Quantised inertia, Propellant-less Thrust & Interstellar travel. Proxima Centauri b Dr Mike McCulloch, University of Plymouth.

Presentation to FISW 29th June 2019

Galaxy rotation problem

Solution?: Quantised inertia

Application: propellant-less thrust Sol

Can QI get us to P-Centauri in 10 years?

(FTL?) Galaxies Spin Faster than Physics Predicts

Centrifugal force STAR SPEED

GRAVITY Emilio Segre visual archives visual Segre Emilio

So they should fly apart inertially, but don’t! (Zwicky, 1933, Rubin, 1980) Dark Matter is Added Arbitrarily

Centrifugal force STAR SPEED

Dark Matter

Has to be adjusted to fit every galaxy! Inertia is a Mystery.

Inertia has never been understood, just assumed: “Things keep going”

Inertial mass is not due to a Higgs field: only explains the mass of quarks.

When quarks combine to form particles, the mass is 1000x the mass of the quarks. This mass is not explained by the Higgs mechanism.

I will propose that inertia arises from both relativity & quantum mechanics. The Quantum Background

 Heisenberg px  2 Uncertainty Heisenberg

Virtual Particles The Proof: the Casimir Effect

Conducting Plates

Virtual Particles A Model for Inertia. An Ocean Analogy

DOCK

SHIP

The ship will move towards the dock Another Kind of Dock/Wall/Plate is a Horizon

ME

If you ran fast enough away from this lecture..

..you wouldn’t hear my voice. I would be behind a horizon for you.

A Gravity Horizon Makes Hawking Radiation

Source: Nat Geographic Nat Source:

Black hole event horizon

Virtual Particles A Rindler Horizon Makes Unruh Radiation

Rindler Horizon

Accelerating Spaceship

Science.ca Unruh radiation Has Unruh radiation been seen? Maybe.

The wavelength of Unruh radiation depends on acceleration,a:

8c2   a

For terrestrial acceleration (9.8 m/s2) it is 7 light years: unseeable

But for very high accelerations, they may be short enough to be seen.

Eg: electrons curving round a tight bend (a nanotip) at close to light speed  Unruh wavelength = Smolyaninov, 2005. http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0510743.pdf A Model for Inertia

HORIZON Unruh waves (relativity) (Quantum mechanics)

OBJECT McCulloch, M.E., 2013. Inertia from an asymmetric Casimir effect. EPL, 101, 59001. Object resists acceleration = inertia!

A Recent Numerical Simulation by Dr J. Lucio (Plymouth University).

Rindler horizon

More Unruh Waves

Accelerated Particle The Cosmic Horizon Stymies the aCe

A horizon is a boundary to what can be seen. Hubble horizon:

V>c

Horizon, v=c

V=c

Us

The co-moving Hubble horizon is 8.8x1026m away. Quantised Inertia Cosmic horizon HORIZON

OBJECT McCulloch, M.E., 2007. Modelling the Pioneer anomaly as modified inertia. MNRAS, 376(1), 338-342 Object resists motion less QI Predicts that Inertia Fails at Low Acceleration

Hubble horizon Hubble horizon

Unruh waves

For high accelerations At low accelerations the aCe mechanism works all Unruh waves disappear aCe mechanism fails. No inertia! QI Solves the Galaxy Rotation Problem.

Centrifugal force STAR SPEED GRAVITY

No Adjustment. Simple. Only mass + c + Hubble scale Quantised Inertia Predicts Cosmic Acceleration

When a is small, then inertia reduces in a new way:

mi 2  2c  mI  mg 1  m g  a    Equivalence Principle 1 Using Newton’s 2nd & gravity laws

QI/MiHsC GMm g F mI a  2 r Predicts a minimum acceleration a g 0 2 Acceleration GM 2c New term indep’ of mass, EP OK!! a  2  r  When M=0  Cosmic acceleration. (dark energy) Quantised Inertia vs 153 Galaxies, SPARC catalogue (Thanks to Prof S. McGaugh for SPARC data)

2GMc 2 v4  

QI & MoND agree but QI has no adjustable parameters.

McCulloch, 2017. Galaxy rotations from quantised inertia & visible matter only. ApSS, 362, 149. https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04918 Model: Only QI Correctly Binds Wide Binaries

Only QI agrees with the data. A Simulation by Dr J. Lucio paper was submitted to Astrophys. & Sp. Sci.. McCulloch & Lucio, 2019. Now accepted subject to mods.. If We Understand Inertia, We Can Control It

(matter)

(light)

A propellant-less alternative to rocket launches The Casimir Effect Is a Tiny Example

Fig 1. The Casimir effect. ZPF gradient pulls plates together

Fig 2. V shaped cavity may move towards its open end

Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3

Fig 3. V shaped cavity with energy pumped in, moves the other way The EmDrive

An anomaly discovered about 2001 by engineer Roger J. Shawyer, a satellite engineer: an unexplained motion of a cone-shaped microwave resonant cavity (copper) towards its narrow end.

Roger Shawyer

Could be an experimental error, but no-one has yet identified one. Quantised Inertia & the EmDrive

Assume the copper walls are horizons & damp Unruh waves more at the narrow end.

QI and the cavity asymmetry is constantly shifting the input photons’ centre of mass towards the wide end. To conserve momentum the cavity has to move towards its narrow end. Quantised Inertia vs Emdrive Thrust Data

The QI formula () has no adjustable 6PQL 1 1  parameters. F     c  nb (L  4wb ) ns (L  4ws )  P = power input (W), Q=quality factor, L = length, n = refractive index, ws/ws are the - cavity end widths.

McCulloch, M.E., 2017. Testing quantised inertia on emdrives with dielectrics. EPL, 118, 34003 Woodward Effect: Quantised Inertia predicts It

Large brass cap Thin brass cap

Thrust=50μN PZT AC in P=145W The simple QI formula used for the emdrive PQL  1 1  F     c  wb ws  Assume the thick/thin ends do/don't damp Unruh 145 50 0.025  1 1  F     310 8  8.810 26 0.025  F  24 N McCulloch, M.E., 2018. Propellant-less propulsion from quantised inertia. JoSE, 7, 3. Asymmetric Capacitors (NASA, 2004)

- + Observed Thrust =14mN

Using the same QI formula PQL  1 1  PQ F     ~ c  wb ws  c  AV 2 F  d 2  8.85 10 12 0.03 2  44000 2 F  13.3mN 0.0635 2

McCulloch, M.E., 2018. Propellant-less propulsion from quantised inertia. JoSE, 7, 3. Quantised Inertia & Interstellar Travel

Proxima Centauri b Accelerate for one year to 0.5c, 4.7 m/s2

Travel at 0.5c for 7.4 Earth years

Decelerate for 1 year at 4.7 m/s2

Sol Emdrive & Interstellar Travel

Mass Proxima Centauri b 6 people = 500kg Food = 37000 kg / 10 years Water = 480,000 / 10 years Structure (ISS) = 417000 kg TOTAL = 934500 kg

Power NASA SAFE-400 fissors = 0.1kW

To accelerate to 0.5c in 1yr Sol Need F=ma = 4,400,000 N Emdrive provides ~0.15 N/kW Need 29 GW How Can We Enhance Thrust?

The predictive formula from QI for all these drives is

P = Power, Q = Quality factor, n = Refractive index.

Enhance thrust by boosting P, 1.2MW = levitation.

Enhance thrust by reducing c. Use a dielectric…

Enhance thrust by boosting Q… The Taylor Experiment

T. Taylor pointed out (2017) that quantised inertia implies that an emdrive using visible light would have a 1000x the Q: more powerful.

T. S. Taylor (2017), Propulsive Forces using High-Q Asymmetric High Energy Laser Resonators. JBIS, 70, pp.238-243. Quantised Inertia & Interstellar Travel

Mass Proxima Centauri b 6 people = 500kg Food = 37000 kg / 10 years Water = 480,000 / 10 years Structure (ISS) = 417000 kg TOTAL = 934,500 kg

Power NASA SAFE-400 fission r’s = 0.1kW

To accelerate to 0.5c in 1yr Sol Need F=ma = 4,400,000 N Taylor drive provides ~150 N/kW. Need 30 MW Application to Interstellar Travel

Proxima Centauri b Accelerate for one year to 0.5c (4.7 m/s2)

Travel at 0.5c for 7.4 Earth years

Decelerate for 1 year at 4.7 m/s2

While 9.4 years passes on Earth only 8.1 years passes on the ship

Can go anywhere in the galaxy in a lifetime by travelling close to c Sol BUT it needs unfeasible amount of fuel/energy (size of small planet).

Unless you use quantised inertia! I’ve Been Awarded $1.3M Funding by DARPA

1. Make quantised inertia more predictive – more exact.

2. Demonstrate the capability to counter gravity – launch. DARPA NLM, Project title:

Propellant-less Propulsion from Quantised Inertia

Teams

University of Plymouth: Dr Mike McCulloch (PI) & Dr Jesus Lucio (postdoc)

TU-Dresden: Dr Martin Tajmar, Dr O. Neunzig, Dr N. Weikert.

University of Alcala, Madrid Spain: Prof Jose Luis Perez-Diaz & team. Experiment in Madrid

Another kind of light- emdrive, using a egg- shaped fibre optic loop.

Prof J-L Perez-Diaz University of Alcala

Predicted Thrust = 1 µN

Observed (?) Thrust = 1-4 µN Laser in, 0.1W Experiment at Technical University of Dresden

The German team are building the Taylor thruster, & a torsion balance.

Laser input

Shield

Cavity

Thrust

Prof Martin Tajmar - First tests of initial version (left) by September... In brief: Quantised Inertia & FTL?

By combining quantised inertia with special relativity

2𝑐2 1 − 푎Θ 푚푖 = 푚 1 푣2 2 1 − 2 𝑐 And using F=ma, we get

1 퐹 푣2 2 2푐2 a= 1 − + 푚 푐2 Θ

The 1st term is as usual, and says acceleration 0 for all F when v=c

The 2nd term is new (QI) & says even when v=c, a > 0.. Reduce Θ?

See McCulloch, 2008. JBIS, 61, 373-378. arxiv/0712.3022 (sectn 4) Conclusions

To get to Proxima Centauri in ~10 years requires propellant-less thrust.

Quantised inertia is well proven now on astrophysical scales.

QI suggests propellantless thrust - energised vacuum + horizon.

QI also predicts some of the thrust anomalies that have been seen.

DARPA have funded further theoretical development, & lab tests of QI.

If QI-thrust can be demonstrated, we can get to Proxima in ~10 years.

My email: [email protected] My blog: Physics from the edge Twitter: memcculloch TEDx talk: How quantised inertia gets rid of dark matter. The End References

McCulloch, M.E., 2018. Propellant-less propulsion from quantised inertia. J Space Explo, Volume: 7(3).

McCulloch, M.E., 2017. Galaxy rotations from quantised inertia and visible matter only. Astrophys. & Space Sci., 362,149.

McCulloch, M.E., 2017. Testing quantised inertia on emdrives with dielectrics. EPL, 118, 34003.

McCulloch, M.E., 2016. Quantised inertia from relativity and the uncertainty principle. EPL, 115, 69001.

McCulloch, M.E., 2014. Physics from the Edge. Book. World Scientific.

McCulloch, M.E., 2013. Inertia from an asymmetric Casimir effect. EPL, 101, 59001.

McCulloch, M.E., 2012. Testing quantised inertia on galactic scales. Astrophy & Space Sci. Vol. 342, No. 2, 575-578.

McCulloch, M.E., 2007. Modelling the Pioneer anomaly as modified inertia. MNRAS, 376(1), 338-342. In brief: Hide Gravitational Sources with Spin?

Disc

If the spin the disc fast enough, the Rindler horizon of particles within it will come closer than, say, the Sun, so the Sun, for them, will not exist. Distance of Rindler horizon:

900𝑐2

ⅆ푅 = 2 2 휋 푟푅 where r = disc radius (m), R = rotation (rpm).

McCulloch, M.E., 2019. Can We Hide Gravitational Sources behind Rindler Horizons?. PiP, 15, 2.

Quantised Inertia from Uncertainty Based on my 2016 paper..

 px  2

For photons of Unruh radiation E  pc so

c Ex  2 c E  2x

Assume relativistic horizons determine x and energy E can become real Energy Differential For an accelerating object

Rindler horizon Acceleration Δx1

Δx2

The energy extractable from the difference is c c E  Eright  Eleft   2xrght 2xleft 2 Since E  mic   1 1  m     i   2c  xright xleft  The Δx = Half-Circumference of the Horizon (J.Giné)

c2 x  rght a Acceleration

 x  left 2   1 1  m     i   2c  xrght xleft    a 2  mi   2   Θ=diameter 2c  c   Rearrangin g we get a  2c2  m  1  i 3   2c  a  Using the Unruh temperature a T  2ck and E  kT gives E  2c2  m  1  i 2   c  a  E  2c2  m  1  i 2   c  a  So  2c2    mi  m1   a  This is quantised inertia. Still assuming very simplified R' horizons.

To be published in BJP (McCulloch and Giné) A Pictorial Summary Comparison of methods to P-Centauri

Type Time (yrs) Feasible Chemical rocket 81,000 Rocket+grav assist 19,000 Emdrive 0.4 N/kW 13,000 Nuclear rocket 1000 Fusion rocket 36 No fusion yet Laser sail 9 Sail 600 mile wide All world power QI-drive? 8??? To be tested

https://www.universetoday.com/15403/how-long-would-it-take-to-travel-to-the-nearest-star/