Mary Chinery- Hesse Khalid Tinasti LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY- NC 4.0 license, which permits any non- commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https:// creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by- nc/ 4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: ‘Liberia Police Anti- Drug Squad Burns Confiscated Drugs’, 01 March 2013. A staff member of the Liberia National Police Anti- Drug Squad reviews the municipal dump outside Monrovia, Liberia, where they are burning nearly 400 kg of marijuana and other drugs that were confiscated between 2011 and 2012. Courtesy of UN Photo/Staton Winter. Photo #543702. The Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available online at http:// catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2020030416 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. issn 1663- 9383 isbn 978- 90- 04- 44048- 7 (paperback) isbn 978- 90- 04- 44049- 4 (e- book) Copyright 2020 by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re- use, use of parts of the publication, and/ or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Foreword ix Preface xi List of Illustrations xii Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Notes on Contributors xvii Introduction 1 Are Barriers to Sustainable Development Endogenous to Drug Control Policies? 3 Khalid Tinasti, Julia Buxton and Mary Chinery- Hesse part 1 Milestones of Drug Policies and Development 2 Drug Control and Development: A Blind Spot 13 Julia Buxton 3 Imperial Drug Economies, Development, and the Search for Alternatives in Asia, from Colonialism to Decolonisation 43 John Collins 4 From Alternative Development to Development- Oriented Drug Policies 64 Daniel Brombacher and Sarah David 5 Trying to Be All Things to All People: Alternative Development in Afghanistan 79 David Mansfield 6 Cannabis Regulation and Development: Fair(er) Trade Options for Emerging Legal Markets 106 David Bewley- Taylor, Martin Jelsma and Sylvia Kay viii Contents part 2 Human Development and Drug Policies 7 Making War: Conflict Zones and Their Implications for Drug Policy 127 Tuesday Reitano 8 The Neo- Patrimonial ‘Use’ of Drug Policy in Electoral Processes 142 Khalid Tinasti 9 The Meaningful Participation of ‘Stakeholders’ in Global Drug Policy Debates— a Policy Comment 153 Ann Fordham 10 The World Drug Policy Problem. An Interview with José Ramos- Horta 172 José Ramos- Horta and Khalid Tinasti part 3 Drugs, Development and Cross- Cutting Issues 11 The Rif and California: Environmental Violence in the Era of New Cannabis Markets 183 Kenza Afsahi 12 The Gendered Impacts of Drug Policy on Women: Case Studies from Mexico 206 Corina Giacomello 13 Incorporating Child Rights into Scheduling Decisions at the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs 246 Damon Barrett and Diederik Lohman 14 More Harm than Public Health in Drug Policy? A Comment 261 Joanne Csete 15 Prohibitionist Drug Policy in South Africa— Reasons and Effects 274 Andrew Scheibe, Shaun Shelly and Anna Versfeld Index 305 Foreword We are pleased to introduce the 12th volume of International Development Policy, Drug Policies and Development: Conflict and Coexistence. This volume explores the challenges of drug policy in the context of devel- opment. It addresses the impacts of the war on drugs on vulnerable popula- tions, the consequences of the new movement towards legalisation of recrea- tional drugs, and the ‘stakeholders’ affected by drug policy. It also delves into specific policies and localised consequences, looking at how drug trafficking in conflict zones inhibits peace processes, and analysing practices adopted by governments and development practitioners to help small farmers and villages escape reliance on illicit cultivation for their livelihoods. The
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