Un-Habitat 3.1 Mangrove Plantations for Improved

UN-HABITAT

3.1 MANGROVE PLANTATIONS FOR IMPROVED COASTAL RESILIENCE

MANGROVE PLANTATIONS FOR IMPROVED COASTAL RESILIENCE

UN-HABITAT

MANGROVE PLANTATIONS FOR IMPROVED COASTAL RESILIENCE

INTRODUCTION

Problem statement

Mangrove ecosystems are rapidly declining in many parts of the world. This has resulted in the loss of important environmental and economic products and services including agricultural products, flood mitigation and nursery grounds for fish.

Deliverables Delivery of mangrove plantation for coastal resiliency Beneficiaries 17,754

Budget $208,704 (USD)

Location All Communes

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Consultations with local communes in Kep Province and Prey Nob District have identified that coastal communities are being impacted by climate change and its effects on the coastal environment, leading to the serious consequences for local people. The identified environmental impacts listed below can be attributed to a combination of declining mangrove ecosystems and/or insufficient coverage by existing mangrove reserves and the impacts of climate change:

• Significant reduction in fish levels for local fishermen and women; • Coastal erosion leading to loss in coastal agricultural land and damage to coastal infrastructure; • Storm surges resulting in salt water ingress into the local agricultural land and surface water, resulting in decreasing agricultural productivity and surface water availability; • Reduced resilience of houses in the coastal area to flooding and high winds, contributing to potential loss of life and property damage. This investment will plant mangroves along the coast in Prey Thom, Kep Pong Teuk and Angkaol Communes in Kep Province and Prey Nob Commune in Prey Nob District establish mangrove protected areas in these locations. The case of environmental and socio-economic benefits for this investment are strong: as per the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) study dated 2011 Mangrove plantation in Viet Nam: measuring impact and cost benefit the plantation of mangroves over a 30-year period is estimated to provide benefits per hectare of mangrove plantation 28 to 104 times the initial establishment costs.

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Location

The selected locations for mangrove plantation in this investment are all in area classified as ‘state public land’, and thus do not impact private land, but provide protection to land behind the plantations as well as preventing coastal erosion, and supporting marine biodiversity through increased fish and crab spawning areas. Land maps below are coloured based on the anticipated chance of that proposed plantation will achieve all criteria within the Mangrove Planting Management Plan and be targeted for plantation: Green – target areas for the project where there will strengthen the existing mangrove plantation Yellow – Proposed new mangrove plantations, supported by the project Red – alternative locations for mangrove plantation if the situation of land ownership or suitability for plantation of the yellow areas changes between now and the start of the project implementation

• Green: Areas indicated in green are areas where mangrove plantation is expected to be achieved with a very high probability of success; • Yellow: Areas indicated in yellow are areas where mangrove plantation s expected to be achieved with a high probability of success; • Red: Areas nominated in red are areas where mangrove plantation is expected to be achieved with a moderate probability of success.

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Figure 1 “Proposed location for the mangroves in Kep Province”

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Figure 2 “Proposed location of mangroves in Angkaol District”

Figure 3 “Proposed location of mangroves in Prey Nob District” gure 2 “Proposed location of mangroves in Angkaol District”

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Beneficiaries

Key beneficiaries include:

BENEFICIARIES REASON QUANTITY COST/ BENEFICIARY

Local Fishermen Improved fishing yields resulting 1000 $11.52 from the improved marine ecosystem.

As per the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) study dated 2011 Mangrove plantation in Viet Nam: Measuring impact and cost benefit mangroves have also had a positive impact on the provision of additional income for coastal communities through an increase in per hectare yield of aqua culture products such as shellfish and oyster by 209-789 per cent. Protection of Local Mangrove plantations provide 16, 754 $11.61 Infrastructure, protection against coastal Property and erosion, salt water ingress to rice Residents fields and protection of residents, infrastructure property against storm surges and other environmental impacts.

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BUDGET

Mangrove Plantation

LOCATION ZONE LAND SIZE (Ha) ALLOCATED BUDGET ($USD)(3)

Kep Province Confirmed Mangrove Plantation 12.84 Ha $13,803 Zones High probability of success 24.5 Ha $18,436 mangrove plantation zones (1) Moderate probability of success 119.40 Ha $51,342 mangrove plantation zone (2) Prey Nob District Confirmed Mangrove Plantation 0 Ha $0.00 Zones High probability of success 129 Ha $97,072 mangrove plantation zones (1) Nursery Mangrove Nursery ($25,000) NA $28050 Establishment Costs

TOTAL 285.74 $208,704 Notes: 1. Assumed that only 70% of the mangroves zones that have a high probability of being suitable are confirmed during the implementation phase. 2. Assumed that only 40% of the mangroves zones that have a moderate probability of being suitable are confirmed during the implementation phase. 3. Assumed plantation cost is $1075 per hectare ($850 with a 26% augmentation due to inflation) in accordance with IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) paper ‘Mangrove plantation in Viet Nam: Measuring impact and cost benefit’ (2011) 4. Mangrove Nursery Costs based on paper entitled Sinohin, V., & Baconguis, S. (2000). Establishing a mangrove nursery. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture, 22(1), 7-8, 28-30 and with 1998 costs inflated at 3% per year.

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DATA COLLECTION

Inputs

The following inputs were used for the development of this proposed investment.:

• Consultations (refer to Part II, Section H – The Consultative Process) • Site Photographs (Refer to section XXX) • Historical mangrove studies (See IFRC, 2011)

Consultations

Consultations with the communes were undertaken to understand the impact of strong winds and flooding on the specific communes. The dates for relevant consultation sessions wherein vulnerability to strong winds and flooding hazards were identified are as follows:

• 16 October 2018 - Meeting with Dr. Vann Monyneath • 17 October 2018 - Meeting with the Fisheries Administration, Kep Province • 17 October 2018 - Meeting with Department of Environment, Kep Province • 18 October 2018 - Meeting with the representatives of the target communes, Kep Province • 22 October 2018 - Consultation with the Eight Communes of Prey Nob District Key messages received from these consultation sessions are as follows:

• Consensus that the cutting down of mangrove has resulted in greater instances of salt water ingress into agricultural land and surface water; • There is a clear understanding that mangroves provide substantial ecological and economic benefits (e.g. more robust fisheries and better protected agricultural land); • Limited budget in local communes to support mangrove preservation education campaigns; • In some areas, mangroves have been cut to enable the expansion of agricultural land. The Department of Environment has indicated that providing clear delineation between agricultural land and mangrove preservation zones (e.g. by construction of a road) has been very successful; • In areas where mangroves have been removed there has been increased coastal erosion; • On 18th October 2018 commune leaders in Kep Province indicated that 350-375m of mangrove is sought after to mitigate significant erosion of local beaches and prevent salt water ingress; • On 16th October 2018 Kep Municipality requested an 8km mangrove plantation along the west-facing Prey Thom coast;

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• Support for mangrove plantations and preservation of existing mangrove is consistent at all levels of government. Site Records

• Site visits and review of areas selected for potential mangrove sites have confirmed the following: • Proposed sites for mangrove plantation are typically located at historical mangrove plantation locations and/or are located adjacent to existing mangrove plantations (refer to photo 1 as an example); • Where reduced mangrove depths relative to agricultural plots were identified, salinisation issues are noted by local residents and commune leaders as more prevalent; • Fishing community evident across all communes (refer to photos)

Studies

Sinohin, V., & Baconguis, S. (2000). Establishing a mangrove nursery. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture Technical Guidance Document for Mangrove Planting Permitting and Management Plan. EAD-TMBS-TG-01. The Environment Agency–Abu Dhabi (EAD). Hanneke Van Lavieren, Mark Spalding. Securing the Future of Mangroves. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health JICA Expert Team (2014). Technical Document 3 Mangrove Plantation Guideline. The Qurm Environmental Information Center Project Spalding M, McIvor A, Tonneijck FH, Tol S and van Eijk P (2014) Mangroves for coastal defence. Guidelines for coastal managers & policy makers. Published by Wetlands International and The Nature Conservancy. 42 p Clarke, A. and Johns, L. (2002) Mangrove Nurseries: Construction, Propagation and Planting: Fisheries Guidelines, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, Fish Habitat Guideline FHG 004, 32 pp. Kathiresan, K. (2003a). How do mangrove forests induce sedimentation? Revista de Biologia Tropical, 51(2) : 355‐360. Brian Kastl, Kong Kimsreng (2012). Study of Coastal Mangrove Forest Devastation and Channel Sedimentation: Community-based Solutions Koh Kong Province, Cambodia. International Union for Convervation of Nature (IUCN) - Building Coastal Resilience. IFRC (2011). Mangrove plantation in Viet Nam: measuring impact and cost benefit. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

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IMPLEMENTATION

Key Risks & Safeguarding Issues

The Mangrove Planting Management Plan is required to ensure planting of mangroves is ecologically the most appropriate species for the site-specific location. Mangrove plantations to be clearly identified as mangrove protected reserves to prevent any deforestation risks, this will also be included in the Mangrove Planting Management Plan Refer to Part II, Section K and Annex 3 for more information on safeguarding management. Community Engagement

Community to be directly engaged in plantation of mangroves. Community and governing body to be educated in the benefits associated in the protection and propagation of mangroves. This linked to Output 1.3 of the project proposal Construction

Construction is anticipated to use largely unskilled labour, sourced from local communities. An ecologist trained in mangrove ecology is to be involved in the development of the Mangrove Planting Management Plan, and may be required to supervise the planting to ensure optimum success. and during the implementation phases. Design

Stage 1 – Site Re-confirmation The project formulation selected sites based on physical features, land ownership and use, suitability, and absence of other barriers to plantation Sites selected as part of this proposal (see maps, above) were selected as they passed initial screening processes and are deemed to have a high likelihood of success based on the criteria listed below:

• Land use & Ownership: Identified sites for mangrove plantation are classified as state public land land. Some sites are noted as abandoned historic agricultural sites (likely abandoned due to inhospitability for agricultural crops due to proximity to coast – high winds and salt water ingress). • Accessibility: Sites are physically accessible for plantation and maintenance. • Topography: The site should be slightly sloping, draining tidal water back to the sea, unlike flat ground where the water stagnates. Suitable ground height level, usually at

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around mid-point of the tidal range is ideal for a mangrove plantation. The site should also be sheltered from strong winds and tidal currents that may seriously affect the survival and growth rate of mangrove saplings; • Soil: Soil testing to bed should be undertaken to confirm that soil is well drained, aerated and either silty clay or sandy clay in nature. Some sites proposed around Angkaol are noted as having been historical salt farms, now abandoned. Soil salt concentrations are to be verified for all sites and confirmed as hospitable for mangrove plantations. • Pressure: The site should be inaccessible to high numbers of grazing animals in its initial phases, and should be pollution-free in terms of household wastes, effluents, oil and other petroleum products and construction materials and rubble. • Beneficiaries & Safeguards: All safeguarding principles should be adhered to and extent of potential beneficiaries maintained. It is noted that during the implementation phase that sites will be surveyed, ground material suitability tested and land ownership re-confirmed for each individual plantation. Should a potential plantation area be confirmed as unviable for technical reasons and/or in breach of the safeguarding principles then an alternate plantation site will be identified. This is highly unlikely however, based on the formulation work undertaken in the development of this proposal. By applying a probability of success for potential plantation sites during initial screening stages UN-Habitat are ensuring that in the event of a site being declared un-fit that an alternative location with comparable benefits can be secured. Stage 2 - Develop Mangrove Planting Management Plan: The Mangrove Planting Management Plan should outline:

• Site baseline features; • Plantation site map; • Plantation methods approach including, but not exclusive to: • Assessment of optimum mangrove seedling spacing; • Assessment of optimum seedling protection methods; • Assessment of direct sowing method vs seedling transplantation method; • Assessment of preferred mangrove seedling species based on site location; Note: Species Ipomoea pes-caprae (for planting adjacent to ocean front) & Rizophora mueronata (for planting in brackish water on the landward side) have been noted in other studies as suitable candidates for the Cambodian coastline.

Note: Coconut trees (Nypa fruticans) to be also considered where applicable to provide additional wind-breaks where adjacent to local housing and to buffer shorelines.

• Justification for site selection and design

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• Management plans for ensuring the community and government involvement in ongoing protection of mangrove zones; • Establishing quantitative and measurable success criteria; • Monitoring and reporting plan articulating project success vis-a-vis the success criteria. Plan to including reporting on lessons learned from both successes and failures: • Detailed outline of project safeguards. • Recommendations for replication and upscaling in other areas. Stage 3 - Approvals Submit Mangrove Planting Management Plan and attain formal approval from the Fisheries Administration of Kep and Preah Sihanouk Provinces for proposed plantations. Stage 4 - Planting & Monitoring Following approval of Mangrove Planting Management Plan planting and monitoring of seedlings to occur in accordance with the plan.

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PHOTOS

Figure 1 - Typical mangrove plantation location. Sample site at Kep commune for proposed mangrove plantation (Coordinates 10°30'37.2"N 104°17'15.8"E).

Figure 2 - Example of thriving mangrove plantation within Kep Province (Coordinates 10°29'43.9"N 104°20'31.8"E)

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Figure 3 - Example of thriving mangrove plantation within Prey Nob province (Coordinates 10°35'49.2"N 103°50'54.9"E)

Figure 4 - Prey Nob Fishing community (Coordinates 10°36'00.6"N 103°50'41.1"E)

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Figure 5 – Kep Fishing Community, Angkaol Beach (Coordinates 0°27'29.2"N 104°22'59.3"E)

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SAFEGUARDS

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISK MITIGATION ACTIONS SAFEGUARD PRINCIPLE INCORPORATED IN THE DESIGN

Compliance with the law There are no anticipated legal issues. The Projects/programmes supported by the Fund mangrove plantations are all on state public shall be in compliance with all applicable land, and the activity is within the provisions domestic and international law. of national laws, presented in Part II, Section E of the proposal Access and Equity The investment will deliver: Projects/programmes supported by the Fund improved resilience against salt water ingress shall provide fair and equitable access to for local agricultural plantations benefits in a manner that is inclusive and does Improved protection against coastal erosion not impede access to basic health services, and associated land loss clean water and sanitation, energy, education, Improved safety for local houses against storm housing, safe and decent working conditions, surges and other climate-related extremes and land rights. Projects/programmes should Improved ecosystem conditions to support not exacerbate existing inequities, particularly local marine environment and improve fish with respect to marginalized or vulnerable stock levels / sustainability groups. This project will not exacerbate existing inequalities. All proposed plantation locations are on state public that is not occupied by settlements or agricultural land.

While access and equity issues are not anticipated, alternative locations are possible if safeguarding issues emerge in this area, as shown in the maps, above Marginalised and Vulnerable Groups

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund There are no anticipated issues regarding shall avoid imposing any disproportionate marginalised groups as there is no potential adverse impacts on marginalized and for discrimination or favour in the protections vulnerable groups including children, women offered by the mangrove plantations. and girls, the elderly, indigenous people, tribal groups, displaced people, refugees, people living with disabilities, and people living with HIV/AIDS. In screening any proposed project/programme, the implementing entities shall assess and consider particular

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impacts on marginalized and vulnerable groups.

Human Rights There are no anticipated issues regarding Projects/programmes supported by the Fund human rights as the mangroves are all shall respect and where applicable promote proposed on land owned by the state. The international human rights. mangroves will not jeordise the provision of any basic services, such as water. Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment In the poor communities affected by the Projects/programmes supported by the Fund proposal it was observed that women tend to shall be designed and implemented in such a take more of a household and community way that both women and men 1) have equal management role and therefore they are likely opportunities to participate as per the Fund to accrue greater long-term benefits from the gender policy; 2) receive comparable social community’s improved fishing and crop yield, and economic benefits; and 3) do not suffer as they will be likely to take on the role of disproportionate adverse effects during the selling surplus outputs as well as the development process. protections offered by mangrove. Men and women will be given equal opportunity to provide their labour to the planting process, under the People’s Process approach. Whenever women provide their labour, the project will ensure that they have access to separate bathrooms and hygienic products.

All labourers (male and female) employed under the project will be given a mandatory briefing on the prevention of sexual harassment and exploitation prior to commencing their work. Core Labour Rights

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund There are no anticipated issues regarding core shall meet the core labour standards as labour rights. identified by the International Labour Organization. Planting the mangrove will draw upon labour from the community. All workers in the project will be informed of their rights to organise, including joining formal labour unions, in accordance with the law. Unskilled labourers will be paid $300 per month (assuming an 8-hour working day, 5 days per week, this is 50% higher than the national minimum wage).

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All workers employed by the project (including under agreement of cooperation) will be aged 18 or over)

See above provisions for women’s labour. Indigenous People

The Fund shall not support There are no indigenous people in the target projects/programmes that are inconsistent area with the rights and responsibilities set forth in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and other applicable international instruments relating to indigenous peoples. Involuntary Resettlement

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund There is no resettlement required as a result shall be designed and implemented in a way of this investment, and there is no evidence to that avoids or minimizes the need for suggest risk of unintended resettlement as involuntary resettlement. When limited there is no one living on the sites earmarked involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, due for mangrove planting or restoration. All process should be observed so that displaced mangroves are accessible by public roads or persons shall be informed of their rights, tracks, and all are situated on public land consulted on their options, and offered technically, economically, and socially feasible Numerous locations for proposed plantations resettlement alternatives or fair and adequate have been nominated. Allowance has been compensation. made for alternative locations to be nominated should any land be occupied between the time of proposal formulation and the last site visit (October 2018) and the commencement of this investment. Protection of Natural Habitat This investment will have a direct benefit with The Fund shall not support regard to protecting the natural habitat. projects/programmes that would involve unjustified conversion or degradation of Mangrove plantations will facilitate the critical natural habitats, including those that creation of mangrove reserve and protection are (a) legally protected; (b) officially areas. proposed for protection; (c) recognized by authoritative sources for their high The Mangrove Planting Management Plan will conservation value, including as critical ensure that selected mangroves for plantation habitat; or (d) recognized as protected by are suitable for the environment and will traditional or indigenous local communities. support the local ecosystem. Conservation of Biological Diversity

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund Mangrove Planting Management Plan will shall be designed and implemented in a way ensure that selected mangroves for plantation that avoids any significant or unjustified

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reduction or loss of biological diversity or the are suitable for the environment and will introduction of known invasive species. support the local ecosystem.

Material and seedlings imported to site will be environmentally screened to ensure that there are no invasive species brought to site.

Biological diversity is expected to improve as a direct benefit of this investment. Mangroves are essential to the survival and development of numerous species of coastal plant and aquatic life. In particular, the coast near Kep is home to an extensive crap population, which depends on mangroves for feeding and spawning. Crab fishing is an essential livelihood source for the people of Kep.

Climate Change

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund The investment will help to offset the effects shall not result in any significant or unjustified of climate change for the poor local increase in greenhouse gas emissions or other communities. CO2 emissions are expected to drivers of climate change. be mitigated due to this investment. Pollution Prevention and Resource Efficiency

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund shall be designed and implemented in a way This investment does not anticipate that meets applicable international standards generating any waste of polluting materials. for maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing material resource use, the production of wastes, and the release of pollutants. Public Health

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund The investment will benefit public health by shall be designed and implemented in a way improving crop production. Some mangrove that avoids potentially significant negative species have nutritional or health-giving impacts on public health. properties and their fruits can be harvested. There are no anticipated negative effects. Physical and Cultural Heritage

Projects/programmes supported by the Fund There are no anticipated issues regarding shall be designed and implemented in a way physical and cultural heritage. For example, that avoids the alteration, damage, or removal there are no sites of spiritual, religious or of any physical cultural resources, cultural recreational importance in the proposed sites, and sites with unique natural values plantation zone. recognized as such at the community, national or international level. Projects/programmes

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should also not permanently interfere with existing access and use of such physical and cultural resources.

Land and Soil Conservation This investment should reduce the instances Projects/programmes supported by the Fund of salinisation due to storm surges to shall be designed and implemented in a way agricultural fields and soil erosion. There are that promotes soil conservation and avoids no known contaminants arising from the degradation or conversion of productive lands project, and chemical fertilizers will not be or land that provides valuable ecosystem used. services.

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