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The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact

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The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact Farben: cyan magenta gelb schwarz hjalmar p. petersen The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish petersen Language petersen Contact The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact here are two official languages on the Faroe Islands, Faroese and Danish; Faroese is the dominant language and Danish the first second language that children acquire. Contact of Faroese-Danish Language The Dynamics The question addressed in this book is what the exact transmission processes in this asymmetrical bilingual setting are. By combining van Coetsem’s notions of Recipient Language Agentivity and Source Language Agentivity with parts of Myers-Scotton’s and Jake’s frameworks, the author succeeds in explaining the lan- guage setting on the islands. Universitätsverlag winter isbn 978-3-8253-5778-8 Heidelberg germanistische bibliothek Herausgegeben von rolf bergmann und claudine moulin Band 37 hjalmar p. petersen The Dynamics of Faroese-Danish Language Contact Universitätsverlag winter Heidelberg Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweiterischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich im Wintersemester 2004 auf Antrag von Frau Prof. Dr. Elvira Glaser und Frau Prof. Dr. Claudine Moulin als Dissertation angenommen. isbn 978-3-8253-5778-8 Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Über- setzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. © 2o10 Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg Imprimé en Allemagne · Printed in Germany Druck: Memminger MedienCentrum, 87700 Memmingen Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlorfrei gebleichtem und alterungsbeständigem Papier Den Verlag erreichen Sie im Internet unter: www.winter-verlag-hd.de Preface and acknowledgment This book is part of the result of my research intoFaroese-Danish bilingualism and language contact.The research wasdone as part of theproject: K8 Variation in Bilingualism on the Faroe Islands,which was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,thatisThe German Research Council.The K8 project was oneofmany at the Research Centre 528: Multilingualism,orSonderforschungsbereich538: Mehrsprachigkeit, as it is called in German. In short, we just callitthe SFB. Iwould firstand foremostlike to acknowledgeall of the informants that participated in the K8 project, andwho camefromdifferent parts of theFaroe Islands. Theseinformants spoke both Faroese andlater Faro-Danish,and gaveusvaluable data, which made it possible to study atopic that had never beenlooked at seriouslyinany depth before: bilingualism on the Faroe Islands. Iwould also like to thank K. Braunmüllerand C. Heycock for commentsonearlier drafts of this book,aswell as my colleague at theK8project, K. Kühl. Thanks to A. MacDougall for proof-reading themanuscript. Iwould then like to thankJ.G.Jónsson, Th.Eythórssonand Ei.Rögnvaldsson,aswellassome Icelandic friends fromway back, when Istudied in Reykjavík, for providing me with Icelandic examples. Thanks to M. Ali-Laurilafor helping out withthe Finnish examples.Thanksalsotomycolleagues on the Faroe Islands at Fróðskaparsetur Føroya: A. Johansen,Ei. Weyhe, J. íLon Jacobsen,K. Magnussen, M. Staksberg andZ.S.Hansen,for always beingwillingtoanswer different questionsand providingmewith copies of different articles that Icouldnot findelsewhere. J. íLon Jacobsen andZ.S.Hansen alsooffered to read through theFaroeseexamples, as did J. Thomsen.Thanks to the research assistants connectedwith theK8project in Hamburg andmycolleagues at the SFB, that is theResearch Centre 538:Multilingualism, or Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrsprachigkeit 538,and especiallytothose who offered with fruitful,constructivecomments to thepresentations thatwereconnected with the project. We had different workshops at theSFB,and it was duringone of these thatD. Winfordpresented van Coetsem’s model, theone Iuse in thisbook. It has proved to be a very usefulmodel thatmakes it possible formetocombine both what happens when the Faroe Islanders speak Faroeseand what happens whenthe same speakersspeak thespecial variantofDanishthatisusedand learned as afirstL2onthe islands,and which Ihave calledFaro-Danish in this bookand elsewhere.Thenthere arethe numerous peopleIhave asked for different judgments whendoing thegrammaticalityjudgmenttests as well as throughcorrespondence. These Iwould like to thank; no oneismentioned,and no one is forgotten. Iwould also like to thank E. S. Jensenand L. Theilgaardfor judgmentsonsome of theDAsentences.Theywerealways readytoanswerand didsoverycarefully.Iwould also like to thank Fjølrit, MentanargrunnurLandsinsand Vágakommuna forsupporting the printing.Having saidthis, all mistakes remain my own. 5 Contents Preface andacknowledgment..............................................................................................................5 Contents .................................................................................................................................................7 Abbreviations and symbols...............................................................................................................11 1Introduction......................................................................................................................................15 2Ashortoverviewoflanguage contact andbilingualism ............................................................19 3Anoverviewofthe history of the Faroese language..................................................................29 4Bilingualism on the FaroeIslandsand the social settings of Faroese......................................35 4.1. When didthe Faroe Islandersbecomebilingual?...................................................................35 4.2. When do Faroese children acquireDanish? ............................................................................40 4.3. Thesociallydominant language and thedomains of Faroeseand Danish .........................40 4.4. The attitude towards Danish......................................................................................................42 4.5.Languageawarenessand purism ...............................................................................................44 5State-of-the-artreport .....................................................................................................................49 6Methodology.....................................................................................................................................55 7Some typological differences between Faroese andDanish......................................................59 8Recipient language agentivity; Source language agentivityand neutralization........................69 8.1. RL agentivity.................................................................................................................................75 8.2. SL agentivity .................................................................................................................................79 8.3. Neutralization...............................................................................................................................80 8.4. Comparing with other models...................................................................................................85 9Recipientlanguageagentivity .........................................................................................................87 9.1. Phraseology. Cases of RL agentivity;multiple transfer..........................................................88 9.2. Lexicalborrowings ......................................................................................................................90 9.3. The Borrowing Scale and Danish in Faroese ..........................................................................91 9.3.1Borrowingofcompoundedverbs...........................................................................................97 9.4. Adaptationand imitation to Faroese morphology and phonology......................................99 9.5. ConversioninRecipient language agentivity.........................................................................100 9.5.1. Deonticuse of mátti ‘may’.....................................................................................................101 9.5.2. Future timereference.............................................................................................................102 9.5.2.1. De-andative ..........................................................................................................................106 9.5.2.2. De-venitive...........................................................................................................................108 9.5.2.3. De-volitative.........................................................................................................................111 9.5.2.4. Blíva-‘become’future...........................................................................................................114 9.5.2.5. Summarizing the future time references ..........................................................................115
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