6 THINGS to KNOW ABOUT Ovulation % 90 of Women Don’T Know That 2 Days Before Through the Day of Ovulation Is the Best Time to Try to Get Pregnant

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6 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT Ovulation % 90 of women don’t know that 2 days before through the day of ovulation is the best time to try to get pregnant. % 25 of women don’t know a normal menstrual cycle can vary between 21 and 35 days; 28 days is the average. The Science Behind Your Monthly Cycle Ovulation — the process of an egg leaving the ovary and traveling into the fallopian tube — occurs at about day 14 of an average 28-day cycle. Here’s how it works: When the body’s level of estrogen (a hormone) drops, the hypothalamus in the brain alerts its neighbor, 1 the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland sends out follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which helps follicles in the ovary 2 to mature. Each ovarian follicle contains an egg. Mature follicles and eggs make estrogen. When the body’s estrogen level is restored, the pituitary gland sends out luteinizing 3 hormone (LH) to open the mature follicle. A day or so later, the follicle then releases 4 its egg into the fallopian tube. The empty follicle makes the hormone progesterone. 5 Progesterone helps the uterus prepare for pregnancy by thickening its lining. If no pregnancy occurs, the follicle stops making progesterone. The thickened lining and other tissues 6 pass out of the uterus as a menstrual period. Like blood pressure and heart rate, a woman’s menstrual cycle is a sign of her overall health. Menstrual irregularities — such as missing a period or having a heavier-than-usual period — could signal a health problem. To learn more, visit http://go.usa.gov/8a3H..

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Evolution of Oviductal Gestation in Amphibians MARVALEE H
THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 266394-413 (1993) Evolution of Oviductal Gestation in Amphibians MARVALEE H. WAKE Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California,Berkeley, California 94720 ABSTRACT Oviductal retention of developing embryos, with provision for maternal nutrition after yolk is exhausted (viviparity) and maintenance through metamorphosis, has evolved indepen- dently in each of the three living orders of amphibians, the Anura (frogs and toads), the Urodela (salamanders and newts), and the Gymnophiona (caecilians). In anurans and urodeles obligate vivi- parity is very rare (less than 1%of species); a few additional species retain the developing young, but nutrition is yolk-dependent (ovoviviparity) and, at least in salamanders, the young may be born be- fore metamorphosis is complete. However, in caecilians probably the majority of the approximately 170 species are viviparous, and none are ovoviviparous. All of the amphibians that retain their young oviductally practice internal fertilization; the mechanism is cloaca1 apposition in frogs, spermato- phore reception in salamanders, and intromission in caecilians. Internal fertilization is a necessary but not sufficient exaptation (sensu Gould and Vrba: Paleobiology 8:4-15, ’82) for viviparity. The sala- manders and all but one of the frogs that are oviductal developers live at high altitudes and are subject to rigorous climatic variables; hence, it has been suggested that cold might be a “selection pressure” for the evolution of egg retention. However, one frog and all the live-bearing caecilians are tropical low to middle elevation inhabitants, so factors other than cold are implicated in the evolu- tion of live-bearing.
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Oogenesis [PDF]
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Changes Before the Change1.06 MB
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