Principales Desarrollos En El Sector Postal (2004-2006)

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Principales Desarrollos En El Sector Postal (2004-2006) Principales Desarrollos del Sector Postal i wik-Consult • Informe Final Estudio para la Comisión Europea DG Mercado Interno Principales desarrollos en el Sector Postal (2004-2006) Nº Contrato ETD/2005/IM/E4/63 Equipo de proyecto de WIK-Consult: Antonia Niederprüm Alex Kalevi Dieke Mark Oelmann Sonja Schülermann Consultor Asociado: James I. Campbell Jr. Los puntos de vista y las opiniones expresadas en este estudio son los de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente la posición de la Comisión Europea. Bad Honnef, Mayo 2006 ii Informe Final Agradecimiento WIK-Consult desea agradecer la considerable ayuda de todas las personas que han contribuido a este estudio. En particular, el equipo del estudio agradece sinceramente la intensa cooperación de las autoridades normativas nacionales, de los oficiales de los ministerios y de los proveedores de servicios universales de los Estados Miembros de la UE y de otros países estudiados. Somos perfectamente conscientes de que son muchas las personas que han empleado muchas horas y mucho esfuerzo en la recogida y envío de la información requerida por este estudio y mucho tiempo y esfuerzo para responder a las preguntas de seguimiento y a las primeras presentaciones. Sin su ayuda, este estudio no habría sido posible. WIK agradece también la asistencia constructiva recibida en la preparación de este informe por parte del equipo de estudio de la Comisión Europea. Queremos mostrar nuestro agradecimiento especial a Jörg Reinbothe, responsable de la unidad (servicios postales), y a Hughes de la Motte y a Robert Pochmarski. Cualquier error, por supuesto, es responsabilidad de WIK-Consult y las opiniones expresadas no reflejan necesariamente el punto de vista de la Comisión Europea. iii Informe Final TABLA CONTENIDO Lista de tablas vi Lista de figuras viii Lista de casos prácticos xi Términos y abreviaciones xii 1. Resumen Ejecutivo 1 2. Introducción 18 2.1. El cambio de función de los servicios postales 18 2.2. Desarrollos en la legislación comunitaria que afectan al sector postal europeo 19 3. Desarrollos normativos 31 3.1. Visión general del marco normativo 31 3.1.1 Leyes postales y legislación secundaria 31 3.1.2 Distribución de la autoridad del organismo regulador 35 3.1.3 Ministerios postales y proveedores de servicios universales 41 3.2. Obligación del servicio universal 45 3.2.1 Ámbito de obligación del servicio universal 45 3.2.2 Requisitos de acceso y reparto 49 3.3. Derechos especiales y exclusivos 54 3.3.1 Servicios reservados 55 3.3.2 Excepciones a la zona reservada 59 3.3.3 IVA e impuestos corporativos 61 3.3.4 Financiación 63 3.3.5 Procedimientos de aduana 64 3.3.6 Acceso a la red postal pública 66 3.3.7 Acceso a la infraestructura pública de transporte 70 3.4. Autorización de operadores postales 71 3.4.1 Autorización de operadores postales dentro del área del servicio universal 71 3.4.2 Autorización de operadores postales fuera del área del servicio universal 78 3.4.3 Fondos del servicio universal 81 iv Informe Final 3.5. Principios de tarifa 82 3.5.1 Ámbito y principios de la regulación de precios 82 3.5.2 Métodos de regulación 87 3.5.3 Acuerdos individuales 90 3.5.4 Tarifas especiales 92 3.5.5 Investigaciones de precios 93 3.5.6 3.5.6 Gastos terminales 94 3.6. Cuentas de los proveedores de servicio universal (PSU) 95 3.6.1 Separación de cuentas 95 3.6.2 Asignación de costes 100 3.6.3 Verificación y publicación de cuentas reguladoras 103 3.6.4 Cuentas financieras 105 3.7. Calidad del servicio 105 3.8. Procedimientos de quejas y reenvío 110 3.9. Autoridades nacionales reguladoras 113 3.9.1 Misión y recursos de las ANR 113 3.9.2 Independencia de las ANR 122 3.9.3 Poderes reguladores 125 4. Desarrollos del sector 127 4.1. Cifras principales – El sector postal europeo 127 4.2. Suministro de servicios postales 130 4.2.1 Competencia y cuotas de mercado – Servicios de envío de correspondencia 130 4.2.1.1 Visión de conjunto 130 4.2.1.2 Servicios de envío de correspondencia local 131 4.2.1.3 Reparto de periódicos, revistas y publicaciones 152 4.2.1.4 Servicios de envío de correspondencia entre países 153 4.2.1.5 Casos de competencia 155 4.2.2 Competencia y cuotas de mercado – servicios urgente y paquetes 160 4.2.3 Organización y actividades empresariales de los USP 165 v Informe Final 4.2.3.1 Sociedad y privatización 165 4.2.3.2 El papel de las empresas privadas sociales como inversores potenciales 167 4.2.3.3 Actividades comerciales de los PSU en general 172 4.2.4 Situación económica de los PSU 177 4.2.5 Empleo de los PSU 190 4.3. Demanda de servicios postales 197 4.3.1 Correo postal 197 4.3.2 Estructura y desarrollo de la demanda 206 4.3.3 Evolución de los servicios postales 212 4.3.3.1 El impacto de las comunicaciones electrónicas en la demanda postal 212 4.3.3.2 Servicios postales y actividades upstream 218 4.4. Rendimiento del precio 220 4.4.1 Tarifas públicas del Correo postal 220 4.4.2 Tarifas especiales 227 4.4.3 Tarifas públicas de los paquetes 231 4.5. Abastecimiento del servicio universal 235 4.5.1 Acceso al servicio universal 235 4.5.2 Calidad del servicio 243 4.5.3 Rendimiento del tiempo de tránsito 246 4.5.4 Reclamaciones y procedimientos de reparación 252 4.5.5 Implementación de los estándares CEN 254 5. Temas políticos específicos 258 5.1. Apertura del mercado y desarrollo de los PSU 258 5.2. Apertura del mercado y requisitos del servicio universal 263 5.3. Desarrollo del volumen postal 266 5.4. Conclusiones 269 6. Recomendaciones 270 vi Informe Final Lista de tablas Tabla 3.1.1 Evolución de las leyes postales de los Estado Miembro 32 Tabla 3.1.2 Evolución de las regulaciones postales de los Estados Miembros 33 Tabla 3.1.3 Autoridad que determina decisiones de política requeridas por la Directiva 35 Tabla 3.1.4 Principal responsabilidad de administración normativa requerida por Directiva 37 Tabla 3.1.5 Responsabilidad de aplicación de reglas de la competencia 39 Tabla 3.1.6 Ministerios con principal responsabilidad de política postal 41 Tabla 3.1.7 Proveedores de servicio universal 42 Tabla 3.1.8 Propiedad y control de los PSU 44 Tabla 3.2.1 Requisitos específicos (sucursales postales) 49 Tabla 3.2.2 Sustitución de oficinas postales y cierre de sucursales postales 50 Tabla 3.2.3 Requisitos de entrega 52 Tabla 3.3.1 Servicios reservados para el PSU en los Estados Miembros 56 Tabla 3.3.2 Excepciones a la zona reservada en los Estados Miembros 59 Tabla 3.3.3 Servicios postales exentos del IVA 61 Tabla 3.4.1 Autorizaciones en área de servicio universal 74 Tabla 3.4.2 Autorizaciones en el área del servicio universal por año 75 Tabla 3.4.3 Evaluación de sistemas de autorización en área de servicio universal 76 Tabla 3.4.4 Regímenes y condiciones de autorización para servicios fuera área servicio universal 79 Tabla 3.4.5 Desarrollo de autorizaciones fuera del área del servicio universal, 1998-2005 80 Tabla 3.5.1 Principios de regulación de precios 83 Tabla 3.5.2 Gastos postales anuales medios de empresas de correo no comercial 86 Tabla 3.5.3 Métodos de regulación de precios: ámbito 88 Tabla 3.5.4 Numero de investigaciones de precios comenzadas, 1998 a 2005 93 Tabla 3.6.1 Separación de cuentas por productos individuales del servicio universal 96 Tabla 3.6.2 Asignación de costes de PSU 101 Tabla 3.6.3 Revisión y publicación de cuentas 103 Tabla 3.7.1 Objetivos reguladores de tiempo de ruta de servicios de envío de correspondencia y paquetería (2005) 106 Tabla 3.8.1 Mediación de quejas relacionadas con los servicios postales del PSU 111 Tabla 3.8.2 Mediación de quejas que afectan a servicios postales de competidores 111 Tabla 3.8.3 Procedimientos de queja: requisitos de publicación y práctica 112 Tabla 3.9.1 Autoridades nacionales reguladoras de servicios postales 114 Tabla 3.9.2 Responsabilidad asignada a las ANR 115 Tabla 3.9.3 Responsabilidad sobre aplicación de reglas de competencia 116 Tabla 3.9.4 Independencia organizacional de las ANR 123 Tabla 3.9.5 Poderes de ejecución de las ANR 125 Tabla 4.1.1 Visión de conjunto de los países (2004) 127 Tabla 4.2.1 Grado percibido de competencia en envío de correspondencia local (2005) 130 vii Informe Final Tabla 4.2.2 Principales CPO en los mercados de envío de correspondencia local 132 Tabla 4.2.3 Estrategia de adquisición TNT y DPWN en mercados extranjeros envío correspondencia 135 Tabla 4.2.4 E2E vs. Acceso de Terceros en UK 142 Tabla 4.2.5 Mercados objetivo de proveedores de servicios postales activos en el segmento de envío de correspondencia entre países 154 Tabla 4.2.6 Casos de competencia en la Comunidad referentes a servicios postales locales 155 Tabla 4.2.7 Grado percibido de competencia (2000 y 2005) 160 Tabla 4.2.8 Cuotas de mercado en mercado europeo de paquetes y urgente (2004) 163 Tabla 4.2.9 Personalidad jurídica y privatización de los USP (2006) 165 Tabla 4.2.10 Actividades M&A de las empresas privadas sociales en Europa (Transporte y Logística) 168 Tabla 4.2.11 Actividades empresariales de los PSU: Cobertura geográfica y sectores comerciales 175 Tabla 4.2.12 Obligaciones pensionarias de los PSU que emplean funcionarios públicos 186 Tabla 4.2.13 Empleo total de los PSU en la UE-25 (plantilla): Resultados de UPU y WIK (2000-2004) 190 Tabla 4.2.14 Desarrollo del trabajo a jornada completa y parcial (2000-2004) 191 Tabla 4.2.15 Plantilla total y empleo FTE estimado de los PSU en la Comunidad (en millares) 194 Tabla 4.2.16 Funcionarios civiles empleados por los PSU: desarrollo y participación (plantilla, 2002-2004) 194 Tabla 4.3.1 Destinatario y remitente por segmento 207 Tabla 4.3.2 Grupos de clientes más importantes de
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