DOCSLIB.ORG

Antiviral and Virucidal Activities of Duabanga

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antiviral and Virucidal Activities of Duabanga Malik et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2016) 16:139 DOI 10.1186/s12906-016-1120-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antiviral and virucidal activities of Duabanga grandiflora leaf extract against Pseudorabies virus in vitro Farhah Zaidar Abdul Malik1, Zeenathul Nazariah Allaudin1*, Hwei San Loh2,3, Ting Kang Nee4, Homayoun Hani1 and Rasedee Abdullah5 Abstract Background: Duabanga grandiflora or known in Malaysia as Berembang Bukit, Megawasih,orPedada Bukit, is a native plant of the Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the anti-viral properties of D. grandiflora were investigated. Methods: The D. grandiflora leaf extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol as solvents and labelled 37 leaf ethyl acetate (37 L EA), 37 leaf hexane (37 L H), 37 leaf ethanol (37 L ET), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on Vero cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-Diamethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Among extracts, 37 L EA was most cytotoxic to Vero cells, followed by 37 L H and 37 L ET, with CC50 of 218, 833, and >1000 μg/mL, respectively. The cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction, inhibition, and virucidal assays and the selective index (SI) were employed to determine the effect of the extracts on infectivity and replication of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in Vero cells. The D. grandiflora leaf extracts showed dose-dependent antiviral activities, with higher activities at high doses. The 37 L ET and 37 L EA showed anti-viral effects through plaque formation and viral replication inhibitions, and virucidal property. The SI of the 37 L ET and 37 L EA by the viral replication inhibition assay was 8.3 and 1.9, respectively, and by the CPE reduction assay, 6.7 and 2.9, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol is the best solvent for the preparation of D. grandiflora leaf extract as an antiviral agent. Keywords: Antiviral assay, Duabanga grandiflora, Plaque reduction assay, Inhibition assay, Virucidal assay Background through the stimulation of type II collagen production Duabanga, a genus originally included in the Sonnera- [2]. The D. grandiflora extracts and partial purified frac- tiaceae, is now classified under the subfamily Duaban- tions exhibited bacterial growth inhibition and re-sensitized goideae of the family Lythraceae. Duabanga, native to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to- Southeast Asia, consists of three species, Duabanga wards ampicillin treatment by inhibiting MRSA biofilm for- grandiflora, D. moluccana, and D. taylorii Jayaweera [1]. mation and the penicillin-binding protein, PBP2a [3–6]. In Malaysia, Duabanga is known as Berembang Bukit, The plant extracts also possess insecticidal activity [7]. Megawasih and Pedada Bukit. Duabanga grandiflora The antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of D. contains eugeniin, comprising of gallic acid, ellagic acid, grandiflora was first described in 2011 [3] in a report and sugar [2]. that described the use of higher plant species for com- Traditionally, the Duabanga grandiflora tree has sev- bating newly emerging and drug resistant pathogens. eral medicinal properties. The leaf extract is used topic- The ethanol D. grandiflora leaf extract appears to con- ally to whiten skin, retard aging, and heal inflammation tain a high concentration of phytochemicals including tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and steroids. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate D. grandiflora ex- * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary tract contain high level of tannins and moderate levels Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia of alkaloids and phenols [3]. Previously, phytochemicals Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Malik et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Malik et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2016) 16:139 Page 2 of 10 especially tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids were RPMI maintenance media supplemented with 1 % FBS, reported to possess antiviral activities against human seeded into sterile 96-well flat bottom and 24-well plates 4 and animal viruses [8–12]. at 1 × 10 cells/well, and incubated under 5 % CO2 Herpesviruses are highly prevalent in humans and humidified atmosphere at 37 °C. most animals [13]. Members of Herpesviridae are host- specific agents that share properties, which allow them Plant extract to cross species barriers [14, 15]. This group of viruses All plant extracts were dissolved, with frequent shaking has relatively short reproduction cycle, can efficiently for 48 h in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and then diluted destroy infected cells, spread rapidly, and establish latent with sterile deionized water to obtain stock concentra- infection in the host. tions of 10 mg/mL in 10 % DMSO and 50 mg/mL in In this study, the antiviral properties of D. grandiflora 50 % DMSO. The 37 L ET extract was the most soluble plant extracts against PrV was determined. The cellular followed in order by 37 L EA, and 37 L H. The solutions toxicity and the most effective solvent to be used in the were stored as stock at −20 °C. preparation of D. grandiflora leaf extracts were also determined. Cytotoxicity assay The stock solutions were diluted serially with RPMI Methods media without FBS to obtain extract concentrations of Crude plant extract 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL. In general, the final D. grandiflora was collected from the Semenyih Dam concentration of DMSO in the working concentration area (3.079066°N 101.886091°E), Selangor, Malaysia, was below 0.3 %. 100 μL of each concentration was used identified by Dr. Christopher Wiart of the University of to treat confluent monolayer Vero cells in a 96-well flat- Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, and the herbarium vou- bottom plate. For reference the Vero cells were treated cher specimens (UNMC 37) deposited at the Herbarium with 100 μL of either 0.05, 1.0, 10, or 12 % DMSO in of Faculty of Science of the University. Crude plant ex- PBS. Non-treated Vero cells served as the negative con- tracts, harvested from the leaves, extracted with hexane, trol. Positive controls were treated with DMSO at the ethanol, and ethyl acetate, and labelled 37 L H, 37 L ET, same concentrations as the plant extracts. All experi- and 37 L EA, respectively were prepared by Dr. Kang ments were performed in triplicates. The Vero cells were Nee Ting and Prof. Dr. Hwei San Loh of the University then incubated for 48 h under 5 % CO2, humidified of Nottingham, Malaysia. atmosphere at 37 °C and visualized under light micros- The leaves of the D. grandiflora were cleaned with copy. The cytotoxic effect of treatments was determined sterile deionized water, cut into small fragments, and by MTT assay. Cytotoxicity scoring was according a 5- dried in a closed room at 25 to 28 °C for 2 weeks. The point scale: 5 = confluent well-defined monolayer with dried leave fragments were grounded, weighed and cell-to-cell contact and the cell morphology and density soaked in 95 % ethanol at a proportion of 1:8 (fragment: intact; 4 = occasional cell lysis with ≤20 % of the cells ethanol) at room temperature for 24 h. The plant mate- round in shape, loosely attached, devoid of intracytoplas- rials were then subjected to sequential fractionation mic granule; 3 = prevalent cell lysis with <50 % of cells using hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. Each plant ma- round in shape and devoid of intracytoplasmic granule; terial was soaked and fractionated trice before subjecting 2 = the majority of the cells are affected but <70 % of to rotary evaporation at 40 °C under reduced pressure. cells are round in shape or lysed; 1 = almost total lysis The concentrated crude extracts were stored at −20 °C. and destruction of cells and presence of spaces between cells [16]. The cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of crude Pseudorabies Virus (PrV) propagation plant extracts, which are the concentrations causing The PrV strain AIP used in this study is from the working 50 % cell cytotoxicity of Vero cells were determined stock virus (1 × 108 pfu/mL) prepared and stored at - 80 °C (Additional file 1). in the Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Quantitation of stock virus was Antiviral assays by plaque titration assay using Vero cells. Cytopathic Effect (CPE) reduction assay The CPE reduction assay was conducted according to Vero cell culture method described previously [17]. The Vero cells were Vero cells (ATCC No. CCL-81) were grown in RPMI seeded in a 96-well flat-bottom plate for 24 h to obtain a 1640 supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) monolayer. 50 μL of 50 TCID50 PrV with 50 μL of either and antibiotic-antimycotic combination [1 % Penicillin 18.75, 37.5, 75, 150, or 300 μg/mL extracts was added to (100 U/mL), 1 % Streptomycin (100 mg/mL) and 1 % the cells and incubated under 5 % CO2 at 37 °C for 72 h. Fungi zone (2.5 mg/mL)]. The cells were maintained in The CPE was determined under light microscopy and Malik et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2016) 16:139 Page 3 of 10 graded as follows: 0 = 0 %, 1 = 0 to 25 %, 2 = 26 to 50 %, methylcellulose in 2 % FBS/DMEM was added to the cells 3 = 51 to 75 %, and 4 = 76 to 100 % CPE.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • To View Fulltext
    A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EMBRYOLOGY OF SONNERATIACEAE. BY JILLELLA VENKATESWARLU. (From the Department of Botany, Benares Hi~,du U~iz,ersity, Benares.) Received April 14, 1937. (Communicated by iV[r. A. C. Joshi, M.sc.) SONNERATIACEm iS a small family of the Myrtifloreae. According to Engler and Prantl (1898, 1908), it includes four genera, Sonneratia, Duabanga, Xenodendron and Crypteronia, comprising about a dozen species. All these are found in the tropics, the monotypic genus Xenodendron being confin6d to New Guinea and the rest being mostly restricted to the Indo-Malayan region. Hutchinson (1926) in his recent system of classification has sepa- rated the genus Crypteronia into a separate family Crypteroniacem and the family Sonneratiaeem as defined by him includes only three genera. Bc:ntham a!~d I~ooker (1%2-67), on the other hand, include these genera in the family Lythracem, to which there is little doubt that these are very closely related. As the writer had been recently studying the embryology of the family Lythracem (Joshi and Venkateswarln, 1935 a, 1935 b, 1935 c, 1936), it was thought desirable to study the family Sonneratiacem also from the comparative point of view and to see how far its embryological features agree with those of the Lythracem. The previous work on this family is limited to an investigation on Sonneratia apetala Linn. by Karsten (1891). tIis observations, however, are very fragmentary and also partly erroneous as pointed out by me in preliminary notes (Venkateswarlu, 1936a, 1936b) relating to the plants described in the present paper. The present paper deals with the two chief genera of the family, namely, Duabanga and Sonneratia.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Lythraceae Assigned to The
    Ada Bot. Neerl. 28 (2/3), May 1979, p.117-155. Wood anatomy of the Lythraceae P. Baas and R.C.V.J. Zweypfenning Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands SUMMARY The wood anatomy of 18 genera belonging to the Lythraceae is described. The diversity in wood structure of extant Lythraceae is hypothesized to be derived from a prototype with scanty para- I tracheal parenchyma, heterogeneous uniseriate and multiseriate rays, (septate)libriform fibres with minutely bordered pits, and vessels with simple perforations. These characters still prevail in a number of has been limited in of Lythraceae. Specialization very most Lythraceae shrubby or herbaceous habit: these have juvenilistic rays composed mainly of erect rays and sometimes com- pletely lack axial parenchyma. Ray specialization towards predominantly uniseriate homogeneous concomitant with fibre abundant and with rays, dimorphism leading to parenchyma differentiation, the advent of chambered crystalliferous fibres has been traced in the “series” Ginoria , Pehria, Lawsonia , Physocalymma and Lagerstroemia. The latter genus has the most specialized wood anatomy in the family and has species with abundant parenchyma aswell as species with alternating fibres. with its bands of dimorphous septate Pemphis represents an independent specialization vasicentric parenchyma and thick-walled nonseptate fibres. The affinities of with other are discussed. Pun Psiloxylon, Lythraceae Myrtales ica, Rhynchocalyx , Oliniaceae,Alzatea, Sonneratiaceae, Onagraceae and Melastomataceae all resemble Lythraceae in former accommodated in the without their wood anatomy. The three genera could even be family its wood anatomical Alzatea and Sonneratia differ in minor details extending range. Oliniaceae, only from order facilitate identification of wood tentative the Lythraceae. In to samples, keys to genera or groups ofgenera of Lythraceae as well as to some species of Lagerstroemiaare presented.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Plants of the Princeton Chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada)
    Botany A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Journal: Botany Manuscript ID cjb-2016-0079.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the Author: 07-Jun-2016 Complete List of Authors: Pigg, Kathleen; Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences DeVore, Melanie; Georgia College and State University, Department of Biological &Draft Environmental Sciences Allenby Formation, Aquatic plants, Fossil monocots, Okanagan Highlands, Keyword: Permineralized floras https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 1 of 75 Botany A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Kathleen B. Pigg , School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA Melanie L. DeVore , Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Georgia College & State University, 135 Herty Hall, Milledgeville, GA 31061 USA Corresponding author: Kathleen B. Pigg (email: [email protected]) Draft 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 2 of 75 A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada) Kathleen B. Pigg and Melanie L. DeVore Abstract The Princeton chert is one of the most completely studied permineralized floras of the Paleogene. Remains of over 30 plant taxa have been described in detail, along with a diverse assemblage of fungi that document a variety of ecological interactions with plants. As a flora of the Okanagan Highlands, the Princeton chert plants are an assemblage of higher elevation taxa of the latest early to early middle Eocene, with some components similar to those in the relatedDraft compression floras. However, like the well known floras of Clarno, Appian Way, the London Clay, and Messel, the Princeton chert provides an additional dimension of internal structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Report GVG.Pdf
    Disclaimer: Due to COVID-19, the team could not carry forward the work as planned. The remaining work will be carried out in the coming field season i.e., from September 2020-August 2021 (depending on the pandemic situation). The information provided here are preliminary findings and no final inferences are drawn at this preliminary stage. Further data collection and analysis are needed for drawing final inferences. Adhikarimayum, A.S., Ahmad, A., Deepan, C., Deshwal, D., Himanshu, C.L., Lamgouhao, N., and Gopi, G.V. (2020). Status and conservation of tigers and their habitats in hill ranges of northeast India with special reference to Mishmi hills, Manipur and Nagaland. First interim project progress report. Technical report. Wildlife Institute of India. TR/2020/12. i | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no Acknowledgements iii Executive Summary 1 Introduction 4 Objectives 5 CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 Kamlang Tiger Reserve 6 CHAPTER 2 Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary 26 CHAPTER 3 Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary 47 CHAPTER 4 Manipur and Nagaland 69 APPENDICES Appendix A MoU between WII and NTCA Appendix B Permission letter from Government of Arunachal Pradesh Appendix C Permission letter from Government of Manipur Appendix D Permission letter from Government of Nagaland ii | P a g e Acknowledgements First and foremost, we would like to thank the people of Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit districts in Arunachal Pradesh, Peren district in Nagaland, Tamenglong and Senapati districts in Manipur for their generous support and help during our fieldwork. We are immensely grateful to Dr. Debabrata Swain and Dr. Anup K Nayak, former Member Secretaries of NTCA, Dr.S.P.Yadav, Member Secretary, NTCA, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analysis of the Sonneratiaceae and Its Relationship to Lythraceae Based on ITS Sequences of Nrdna
    _______________________________________________________________________________www.paper.edu.cn J. Plant Res. 113: 253-258, 2000 Journal of Plant Research 0 by The Botanical Society of JaDan 2000 Phylogenetic Analysis of the Sonneratiaceae and its Relationship to Lythraceae Based on ITS Sequences of nrDNA Suhua Shi’*, Yelin Huang’, Fengxiao Tan’, Xingjin He’ and David E. Boufford’ School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138-2020,U.S. A. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using seven Asia. Species of Sonneratia are trees of mangrove swamps species in two genera of Sonneratiaceae, seven species in and seacoasts generally, and the inland genus Duabanga is five genera of the related Lythraceae and 2 outgroups an evergreen component of the rainforest belt (Backer et a/. based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 1954). Approximate five to 11 species are recognized in the (ITS) and the 5.8s coding region of the nuclear ribosomal family worldwide, seven of which occur from south central to DNA to determine the proper systematic placement of the southeast China (Backer and Steenis 1951, Duck and Jackes Sonneratiaceae. Paraphyly of the traditional Lythraceae 1987, KO 1983). The mangrove genus Sonneratia occurs was shown with the genus Lagerstmemia nested within the mainly on Hainan Island in China and consists of five native Sonneratiaceae. The Sonneratiaceae occurred within the species, S. a/& Smith, S. caseolaris (L.) Engler, S, hainanensis Lythraceae with high bootstrap value support (96%). The W.C. KO, E.Y. Chen & W.Y. Chen, S. ovata Backer, S. par- two traditional genera constituting Sonneratiaceae were in acaseolaris W.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Nursery Techniques of Local Tree Species
    SFRI Information Bulletin No. 9 NURSERY TECHNIQUES OF LOCAL TREE SPECIES N.S. BISHT, S.P. AHI.AWAT & U.V. SINGH STATE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS GOVT. OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH ITANAGAR. Fig. 1. Polytube nursery a. Polytube (polybag open at both the ends) b. Fine bamboo sticks which direct the roots; C; Six bamboo sticks placed in a polytube; d, Bamboo and wire-mesh stand to keep polytubes. STATE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Van Vihar, P.B. No, 159 Itanagar- 791 111, Arunachal Pradesh PREFACE Arunachal Pradesh, also known as the land of rising sun, is the largest state of the Northeast India. The state is bestowed with lush green forests, which harbours a great diversity of flora and fauna. From aeons people have been living in close harmony with nature. Most of the local tree species are quite fast growing in nature and have good demand in timber trade. The past experience shows that their plantations are successful and acceptable to the local people. Most of them are easy to grow, people know their nursery techniques from the knowledge gained by experience but the information has not been documented so far. A comprehensive account of nursery techniques for the plants of the region in general and state in particular is lacking. Therefore, for a new-comer it becomes difficult to handle the situation while developing and managing nursery meant for local tree species. The seeds have very short viability in most of the cases and are to be collected immediately at the time of proper maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • Shirley A. Graham
    SHIRLEY A. GRAHAM, CURATOR MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 4344 Shaw Boulevard SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166-0299 (314) 577-9473 x 76206 email: [email protected] June, 2019 FIELD OF STUDY Systematics and evolution of the flowering plants, specializing in the plant family Lythraceae, the Loosestrifes, the species, their evolutionary and biogeographical history. Currently I am focused on two projects: producing a modern monograph of the ca. 250 species of the tropical American genus Cuphea, incorporating data from morphology, molecular phylogenies, palynology, chromsomes, and seed oil chemistry; and with two colleagues, to complete a family phylogeny and sufficient markers to expose the most basal evolutionary branches and representative of all genera. EDUCATION 1957 - B.S., Michigan State University, Biology 1960 - M.A., University of Michigan, Biology 1963 - Ph.D., University of Michigan, Botany 1964 - Post-Doctoral, Harvard University, Botany ACADEMIC AWARDS AND GRANTS 1958 - Fulbright Scholarship, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 1959 - Horace H. Rackham Graduate Fellow, University of Michigan 1961 - University Scholar and National Science Foundation Summer Fellowship 1962 - University Fellow 1979 - Henkel Corporation Research Travel Grant, $5000 1981 - Procter & Gamble Research and Travel Grant, $7000 1984-1987 - National Science Foundation BSR 8314366 - Research Award, $124,968 1988-1991 - National Science Foundation BSR 8806523 - Research Award, $99,305 1991-1993 - National Science Foundation DEB 9210543 - Career Advancement Award, $44,000 1995-1999 - National Science Foundation DEB 9509524 - Research Award, $160,000 1996-1997 - NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates Supplemental Award, $5000 1997-1998 - NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates Supplemental Award, $5000 1998 - Finalist, Distinguished Scholar Award, Kent State University 1998 - Elected Fellow, Ohio Academy of Sciences 1999 - Board of Directors, Ohio Plant Biotechnological Consortium, 2000-2001 - Ohio Plant Biotechnology Consortium, 1 year competitive research award, jointly to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Composition of the Vegetation Along the Sherichhu River, Lower Montane Area of Eastern Bhutan
    Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 39 (3), 303-316, May - Jun. 2017 http://www.sjst.psu.ac.th Original Article Species composition of the vegetation along the Sherichhu River, lower montane area of Eastern Bhutan Tenzin Jamtsho1* and Kitichate Sridith2 1 Yangchenphug Higher Secondary School, Ministry of Education, Thimphu, Bhutan 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand Receive: 28 March 2016; Revised: 22 May 2016; Accepted: 27 May 2016 Abstract An investigation of the riparian vegetation along the Sherichhu River, lower montane area of Eastern Bhutan was conducted from April to December 2015 to explore the plant communities in terms of species composition. A total number of 18 plots were placed within the remnant patches of the vegetation on either side of the river. In total, 172 species of vascular plant has been recorded. The cluster analysis suggested four types of plant communities in the study area viz., the Mallotus- Desmodium-Rhus shrubland and the Syzygium venosum woodland communities, which are located in V-shaped valleys and the Albizia-Flueggea woodland and Quercus glauca woodland communities located in U-shaped valleys. In broad-spectrum, the topographic features and environmental variables i.e. litter accumulation and flooding condition might also have some impact on the species composition of the plant communities of this vegetation. Keywords: Sherichhu River, Bhutan, riparian vegetation, species composition, litter thickness 1. Introduction species of both sub-tropical and temperate genera (Roder & Frei, 2013). In any case, only few studies are concerned about Bhutan is positioned within the fledgling mountain the vegetation accounting mainly on the temperate and alpine range of the Eastern Himalayas with an area of 38,394 km2.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Differentiation and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Punica (Punicaceae) with Other Taxa of the Order Myrtales
    Rheedea Vol. 26(1) 37–51 2016 ISSN: 0971 - 2313 Molecular differentiation and phylogenetic relationship of the genus Punica (Punicaceae) with other taxa of the order Myrtales D. Narzary1, S.A. Ranade2, P.K. Divakar3 and T.S. Rana4,* 1Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781 014, Assam, India. 2Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR – National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001, India. 3Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain. 4Molecular Systematics Laboratory, CSIR – National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001, India. *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Phylogenetic analyses were carried out in two species of Punica L. (P. granatum L. and P. protopunica Balf.f.), and twelve closely related taxa of the order Myrtales based on sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and the 5.8S coding region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. All the accessions of the Punica grouped into a distinct clade with strong support in Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony analyses. Trapaceae showed the most distant relationship with other members of Lythraceae s.l. Phylogenetic tree exclusively generated for 42 representative taxa of the family Lythraceae s.l., revealed similar clustering pattern of Trapaceae and Punicaceae in UPGMA and Bayesian trees. All analyses strongly supported the monophyly of the family Lythraceae s.l., nevertheless, the sister relation with family Onagraceae is weakly supported. The analyses of the ITS sequences of Punica in relation to the other taxa of the family Lythraceae s.l., revealed that the genus Punica is distinct under the family Lythraceae, however this could be further substantiated with comparative sequencing of other phylogenetically informative regions of chloroplast and nuclear DNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar
    Threatened ecosystems of Myanmar An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment Nicholas J. Murray, David A. Keith, Robert Tizard, Adam Duncan, Win Thuya Htut, Nyan Hlaing, Aung Htat Oo, Kyaw Zay Ya and Hedley Grantham 2020 | Version 1.0 Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar. An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment. Version 1.0. Murray, N.J., Keith, D.A., Tizard, R., Duncan, A., Htut, W.T., Hlaing, N., Oo, A.H., Ya, K.Z., Grantham, H. License This document is an open access publication licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non- commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors: Nicholas J. Murray University of New South Wales and James Cook University, Australia David A. Keith University of New South Wales, Australia Robert Tizard Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Adam Duncan Wildlife Conservation Society, Canada Nyan Hlaing Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Win Thuya Htut Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Aung Htat Oo Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Kyaw Zay Ya Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Hedley Grantham Wildlife Conservation Society, Australia Citation: Murray, N.J., Keith, D.A., Tizard, R., Duncan, A., Htut, W.T., Hlaing, N., Oo, A.H., Ya, K.Z., Grantham, H. (2020) Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar. An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment. Version 1.0. Wildlife Conservation Society. ISBN: 978-0-9903852-5-7 DOI 10.19121/2019.Report.37457 ISBN 978-0-9903852-5-7 Cover photos: © Nicholas J. Murray, Hedley Grantham, Robert Tizard Numerous experts from around the world participated in the development of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems of Myanmar. The complete list of contributors is located in Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of a New Natural Sonneratia Hybrid from Hainan Island, China
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 154: 1–9 (2020) A new natural Sonneratia hybrid 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.154.53223 SHORT COMMUNICATION http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Description of a new natural Sonneratia hybrid from Hainan Island, China Cairong Zhong1,2, Donglin Li3, Ying Zhang1 1 Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, China 2 Hainan Academy of Forestry, Hainan Mangrove Research Institute. Haikou, Hainan, 571100, China 3 College of Ying-Tong Agricultural Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong 512005, China Corresponding author: Ying Zhang ([email protected]) Academic editor: Hanno Schaefer | Received 14 April 2020 | Accepted 7 July 2020 | Published 3 August 2020 Citation: Zhong C, Li D, Zhang Y (2020) Description of a new natural Sonneratia hybrid from Hainan Island, China. PhytoKeys 154: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.154.53223 Abstract Here, we describe, illustrate and compare a new natural hybrid, Sonneratia × zhongcairongii Y. S. Wang & S. H. Shi (Sonneratiaceae), with its possible parent species. Based on its morphological characteristics and habitat conditions, this taxon is considered to represent a sterile hybrid between S. alba and S. apetala. In China, the new hybrid is only reported in the mangrove forest in Dongzhai Harbour, Hainan Island. It has intermediate characteristics with its parents by elliptical leaf blades, peltate stigma, terminal or axillary inflorescence with 1–3 flower dichasia, cup – shaped calyx (4–6 calyx lobes) and no petals. We also provide a key for the identification of Sonneratia species. Keywords Sonneratia, new hybrid, Dongzhai Harbour, Hainan Island Introduction Sonneratiaceae is a small tropical plant family consisting of only two small genera, Sonneratia and Duabanga.
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology Biomed Central
    BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Mitochondrial matR sequences help to resolve deep phylogenetic relationships in rosids Xin-Yu Zhu1,2, Mark W Chase3, Yin-Long Qiu4, Hong-Zhi Kong1, David L Dilcher5, Jian-Hua Li6 and Zhi-Duan Chen*1 Address: 1State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China, 2Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, 3Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, 4Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-1048, USA, 5Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA and 6Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 125 Arborway, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA Email: Xin-Yu Zhu - [email protected]; Mark W Chase - [email protected]; Yin-Long Qiu - [email protected]; Hong- Zhi Kong - [email protected]; David L Dilcher - [email protected]; Jian-Hua Li - [email protected]; Zhi- Duan Chen* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 10 November 2007 Received: 19 June 2007 Accepted: 10 November 2007 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:217 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-217 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/217 © 2007 Zhu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]