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Géoarchéologie D'une Maison Semi-Souterraine Thuléenne-Inuit En Contexte Périglaciaire - Étude Des Processus Taphonomiques

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Géoarchéologie D'une Maison Semi-Souterraine Thuléenne-Inuit En Contexte Périglaciaire - Étude Des Processus Taphonomiques Géoarchéologie d'une maison semi-souterraine thuléenne-inuit en contexte périglaciaire - étude des processus taphonomiques Mémoire Heloïse Barbel Maîtrise en sciences géographiques - avec mémoire Maître en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. géogr.) Québec, Canada © Heloïse Barbel, 2018 RÉSUMÉ Cette recherche a été effectuée dans la baie de Kuuvik (Nunavik, Canada) pour mieux comprendre les occupations dorsétiennes et thuléennes-inuit dans un contexte biophysique postglaciaire en évolution. Des analyses géomorphologiques, stratigraphiques, micromorphologiques, macrofossiles et géochimiques (FTIR et ICP-AES) ont été effectuées sur une maison semi-souterraine unifamiliale hivernale thuléenne-inuit du site Paaliup Qarmangit 1 et dans la vallée dans laquelle elle s’inscrit afin de documenter les processus de formation et la taphonomie de la structure étudiée. Les données extra-sites ont permis de reconstituer l’évolution des environnements sédimentaires dans la vallée depuis la dernière glaciation. L’approche intra-site a révélé des occupations dorsétienne (après 143-327 cal A.D.) puis thuléennes-inuit (entre 1317-1413 cal A.D. et 1466-1642 cal A.D) du site. Le caractère stratégique du lieu d’implantation (accessibilité aux matériaux de construction, aux ressources alimentaires et hydriques) pourrait expliquer son utilisation par deux cultures différentes successives. Les résultats montrent la prédominance des processus nivéo-éoliens et de nivation dans la formation de l’unité stratigraphique contenant les restes archéologiques et attestent d’un remaniement post-dépositionnels naturels et/ou anthropiques des artefacts dorsétiens. Des signatures chimiques anthropiques modérées mais significatives ont été détectées dans les sols de la maison semi-souterraine (e.g., Mg, Fe, S). Elles pourraient avoir été atténuées par des processus pédologiques, tels que le lessivage et la remobilisation des éléments par les organismes du sol, et/ou des processus anthropiques, tels qu’un nettoyage régulier de la structure par ses habitants. iii ABSTRACT This research was carried out in Kuuvik Bay (Nunavik, Canada) to document Dorset and Thule-Inuit occupations in an active periglacial context. Geomorphological, stratigraphical, micromorphological, macrofossil and geochemical (FTIR and ICP-AES) analyses were performed over a single-family semi-subterranean Thule-Inuit house of Paaliup Qarmangit 1 site and the surrounding periglacial valley to document site formation processes of the studied structure and to identify anthropogenic chemical signatures in the soil of the house. Off-site data enabled to reconstruct the sedimentary environments in the valley since the last glaciation. In-site approach revealed a Dorset occupation of the site (after 143-327 cal A.D.) prior Thule-Inuit settlement (between 1317-1413 cal A.D. and 1466-1642 cal A.D.). Strategic features of the site (such as availability of building material, food, and water resources) may explain its use by two different cultures. Results showed the predominance of niveo-aeolian and nivation processes in the formation of the unit containing archaeological remains and provided evidence of post-depositional natural and/or anthropogenic reworking of Dorset artefacts. Soil of the house recorded moderate but significant anthropogenic chemical signatures (e.g., Mg, Fe, S), which may have been buffered by pedological processes, such as leaching and biological remobilization, and/or anthropogenic processes, such as a regular cleaning (maintenance) of the structure. iv TABLE DES MATIERES Résumé .................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................. iv Table des matières .................................................................................................................. v Liste des figures ................................................................................................................... viii Lite des tableaux ..................................................................................................................... x Remerciements ..................................................................................................................... xii Avant-Propos ....................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction générale .............................................................................................................. 1 I Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 II Contexte physique et occupations humaines .............................................................. 2 1. Géomorphologie et Quaternaire ............................................................................. 4 2. Climat de la baie de Kuuvik ................................................................................... 7 3. Occupation humaine ............................................................................................... 8 III Les établissements humains au Nunavik .................................................................. 12 IV La nécessité d’études géoarchéologiques et taphonomiques en milieu périglaciaire actuel ................................................................................................................................. 16 V Problématique, objectifs et hypothèses .................................................................... 17 1. Objectif principal .................................................................................................. 18 2. Objectifs spécifiques............................................................................................. 18 3. Hypothèses ........................................................................................................... 18 VI Méthodologie ............................................................................................................ 18 1. Campagne de terrain ............................................................................................. 19 A. Travaux extra-sites ........................................................................................... 19 a. Relevés topographiques et géomorphologiques ......................................... 19 b. Stratigraphie et échantillonnage extra-sites ................................................ 19 B. Travaux intra-sites ............................................................................................ 21 2. Traitement des données et analyses en laboratoire ............................................... 21 A. Cartographie ..................................................................................................... 21 B. Analyses macrofossiles .................................................................................... 22 C. Datations 14C .................................................................................................... 22 D. Analyses micromorphologiques ....................................................................... 23 E. Analyses géochimiques .................................................................................... 24 a. Analyses FTIR ............................................................................................ 24 v b. Analyses ICP-AES ...................................................................................... 25 i. Traitement des échantillons en laboratoire .............................................. 25 ii. Traitement des données et analyses statistiques ...................................... 26 c. Analyses Raman ......................................................................................... 29 d. Analyses CNS ............................................................................................. 30 VII Structure du mémoire ........................................................................................... 31 Références ........................................................................................................................ 31 Chapitre 1 : Paaliup Qarmangit 1 site geoarchaeology: Taphonomy of a Thule-Inuit semi- subterranean dwelling in a periglacial context, northeast Hudson Bay 38 Résumé ............................................................................................................................. 39 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 40 I Introduction .............................................................................................................. 41 II Study site .................................................................................................................. 44 III Methods .................................................................................................................... 48 1. Off-site approach .................................................................................................. 48 2. In-site approach .................................................................................................... 49 IV Results ...................................................................................................................... 51 1. Off-site geomorphology and stratigraphy............................................................
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