DOCSLIB.ORG

A Proteomic Snapshot of Life at a Vent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Proteomic Snapshot of Life at a Vent PERSPECTIVES MICROBIOLOGY Survival of a polychaete worm in a deep A Proteomic Snapshot of sea hydrothermal vent depends on complex metabolic interactions with symbiotic Life at a Vent bacteria. Charles R. Fisher and Peter Girguis n the late 1970s, scientists discovered rich Hydrothermal vents are dynamic and its symbionts with a bountiful supply of both communities of animals living around potentially dangerous environments. Temp- (4). In return, the symbionts are extremely Ideep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern eratures can range from near freezing to more efficient and productive, fixing carbon at high Pacific. Since then, hundreds of other chemo- than 300°C over centimeters. Within animal rates to support the host’s growth (5). This autotrophic-based communities and animals communities, temperatures can vary over suite of adaptations enables Riftia to be very have been discovered. What were once thought more than 40°C within seconds. Hydro- fast growing and quite fecund, while reliant on of as biological oddities are now confirmed to thermal vents are also quite ephemeral, with its symbionts for nutrition. be abundant in all the world’s oceans. What the local sources of hydrothermal flow often last- These and earlier studies of Riftia focused sites all have in common is an abundance of ing only a few years. Consequently, the habitat on characterizing its major biochemical, physi- reduced chemicals (such as sulfide or methane) fluctuates, and vent fauna must balance expo- ological, and ecological attributes, such as at the sea floor. Many of the sites, including sure to the hot and potentially toxic vent fluid hemoglobin properties, oxygen uptake rates, mineral-rich hydrothermal vents and the oil- with the need to obtain nutrition either directly and habitat characteristics. More recent studies and gas-rich hydrocarbon seeps, are increas- from the fluid or from microbes living in the have grown in both breadth and depth, investi- ingly affected by anthropogenic activities. To fluid. Riftia is supremely adapted for its sym- gating the expression of genes, quantifying the assess the effects of these activities, we must biotic life style in this environment. They live metabolic interactions between host and sym- better understand the lifestyles of the crea- with their highly vascularized gill-like plumes biont, and describing the ecological dynamics tures that thrive in this extreme habitat. The exposed to vent fluid and have circulating of Riftia aggregations. Markert et al. have now use of powerful molecular tools, such as the hemoglobins that bind to both oxygen and sul- used the power of genomic analyses coupled approach described by Markert et al. on page fide reversibly and with high affinity and with high-throughput protein profiling to 247 of this issue, will advance our understand- capacity (2, 3). This allows Riftia to take up obtain a snapshot of the proteins (or proteome) ing of the abundant chemoautotrophic sym- and store large amounts of these chemo- expressed by the Riftia symbiont. Their results bioses of the deep sea. autotrophic substrates, transport them through illustrate the degree to which Riftia symbionts One of the most prominent members of the its tissues with no harmful effects, and provide are poised for high rates of chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent community is the tube- carbon fixation powered by sulfide worm Riftia pachyptila, a siboglinid poly- oxidation. For example, Markert chaete that has become the unofficial poster et al. find that 12% of the total child for hydrothermal vents. Riftia has no cytosolic proteome of these sym- mouth, gut, or anus and cannot feed by normal bionts consists of three proteins means. Instead, Riftia depends on intracellular involved in coupling energy pro- chemoautotrophic symbionts—which fill a duction to sulfide oxidation. This is large internal organ called the trophosome— a marked departure from fast- for nutrition. The symbionts are γ-proteo- growing, free-living heterotrophic bacteria, which are functionally analogous to bacteria that instead expend a con- plant chloroplasts in that they generate siderable fraction of their energy organic carbon as a food source for their worm synthesizing amino acids for their host (using sulfide as an electron donor and own cell division and growth (6). oxygen as an electron acceptor). Key to under- The prominence of these three pro- standing the biology of Riftia and other teins underscores the central role chemoautotrophic symbioses is an under- of the symbionts: to provide nutri- standing of the biology of their symbionts. tion to the association by harness- However, no chemoautotrophic symbiont has ing energy from sulfide. ever been cultured in a laboratory, and this has The mechanism of inorganic long hampered our ability to study their carbon uptake and transport by metabolism. Markert et al. use a proteomic the host, and fixation by the approach to examine protein expression in symbiont, has been the subject of Riftia symbionts and gain new insights into much inquiry and debate. The their biochemistry and metabolism (1). first indication that hydrothermal vent fauna obtain their nutrition C. R. Fisher is in the Department of Biology, Pennsylvania from chemoautotrophic sources State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA. cfisher@ (not from photosynthetically de- psu.edu P. Girguis is in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA The life aquatic. Riftia pachyptila tubeworms at a hydrothermal rived products but from primary 02138, USA. E-mail: [email protected] vent field located near 21°N on the East Pacific Rise. production powered by hydrogen AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE B. VRIJENHOEK/MONTEREY BAY CREDIT: 198 12 JANUARY 2007 VOL 315 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Published by AAAS PERSPECTIVES sulfide) came from analyses of their stable Far less than 1% of the microbes present in transmission of the symbionts between gen- carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) isotope con- nature have been successfully cultured in the erations is not direct because the larvae are tents (7, 8). The amount of these isotopes laboratory. No chemoautotrophic symbiont aposymbiotic and newly settled tube worms detected in dominant fauna (tube worms, has yet been cultured, and it is possible that must acquire their symbionts anew each mussels, and clams) did not reflect normal many never will be. Not only is the milieu of a generation from an apparently free-living deep-sea carbon and nitrogen. Later studies living host difficult to imitate in vitro, but in pool. How is the metabolism of the free- demonstrated the presence of intracellular some cases, the exchange and integration of living stage different from that of the symbi- chemoautotrophic symbionts in these ani- host and symbiont genes may have yielded a otic stage? Once contact with a host is made, mals, confirming the nonphotosynthetic symbiont more analogous to an organelle than how do the symbionts contribute to success- nutritional source of carbon and nitrogen. to a free-living microbe. In such instances, ful establishment of the symbiosis? Mole- Mussels and clams had δ3C values of about genomic and proteomic approaches provide cular approaches like that of Markert et al. –30 per mil (‰), in the range that was valuable information on the symbiont’s meta- may help answer such questions about life expected for carbon that is derived from bolic capabilities and evolutionary history. and relationships in this remote and inhos- chemoautotrophic bacteria. However, the Quantitative proteomics has the additional pitable environment. δ13C value of Riftia was much higher (~ value of allowing one to use protein expres- –15‰) and consequently more difficult to sion levels as a metric for studying the impor- References 1. S. Markert et al., Science 315, 247 (2007). understand. A variety of explanations have tance of metabolic pathways used by these 2. A. J. Arp, J. J. Childress, Science 213, 342 (1981). been put forward to explain these isotope symbiotic microbes in situ. 3. A. J. Arp, J. J. Childress, Science 219, 295 (1983). values, but none has proven completely satis- Many questions remain about these enig- 4. J. J. Childress, C. R. Fisher, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 30, 337 (1992). factory (9–11). matic animals and their rather extreme life 5. P. R. Girguis, J. J. Childress, J. Exp. Biol. 209, 3516 Markert et al. find high amounts of styles. Riftia’s trophosome, which is packed (2006). enzymes involved in the reductive tricar- with billions of bacteria per gram of tissue, 6. H. Akashi, T. Gojobori, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 3695 (2000). boxylic acid cycle in extracts of the Riftia is intertwined with the animal’s gonads. 7. G. H. Rau, J. I. Hedges, Science 203, 648 (1979). symbiont and suggest that this is an important Considering the rarity of active hydrother- 8. G. H. Rau, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37, 742 (1980). pathway of carbon fixation by the symbiont. mal vents on the sea floor, and the improba- 9. C. R. Fisher, M. C. Kennicutt II, J. M. Brooks, Science 247, In addition to the implications for more bility of larvae finding a suitable home, 1094 (1990). 10. J. J. Robinson, J. L. Stein, C. M. Cavanaugh, J. Bacteriol. energy-efficient carbon fixation, this finding it is likely that a high percentage of the 180, 1596 (1998). may help explain the anomalously high nutritional input from the symbionts goes 11. K. M. Scott, Environ. Microbiol. 5, 424 (2003). carbon isotope values that have puzzled directly to reproduction. How is this ac- researchers for decades. complished and coordinated? Furthermore, 10.1126/science.1137739 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Small RNA molecules that silence gene expression are amplified by different Amplified Silencing mechanisms in nematodes and plants. David C. Baulcombe en years ago, we knew nothing about ence to control gene expression in biotech- the target sites of the primary silencing RNA. how double-stranded RNA blocks gene nology and for understanding the effects of RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRPs) Texpression through the silencing of silencing RNAs on cell function and organ- produce secondary siRNA, and the new re- targeted RNA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tube Worm Riftia Pachyptila to Severe Hypoxia
    l MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 174: 151-158,1998 Published November 26 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Metabolic responses of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila to severe hypoxia Cordelia ~rndt',~.*,Doris Schiedek2,Horst Felbeckl 'University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. La Jolla. California 92093-0202. USA '~alticSea Research Institute at the University of Rostock, Seestrasse 15. D-181 19 Rostock-Warnemuende. Germany ABSTRACT: The metabolic capabilit~esof the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila to toler- ate short- and long-term exposure to hypoxia were investigated After incubating specimens under anaerobic conditions the metabolic changes in body fluids and tissues were analyzed over time. The tube worms tolerated anoxic exposure up to 60 h. Prior to hypoxia the dicarboxylic acid, malate, was found in unusually high concentrations in the blood (up to 26 mM) and tissues (up to 5 pm01 g-' fresh wt). During hypoxia, most of the malate was degraded very quickly, while large quantities of succinate accumulated (blood: about 17 mM; tissues: about 13 pm01 g-l fresh wt). Volatile, short-chain fatty acids were apparently not excreted under these conditions. The storage compound, glycogen, was mainly found in the trophosome and appears to be utilized only during extended anaerobiosis. The succinate formed during hypoxia does not account for the use of malate and glycogen, which possibly indicates the presence of yet unidentified metabolic end products. Glutamate concentration in the trophosome decreased markedly durlng hypoxia, presumably due to a reduction in the autotrophic function of the symb~ontsduring hypoxia. In conclusion, R. pachyptila is phys~ologicallywell adapted to the oxygen fluctuations freq.uently occurring In the vent habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanosims and Tissue Autoradiography Reveal Symbiont Carbon fixation and Organic Carbon Transfer to Giant Ciliate Host
    The ISME Journal (2018) 12:714–727 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0069-1 ARTICLE NanoSIMS and tissue autoradiography reveal symbiont carbon fixation and organic carbon transfer to giant ciliate host 1 2 1 3 4 Jean-Marie Volland ● Arno Schintlmeister ● Helena Zambalos ● Siegfried Reipert ● Patricija Mozetič ● 1 4 2 1 Salvador Espada-Hinojosa ● Valentina Turk ● Michael Wagner ● Monika Bright Received: 23 February 2017 / Revised: 3 October 2017 / Accepted: 9 October 2017 / Published online: 9 February 2018 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is published with open access Abstract The giant colonial ciliate Zoothamnium niveum harbors a monolayer of the gammaproteobacteria Cand. Thiobios zoothamnicoli on its outer surface. Cultivation experiments revealed maximal growth and survival under steady flow of high oxygen and low sulfide concentrations. We aimed at directly demonstrating the sulfur-oxidizing, chemoautotrophic nature of the symbionts and at investigating putative carbon transfer from the symbiont to the ciliate host. We performed pulse-chase incubations with 14C- and 13C-labeled bicarbonate under varying environmental conditions. A combination of tissue autoradiography and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with transmission electron microscopy was used to fi 1234567890();,: follow the fate of the radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon, respectively. We show that symbiont cells x substantial amounts of inorganic carbon in the presence of sulfide, but also (to a lesser degree) in the absence of sulfide by utilizing internally stored sulfur. Isotope labeling patterns point to translocation of organic carbon to the host through both release of these compounds and digestion of symbiont cells. The latter mechanism is also supported by ultracytochemical detection of acid phosphatase in lysosomes and in food vacuoles of ciliate cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Adaptations to Chemosymbiosis in the Deep-Sea Seep-Dwelling Tubeworm Lamellibrachia Luymesi Yuanning Li1,2* , Michael G
    Li et al. BMC Biology (2019) 17:91 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0713-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genomic adaptations to chemosymbiosis in the deep-sea seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi Yuanning Li1,2* , Michael G. Tassia1, Damien S. Waits1, Viktoria E. Bogantes1, Kyle T. David1 and Kenneth M. Halanych1* Abstract Background: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts are widespread and diverse, often providing protection or nutrients, and may be either obligate or facultative. However, the genetic mechanisms allowing organisms to maintain host-symbiont associations at the molecular level are still mostly unknown, and in the case of bacterial-animal associations, most genetic studies have focused on adaptations and mechanisms of the bacterial partner. The gutless tubeworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida) are obligate hosts of chemoautotrophic endosymbionts (except for Osedax which houses heterotrophic Oceanospirillales), which rely on the sulfide- oxidizing symbionts for nutrition and growth. Whereas several siboglinid endosymbiont genomes have been characterized, genomes of hosts and their adaptations to this symbiosis remain unexplored. Results: Here, we present and characterize adaptations of the cold seep-dwelling tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi, one of the longest-lived solitary invertebrates. We sequenced the worm’s ~ 688-Mb haploid genome with an overall completeness of ~ 95% and discovered that L. luymesi lacks many genes essential in amino acid biosynthesis, obligating them to products provided by symbionts. Interestingly, the host is known to carry hydrogen sulfide to thiotrophic endosymbionts using hemoglobin. We also found an expansion of hemoglobin B1 genes, many of which possess a free cysteine residue which is hypothesized to function in sulfide binding.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemosynthetic Symbiont with a Drastically Reduced Genome Serves As Primary Energy Storage in the Marine Flatworm Paracatenula
    Chemosynthetic symbiont with a drastically reduced genome serves as primary energy storage in the marine flatworm Paracatenula Oliver Jäcklea, Brandon K. B. Seaha, Målin Tietjena, Nikolaus Leischa, Manuel Liebekea, Manuel Kleinerb,c, Jasmine S. Berga,d, and Harald R. Gruber-Vodickaa,1 aMax Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany; bDepartment of Geoscience, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; cDepartment of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; and dInstitut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Edited by Margaret J. McFall-Ngai, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, and approved March 1, 2019 (received for review November 7, 2018) Hosts of chemoautotrophic bacteria typically have much higher thrive in both free-living environmental and symbiotic states, it is biomass than their symbionts and consume symbiont cells for difficult to attribute their genomic features to either functions nutrition. In contrast to this, chemoautotrophic Candidatus Riegeria they provide to their host, or traits that are necessary for envi- symbionts in mouthless Paracatenula flatworms comprise up to ronmental survival or to both. half of the biomass of the consortium. Each species of Paracate- The smallest genomes of chemoautotrophic symbionts have nula harbors a specific Ca. Riegeria, and the endosymbionts have been observed for the gammaproteobacterial symbionts of ves- been vertically transmitted for at least 500 million years. Such icomyid clams that are directly transmitted between host genera- prolonged strict vertical transmission leads to streamlining of sym- tions (13, 14). Such strict vertical transmission leads to substantial biont genomes, and the retained physiological capacities reveal and ongoing genome reduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Homogeneity Among the Endosymbionts of Riftia Pachyptila and Tevnia Jerichonana Revealed by Proteogenomics
    The ISME Journal (2012) 6, 766–776 & 2012 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/12 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Physiological homogeneity among the endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana revealed by proteogenomics Antje Gardebrecht1,2, Stephanie Markert2,3, Stefan M Sievert4, Horst Felbeck5, Andrea Thu¨ rmer6, Dirk Albrecht2,7, Antje Wollherr6, Johannes Kabisch2,3, Nadine Le Bris8,9, Ru¨ diger Lehmann6, Rolf Daniel6, Heiko Liesegang6, Michael Hecker2,3,7 and Thomas Schweder1,2,3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany; 2ZIK FunGene, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany; 3Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Greifswald, Germany; 4Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA; 5Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA; 6Go¨ttingen Genomics Laboratory, Georg-August-University, Go¨ttingen, Germany; 7Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany; 8Benthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France and 9Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Ifremer, Brest, France The two closely related deep-sea tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana both rely exclusively on a single species of sulfide-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutrition. They do, however, thrive in markedly different geochemical conditions. A detailed proteogenomic comparison of
    [Show full text]
  • Are There Enough Known Parameters to Construct a Probability
    41stSaas‐Fee course from Planets to Life 3‐9 April 2011 Lecture 9A. The probability of acquiring life elsewhere and the origin of eukaryotes • Are there enough known parameters to construct a probability equaon for an origin of an Earth life? • What is required to get a eukaryoc cell? • What drives mulcellularity? • Are these extremely rare events? 41stSaas‐Fee course from Planets to Life 3‐9 April 2011 Lecture 9 B – The origin of eukaryotes • The endosymbiosis theory for the origin of eukaryotes • Symbiosis today – a couple of examples • The early stages in the formaon of eukaryotes is not a rare event Important differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes • Unity of biochemistry and genec code • Eukaryotes have mulple chromosomes, prokaryotes have a singular circular chromosome • Eukaryotes genomes are full of non‐coding DNA and genes encoding RNA • Eukaryoc translaon and transcripon are separate, prokaryotes they happen concomitantly • Eukaryoc informaon genes are Archaea, operaonal genes are Bacteria • Most eukaryote genes have no known prokaryoc homologues • Archaea are adapted to energy stress and can make due with lile free energy; Bacteria and eukaryotes reproduce using reliable energy sources Important differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes • Unity of biochemistry and genec code • Eukaryotes have mulple chromosomes, prokaryotes have a singular circular chromosome • Eukaryotes genomes are full of non‐coding DNA and genes encoding RNA • Eukaryoc translaon and transcripon are separate, prokaryotes they happen concomitantly
    [Show full text]
  • Catenulida, Platyhelminthes) and Its Intracellular Symbionts
    Zoomorphology (2011) 130:261–271 DOI 10.1007/s00435-011-0135-y ORIGINAL PAPER Microanatomy of the trophosome region of Paracatenula cf. polyhymnia (Catenulida, Platyhelminthes) and its intracellular symbionts Nikolaus Leisch • Ulrich Dirks • Harald R. Gruber-Vodicka • Markus Schmid • Wolfgang Sterrer • Jo¨rg A. Ott Received: 13 June 2011 / Revised: 11 August 2011 / Accepted: 13 August 2011 / Published online: 14 September 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Marine catenulid platyhelminths of the genus morphologically reduced and most likely not functional. Paracatenula lack mouth, pharynx and gut. They live in a Cells containing needle-like inclusions in the reference symbiosis with intracellular bacteria which are restricted to species Paracatenula polyhymnia Sterrer and Rieger, 1974 the body region posterior to the brain. The symbiont- were thought to be sperm, and the inclusions interpreted as housing cells (bacteriocytes) collectively form the tropho- the sperm nucleus. Our analysis of similar cells and their some tissue, which functionally replaces the digestive tract. inclusions by EDX and Raman microspectroscopy docu- It constitutes the largest part of the body and is the most ments an inorganic spicule consisting of a unique magne- important synapomorphy of this group. While some other sium–phosphate compound. Furthermore, we identify the features of the Paracatenula anatomy have already been neoblast stem cells located underneath the epidermis. analyzed, an in-depth analysis of the trophosome region Except for the modifications due to the symbiotic lifestyle was missing. Here, we identify and characterize the com- and the enigmatic spicule cells, the organization of Para- position of the trophosome and its surrounding tissue by catenula cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Mimivirus and Mimiviridae: Giant Viruses with an Increasing Number of Potential Hosts, Including Corals and Sponges
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 101 (2009) 172–180 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yjipa Mimivirus and Mimiviridae: Giant viruses with an increasing number of potential hosts, including corals and sponges Jean-Michel Claverie a,*, Renata Grzela a, Audrey Lartigue a, Alain Bernadac b, Serge Nitsche c, Jean Vacelet d, Hiroyuki Ogata a, Chantal Abergel a a Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR 2589, IFR-88, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 934, FR-13288 Marseille, France b Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology, IFR-88, FR-13402 Marseille, France c CRMC-N, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille, France d DIMAR, UMR 6540, Station Marine d’Endoume, Station Marine d’Endoume, FR- 13007 Marseille, France article info abstract Article history: Mimivirus, a giant DNA virus (i.e. ‘‘girus”) infecting species of the genus Acanthamoeba, was first identi- Received 14 January 2009 fied in 2003. With a particle size of 0.7 lm in diameter, and a genome size of 1.2 Mb encoding more than Accepted 6 March 2009 900 proteins, it is the most complex virus described to date. Beyond its unusual size, the Mimivirus gen- Available online 18 May 2009 ome was found to contain the first viral homologues of many genes thought to be the trademark of cel- lular organisms, such as central components of the translation apparatus. These findings revived the Keywords: debate on the origin of DNA viruses, and the role they might have played in the emergence of eukaryotes. Mimivirus Published and ongoing studies on Mimivirus continue to lead to unexpected findings concerning a variety Mimiviridae of aspects, such as the structure of its particle, unique features of its replication cycle, or the distribution Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA virus Sponge and abundance of Mimivirus relatives in the oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Insights Into the Symbiosis of Deep-Sea Tubeworm Holobionts
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:135–150 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0520-y ARTICLE Genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic insights into the symbiosis of deep-sea tubeworm holobionts 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3,4 Yi Yang ● Jin Sun ● Yanan Sun ● Yick Hang Kwan ● Wai Chuen Wong ● Yanjie Zhang ● Ting Xu ● Dong Feng ● 5 2 1 Yu Zhang ● Jian-Wen Qiu ● Pei-Yuan Qian Received: 5 June 2019 / Revised: 11 August 2019 / Accepted: 25 August 2019 / Published online: 8 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps are often densely populated by animals that host chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria, but the molecular mechanisms of such host-symbiont relationship remain largely unclear. We characterized the symbiont genome of the seep-living siboglinid Paraescarpia echinospica and compared seven siboglinid-symbiont genomes. Our comparative analyses indicate that seep-living siboglinid endosymbionts have more virulence traits for establishing infections and modulating host-bacterium interaction than the vent-dwelling species, and have a high potential to resist environmental hazards. Metatranscriptome and metaproteome analyses of the Paraescarpia holobiont reveal that the fi fi 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: symbiont is highly versatile in its energy use and ef cient in carbon xation. There is close cooperation within the holobiont in production and supply of nutrients, and the symbiont may be able to obtain nutrients from host cells using virulence factors. Moreover, the symbiont is speculated to have evolved strategies to mediate host protective immunity, resulting in weak expression of host innate immunity genes in the trophosome.
    [Show full text]
  • Actual Distribution of Bacteriocytes in the Trophosome of a Beard Worm
    Actual distribution of bacteriocytes in the trophosome of a beard worm (Oligobrachia mashikoi, Siboglinidae, Annelida): Clarification using whole-mount in situ hybridization 著者 Deguchi M., Kubota N., Matsuno A., Kanemori M., Fukumori Y., Sasayama Yuichi journal or Acta Zoologica publication title volume 88 number 2 page range 129-135 year 2007-04-01 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/6761 doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00260.x In situ hybridisation in beard worm ・ Deguchi et al. Actual distribution of bacteriocytes in the trophosome of a beard worm (Oligobrachia mashikoi, Siboglinidae, Annelida): Clarification using whole-mount in situ hybridisation M. Deguchi, N. Kubota, A. Matsuno1, M. Kanemori, Y. Fukumori and Y. Sasayama2 Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; 1Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue 690-0823, Japan; 2Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan Key words: beard worms, symbiotic bacteria, 16S rRNA, in situ hybridisation Abstract M. Deguchi, N. Kubota, A. Matsuno, M. Kanemori, Y. Fukumori and Y. Sasayama 2006. Actual distribution of bacteriocytes in the trophosome of a beard worm (Oligobrachia mashikoi, Siboglinidae, Annelida): Clarification using whole-mount in situ hybridisation.―Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) Beard worms (Siboglinidae, Polycheata) lack a mouth and a digestive tract and harbour chaemosynthetic bacteria in the bacteriocytes of the trophosome. Since beard worms depend on the organic compounds produced by the bacteria for nourishment, the bacteriocytes should be efficient in exchanging various substances with body fluids. For this reason, it is important to determine how the bacteriocytes are organised in the trophosome.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Seeps: Marine Ecosystems Based on Hydrocarbons
    sis_16_RZ.qxq:Layout 1 31.08.2010 18:41 Uhr Seite 60 Image courtesy of MARUM, Bremen University Cold seeps: marine ecosystems based on hydrocarbons Thousands of white crabs grazing on an extensive mussel bed at a cold seep off the coast of Pakistan Glossary Chemosymbiosis: a symbi- David Fischer takes us on a trip to the bot- otic association between a tom of the sea to learn about cold seeps – multi-cellular organism (the host), which provides a their ecosystems, potential fuels, and pos- protected environment, and a bacterium that oxidises sible involvement in global warming. specific chemicals to obtain energy and synthe- What are cold seeps? These hydrocarbons form up to sev- sise organic carbon that is Cold seeps are often oases for eral kilometres below the surface of required by the host microbial and macrofaunal life on the the sediment when organic matter is Methanotrophic: a methan- sea floor – similar to hydrothermal degraded by either high temperatures otrophic organism vents, where hot water emerges or micro-organisms. When the hydro- metabolises methane as its under high pressure, several kilome- carbons are produced in very large only source of energy and tres below the sea (see Little, 2010). In quantities, or where tectonic stress carbon contrast to hydrothermal vents, how- Pore water: the water that ever, cold seeps can occur at water fills the space between depths of between a few metres and individual grains of sedi- several kilometres, often along conti- ment nental margins. Thiotrophic: a thiotrophic They are places where hydrocarbons organism oxidises sulphur – mostly methane but also ethane, compounds propane, or even oil – seep from the sediment.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 1. Information Used in the Assessment of Environmental Applications of Acinetobacter
    148 - PART 2. DOCUMENTS ON MICRO-ORGANISMS Section 1. Information used in the assessment of environmental applications of Acinetobacter 1. Introduction This document represents a snapshot of current information that may be relevant to risk assessments of micro-organisms in the genus Acinetobacter. This document presents information in the scientific literature and other publicly-available literature about the known characteristics of Acinetobacter species encountered in various environments (including clinical settings) and with diverse potential applications (environmental, industrial, agricultural, and medical). In considering information that should be presented on this taxonomic grouping, the Task Group has discussed the list of topics presented in “The Blue Book” (i.e. Recombinant DNA Safety Considerations (OECD, 1986) and attempted to pare down that list to eliminate duplications as well as those topics whose meaning is unclear, and to rearrange the presentation of the topics covered to be more easily understood. 2. General considerations Members of the genus Acinetobacter have been known for many years, often under other generic names. Detailed accounts of their history and nomenclature are found in reviews (Grimont and Bouvet, 1991; Dijkshoorn, 1996; Towner, 1996), or as chapters in books whose appearance testifies to the growing interest and importance of this group of bacteria (Towner, 1991b; Bergogne-Bérézin et al., 1996). The genus Acinetobacter includes Gram-negative coccobacilli, with a DNA G + C content of 39-47 mol %. Physiologically, they are strict aerobes, non-motile, catalase positive and oxidase negative. They grow well on complex media and can grow on simple mineral medium with a single carbon source, including acetate, fatty acids, and sometimes hydrocarbons.
    [Show full text]