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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 6.5.6 - West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study Page 2 of 22 Area Comp Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 6.5.6 - West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study Page 2 of 22 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ERM-642-Y-TAE-0014 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 02 / at11 Annex 6.5.6 – West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 General Information on Reptile and Amphibian Fauna of Western and Central Macedonia 3 1.2 Main Legislative Issues 4 1.3 Scope of Work – Features on which the Fieldwork was Focused 5 2 METHODOLOGY 6 2.1 Sampling Methodology 6 2.2 Study Sites 7 2.3 Limitations – Uncertainties - Biases 9 3 RESULTS 12 3.1 Testudo Abundance along the Route 12 3.2 Confirmed Amphibian and Reptilian Species Presence along the Route 12 3.3 Other Important Reptilian and Amphibian Species within the Project Area 21 4 CONCLUSIONS 22 4.1 Key Habitats and Species within the Study Area 22 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Sampling Locations 7 Table 3-1 Amphibian and reptilian species presence in the Study Area 13 Page 3 of 22 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ERM-642-Y-TAE-0014 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 02 / at11 Annex 6.5.6 – West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Information on Reptile and Amphibian Fauna of Western and Central Macedonia Central and Western Macedonia is an area of mountains and freshwater habitats, encompassing ecosystems typical of the Balkans and central Europe, such as alpine areas with dense conifer and deciduous forests, open woodlands and meadows, flat areas with low vegetation and cultivated agricultural lands. On the other hand Mediterranean habitats such as maquis and phrygana are common as well. The main ecological feature that makes Macedonia distinct from the rest of Greece is the high presence of freshwater bodies, from large rivers to rivulets and from lakes to tiny ponds. This rich, in terms of diversity, landscape, hosts a numerous herpetofauna, including all reptilian and amphibian families that are present in Europe. The herpetofauna of Macedonia comprises many species that are related to high humidity ecosystems (e.g. the green lizard, Lacerta viridis). Thanks to the abundance of such humid habitats that support lush vegetation, species that are widespread around the country, like the Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata) or the Caspian whip snake (Dolichopis caspius), occur in denser populations. Especially for amphibians, Macedonia harbors the highest number of taxa in Greece with 13 out of 23 species present in the country (Arnold, 2004). However no Macedonian endemic species has been described, despite the many species that are present in the area. The main reason for this lack of endemism is the minimal level of isolation and the geomorphologic continuity with the rest of the Balkans. Macedonian herpetofauna includes 14 snakes, 11 lizards, 5 turtles, 9 anurans and 3 urodelan amphibians (Böhme et al., 1981; Chondropoulos, 1986; 1989). A biogeographical rarity that has to be mentioned is the occurrence of the introduced Roughtail Rock Agama (Laudakia stellio) in the area around Thessaloniki. Despite this species shows a wide distribution in Middle East, its Greek populations are the sole ones in Europe (Gasc et al., 1997). Page 4 of 22 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ERM-642-Y-TAE-0014 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 02 / at11 Annex 6.5.6 – West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study 1.2 Main Legislative Issues Most Greek reptile species are protected within the National Legislation via the Presidential Decree (PD) 67/1981 (Government Gazette 23/Α/30-1-81) for the indigenous flora and fauna of the country. The PD prohibits killing, causing injury, capturing, collection, commerce and transportation of all species included in its catalogue. However, the PD is already 30 years old and has not been revised to include new species or taxonomic changes that have been accepted during this period. Additionally its implementation is vague since the necessary measures it provides for have never been detailed. Some reptile species are recognized as species of Community Interest and are thus included in the Annexes of the habitats Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Regarding species that are expected to be found within the study area, the Annex II “species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation”, include all terrestrial tortoises (Testudo graeca, Testudo hermanni), the Leopard snake (Zamenis situlus), the four-lined snake (Elaphe quatorlineata), the former Triturus species, the yellow bellied toad (Bombina variegata). The Annex IV “species of community interest in need of strict protection” also include a number of Greek reptile and amphibian species. Finally both Testudinidae species expected along the pipeline route (Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni) are included in the Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) as species “not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival”. Regarding international conventions and agreements, all Greek reptile and amphibian species are included in the Bern Convention of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Most of them are included in Appendix II as strictly protected fauna species and all the rest in Appendix III. For species included in the Appendix II of the Bern Convention, the collection, keeping in captivity, killing, damage to or destruction of breeding or resting sites, destruction or collection of eggs, disturbance, especially during the reproduction period, possession or commerce of live or dead specimens are strictly prohibited. From the amphibian and reptile species expected along the pipeline route only one has been assessed within an IUCN threat category. Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni) is listed as Page 5 of 22 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ERM-642-Y-TAE-0014 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 02 / at11 Annex 6.5.6 – West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study Vulnerable because, despite its wide distribution, it faces a broad range of threats and most populations are declining (Legakis & Maragou, 2010). Enforcement of both national and EU legislation from the Greek Authorities is rather weak. Responsible authorities lack the necessary resources in terms of both human resources and funds to control illegal collection and disturbance. This is especially true for herpetofauna species where authorities also lack the necessary training to distinguish between species. Habitat loss and degradation are recognised as the main threat for reptiles and amphibians. All protected species and in general almost all species of the Greek herpetofauna are encountered in a protected area (national parks and or special areas of conservation). However, no measures have been proposed and or implemented specifically for the conservation of reptile or amphibian species present in the study area. 1.3 Scope of Work – Features on which the Fieldwork was Focused The scope of work was to estimate reptile and amphibian species presence and abundance along the pipeline route. Emphasis was given to the two species of terrestrial tortoises, Testudo graeca and especially Testudo hermanni. Both these species are protected by national legislation, are included in the Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and are also included in both Bern and CITES international conventions. Testudo hermanni is listed as Vulnerable in the Red data Book assessment. Additionally tortoise species are characterised by a reduced escaping ability to habitat threats and degradation and as such are easier to suffer from construction works. Page 6 of 22 Area Comp. System Disc. Doc.- Ser. Code Code Code Code Type No. Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ERM-642-Y-TAE-0014 Integrated ESIA Greece Document Title: Rev.: 02 / at11 Annex 6.5.6 – West - Herpetofauna Baseline Study 2 METHODOLOGY A field survey was undertaken by a survey team consisting of Dr. Panagiota Maragou and Dr. Panagiotis Pafilis with support from ERM staff, at the end of June 2011. 2.1 Sampling Methodology Line transects or distance sampling (Buckland et al., 1993; Jaeger 1994) has been the method used to assess tortoise population in the areas close to the pipeline route. This method provides information on both the active individuals within a biotope and the density of the population at the study site. According to the method a 100 m line was placed randomly across the area to be sampled and then an observer moved along the line, watching for animals. When an animal was detected, the distance to the animal was recorded. Within the sampling the line is considered the sampling unit. Distances measured across all the sampling units are used to estimate the sighting function, and then estimate density. As mentioned previously, the lines were chosen randomly so as to maximize the representativeness of the sample. The importance of the last is critical since biases can arise from a sample not representing the population under study. Though line selection was accidental, the field survey team tried to cover as many microhabitats as possible in order to depict each landscape’s particular features. In every biotope at least 10 lines, each one of a distance of 100 m, were realized. All sampling was carried out by the same researchers. Five meters on either side of the line were monitored covering a total area of 1000 m2 per sampling. In every encounter the age class and the sex (based on secondary sexual characteristics) were recorded, together with notes on the position it was found, time of the day, temperature and climatic conditions.
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